FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

5 PRACTICAL AND MOST EFFECTIVE WAYS IN SUSTAINING ENERGY RESOURCES IN MALAYSIA REGARDING ETHICAL AND NEW TECHNOLOGY USAGE

SULAIM B AB QAIS 2008289426 ADIB MUSTAFA B OTHMAN 2008298358 AMIR AFIQ B ABD HALIM 2008298388 HAFIZ HAFIFI B ABDULLAH 2008298456 MOHAMMAD IDHAM B MAHDI@MAHADI 2008298402

15/06/2012

5 practical and most effective ways in sustaining energy resources in Malaysia regarding ethical and new technology usage
Abstract- This paper proposed the most effective ways for Malaysian to overcome the scarcity of energy resources through behavior and technology usage. The solution consist of (1) generating energy at power plant, (2) using low power equipments, (3) using sophisticated system, (4) motor vehicle fuel and (5) behavior and regulations. INTRODUCTION Inadequate energy resources are now almost universally accepted as a serious problemcaused by human activity, mainly burning fossil fuels that demands strong remedial action as soon as possible. Scarcityof energy resources is related to (1) the type of resources been used, (2) users consumption toward energy and (3) efficiency of devices. Solution for saving these resources had been proposed yet it is impractical and lack of effectiveness. When people are faced with a laundry list of advice, they may feel confused and overwhelmed, and consequently take no action, or they may carry out one or two actions probably the easiest to remember and perform. However, the behaviors that are easiest to remember and perform, for example, turning out lights when leaving rooms, tend to have minimal impact on climate change. Thus, long and unranked lists of behaviors are likely to be ineffective at best and may even be counterproductive, if they lead people to feel satisfied that they have done their part after accomplishing very little. METHODOLOGY The methodology of this research is based on recenttechnology on energy consumptionand behavior toward how much energy can be saved. Then the solution is studyon how practical in Malaysia.

Reseach the major problems

Reseach on new technology

test applicablity in Malaysia and compare effectiveness

proposed

LITERATURE REVIEW World primary energy demand is projected in the reference scenario to expand by almost 60% from 2002 to 2030, an average annual increase of 1.7% per year. Demand will reach 16.5 billion tons of oil equivalents(toe) compared to 10.3 billion toes in 2002. The projectedrateof growth is, nevertheless, slower thanover the past three decades, when demand grew by 2%per year. On the other hand, fossil fuels will continueto dominate global energy use. They will account foraround 85% of the increase in world primary demandover 20022030. And their share in total demand willincrease slightly, from 80% in 2002 to 82% in 2030.In Malaysia, during the period from 20002008 energy consumption per capita increased. Electricity consumption per capita now is about 3,412 kWh per year, significantly higher than mostdeveloping countries, but still below the average in developed countries. This is projected to more than double to reach 7,571 kWh/person in 2030 at an average rate of 3.14 % p.a.Solar power is a type of energy with great futurepotential-even though at presents it covers merely aminor portion of global energy demands (0.05% of thetotal primary energy supply); at the moment PV powergenerates less than 1% of total electricity supply. Thisis due tosolar power still being considered the mostexpensive type of renewable energies. However, in remote regions of the earth it may very well constitutetodays best solution for a decentralized energy supply(EREC, 2005; ECTIF, 2006).From the data that we gain the proposed ways in sustaining energy resource does not implement yet.For example, the solar generative energy for Malaysia only taken less than 1% of the total power supply. Thus, major changes should be made to encounter the scarcity of energy resources.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1. Energy technology generation : Power Generation using CIGS Nano Solar Panel: The conventional solar panel that are implement today are less practical because having high cost for the energy generated. Moreover need larger space for producing enough power to the whole country. Nano solar engineered to reduce total-system cost; the product is electrically and mechanically optimized for utilityscale solar power systems: Electrically capable of supporting more than 6 Amps (A) of current, the Nanosolar Utility Panel is one of the industrys highest-current thinfilm panels. It is also the industrys first photovoltaic panel certified by TV for a system voltage of 1,500V. High current and system voltage enable longer panel arrays, resulting in a host of cost savings during installation. Mechanically, the dualtempered glass/glass package used for the Nanosolar Utility Panel is stronger than conventional thin-film-on-glass panels, delivering almost twice the mounting span, and requiring less mounting hardware. The Nanosolar Utility Panel meets and exceeds all tests required by applicable IEC and UL standards, including separate certification of the Nanosolar Edge Connector. State-of-the-art robotic automation is used to assemble the Nanosolar Utility Panel in a factory near Berlin, Germany, delivering the highest degree of quality. The panels unique features and benefits include the following: a) High-Power Panel for Faster Deployment At power ratings ranging from 160W to 220W, the Nanosolar Utility Panel has up to three times more power per panel than conventional thin-film panels. More power per panel simplifies industrial-scale deployment. b) Mechanically Strong Package for Wide-Span Mounting Conventional thin-film-on-glass panel manufacturers deposit the solar-cell stack of thin films directly onto a glass pane, which also offers protection from the outside environment. Nanosolar produces individual foil cells, sorts them into electrically matched circuits, and assembles these circuits into a panel. By utilizing sorted-cell assembly, Nanosolargains a panel assembly yield advantage and broad flexibility in terms of panel size, form factor and package style. The Nanosolar Utility Panel uses tempered glass on both the front and back of its glass/glass package. Note that the use of two tempered glass panes is not possible for producers of thin-film-on-glass panels, because high-temperature cell production process steps lead to detempering. The use of dually tempered glass panes with foil cells in between creates a package of significant mechanical strength. Tempered glass has

strength of 120MPa, three times stronger than regular glass. The resulting system benefit is that it enables wide-span mounting, which reduces the cost of mounting materials and labor. c) High-Current, High-System-Voltage Design for Utility-Scale Panel Arrays With capacity to generate currents of 6-7 Amps, the Nanosolar Utility Panel is one of the highest-current thin-film panels in the industry, and the first photovoltaic panel certified by TV for a system voltage of 1500V. Once a string of panels reaches the system voltage, a DC cable home run is required to carry the power to an inverter. If the panels current is low, as is the case with many thin-film-on-glass products, the system voltage is reached with fewer panels, requiring more DC cabling home runs for the same amount of installed power. The electrical characteristics of a panel combined with its physical length determine the panel string length, the maximum length per row of panels that can be wired in series before a home run is required. The Nanosolar Utility Panel supports a panel string length of 64m, several times longer than leading thin-film panels currently in use for large-scale ground installations. In utility-scale systems, where distances are vast, a longer panel string substantially reduces cabling requirements.

Table 1: Comparison between nano solar and conventional thin film solar panel.

2. Equipment's technology : Using LED bulb Incandescent bulbs are the least efficient than others modern types of light bulbs, with only 10% of the energy they use to produce visible light and other 90% are converted into heat. The electricity used over the lifetime of a single incandescent bulb costs 5 to 10 times the original purchase price of the bulb itself [8]. LED light bulbs use only 2-17 watts of electricity (1/3rd to 1/30th of Incandescent or CFL). LED bulbs used in fixtures inside the home save electricity, and the maintenance cost are cheap since LED bulbs last so long. Small LED flashlight bulbs will extend battery life 10 to 15 times longer than with incandescent bulbs [7]. Initially LEDs are expensive; the cost is recouped over time and in battery savings. When the first time LEDs are commercialized, the maintenance and replacement costs are expensive. But the cost of new LED bulbs has gone down considerably in the last few years and continuing to go down. Today, there are many new LED light bulbs for use in the home, and the cost is not an issue anymore. The low power requirement of LEDs makes solar panels becomes more practical and less expensive than running an electric line or using a generator for lighting in remote or off-grid areas. LED light bulbs are also ideal for use with small portable generators which homeowners use for backup power in emergencies.
LED Light bulb projected lifespan Watts per bulb (equiv. 60 watts) Cost per bulb KWh of electricity 50,000 hours used over 50,000 hours 10 $35.95 300 500 $50 1 $35.95 $85.75 CFL 10,000 hours 14 $3.95 700 $70 5 $19.75 $89.75 Incandescent 1,200 hours 60 $1.25 3000 $300 42 $52.50 $352.50

Cost of electricity (@ 0.10per KWh) Bulbs needed for 50k hours of use Equivalent 50k hours bulb expense Total cost for 50k hours

Energy Savings over 50,000 hours, assuming 25 bulbs per household: Total cost for 25 bulbs $2143.75 $2243.75 $6568.75 $8812.50 0

Savings to household by switching $6668.75 fromincandescent

Table 2: Shows the cost comparison between LED, CFL and incandescent light [6].

LEDs Frequent On/Off Cycling Turns on instantly Durability Heat Emitted Sensitivity to temperature Sensitivity to humidity Hazardous Materials Replacement (over 50k hours) frequency no effect yes durable low (3 btu's/hr) no no none 1

CFLs shortens lifespan slight delay fragile medium (30 btu's/hr) yes yes 5 mg mercury/bulb 5

Incandescent some effect yes fragile high (85 btu's/hr) some some none 40+

Table 3: Shows the features comparison between LED, CFL and Incandescent [6]. Base on the evidence, if existing bulb in Malaysia which is in millions unit are replaced by LED bulb will save a lot of energy.

3. Sophisticated systems : using street lighting system saves up to 80% on energy usage. The system which consists of LED lighting, motion sensors and wireless communication dims its lights when there are no cars, cyclists or pedestrians in the vicinity. Researchers in the Netherlands are testing an intelligent streetlighting system that they say could cut electricity use by up to 80 per cent and reduce the operation and maintenance costs by up to 50% [5]. Delft Management of Technology alumnus Chintan Shah designed the system, which can be added to any dimmable streetlight. The illumination comes from LED bulbs, which are triggered by motion sensors. As a person or car approaches, their movement is detected by the closest streetlight, and its output goes up to 100 percent. Because the lights are all wirelessly linked to one another, the surrounding lights also come on, and only go back down to 20 percent once the commuter has passed through.

(a)

(b) Fig 1: Intelligent Street Lighting: (a) light dims at 20% when no ones in the vicinity. (b)

Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) is now in use after winning a competition in 2010 to improve energy efficiency on the university campus. The lights automatically communicate any failures to a control room, making maintenance cheaper and more efficient. The Netherlands spends more than 300m (265m) a year on electricity for street lighting, emitting in excess of 1.6 million tons of CO 2 in the process.

This system seems similar other than the fact it doesn't fully turn off the lamps. Actually, a member of Tvilight Team from TU Delft believe with the lighting dimmed, there is still a high degree of visibility and they will actually feel completely safe The aim of the pilot on the TU Delft campus is to thoroughly test and fine-tune the system, for example to prevent swaying branches or passing cats from switching the lights to full power. Shah is working with his TU Delft spin-off company Tvilight on the market introduction of the system, which he expects to be profitable within 3 to 5 years. Everyday within street lights running all night was a major waste of resources and hopefully to see something like this implemented.Street-lighting system could significantly cut electricity use. Hence, sustain the existence energy.

4. Motor vehicle fuel: Proposed that all cars in Malaysia using hybrid engine

Hybrid car is kind of car that uses two energy sources for its movement. Hybrid cars have two engines for it efficiently save petrol usage. It has the conventional fuel engine and it has an electric motor and batteries. The two engines work jointly to cut fuel usage. With this technology, you can cut petrol usage by more than half, thus save gasoline resource forhalf. With this type of reductions, hybrid cars are absolutely the car of the future. [9] More just like regular ones, hybrid cars also run on gasoline, the difference is that when the car is in idles,the gasoline engine will shut down and uses a battery powered electric motor for acceleration. Idling and acceleration are two of the least fuel-efficient activities performed by an engine, so delegating those tasks to the electric motor raises the fuel efficiency of the car. That electricity then gets stored in the batteries for future use. When the car requires more power, the stored energy provides it from the battery.Hybrid car technology is used for various reasons, such as to make the vehicle more powerful, to improve fuel economy and usage of the car, and to add an extra power source. [10] Advantages of hybrid car: 1. The benefit of the hybrid car is that it can set right the criticisms in the both systems and balances the use of electrical energy and fuel engine, in their best position. 2. Help decrease the levels of carbon and sulfur emissions, since there is less fuel burned because of the cars electric component. 3. Uses less fuel. Less spent on fuel costs. 4. Hybrid cars emit half the amount of greenhouse pollution and up to 97% less toxic emissions than regular cars. 5. Advantages over fully electric cars. For example, they do not have to be recharged, because hybrids can do that on their own. 6. Prevent A Future Energy Crisis. Switching to hybrid vehicles and alternative energy sources now can prevent a crisis later on because of fuel and energy shortages. 7. Better energy security andstability.

5. Regulations and human action: a) Government should educate householders and industries through campaign on using more power efficient equipment especially for motor vehicles and home cooling system. The campaign should be held in school and public.

Figure 1 shows commercial energy demand by sector.[4] The highest percentage of energy usage is transportation which most of them owned by householder, then come the industrial works. Study shows that the most effective way to reduce the household power consumption is by using more efficient equipments.

Table 2: Shows the percentage of energy saved comparing between actions made by mans (curtailment) and using more efficient equipments

Table 3: Shows the percentage of energy saved comparing between actions made by mans (curtailment) and using more efficient equipment's Moreover, the majority of energy is consumed for only two purposes: to run private motor vehicle and to heat and cool appliances. [1] Available evidence indicates that although many householders are motivated, they lack the necessary knowledge to act. Moreover, they belief about which actions are most beneficial are often mistaken, and the most readily available sources of behavior advices are not much helpful such as turning out light when leaving rooms. Efficiency-increasing actions all together can potentially save up to about one third of household total energy consumption and carbon emission.[1]

b) Government should tightening standards for household equipment and considering financial incentives to reduce initial costs of upgrading to energy-efficient product. By referring to the table 2 and 3, the most efficient way to reduce energy is by using more efficient equipment. However, financial incentives to reduce the initial costs of upgrading to energy-efficient products are also important, and many creative possibilities exist in this sector, including incentives targeted to intermediaries; loan subsidies, deferred-payment loans, and rebates for home retrofits; and alterations in policies for mortgage and auto loans that take into account the energy cost of ownership. Convenience and credibility enhancements, such as providing free and trustworthy energy audits and lists of approved contractors and help in securing low-cost financing and inspection of completed work, can be very important for overcoming the nonmonetary barriers to cost-effective investments in energy efficiency. Programs that offered this sort of one-stop shopping during the energy crisis of the late 1970s were attractive to households because of these assurances, but these campaigns might have been more successful if they aggressively marketed themselves and if stronger financial incentives were available.[3]

CONCLUSION Regarding to improve the ethical and new technology usage in Malaysia,5 practical and most effective ways in sustaining energy resources was proposed. The research is based on based on recent technology on energy consumption and behavior toward how much energy can be saved. For the result this has to be studyon how practical in Malaysia. Power Generation using CIGS Nano Solar PanelNano solar it can reduce total-system cost. Three times more power per panel than conventional thin-film panels. Besides that, Nanosolar Utility Panel is one of the highest-current thin-film panels in the industry. Moreover, by replacing recent lighting to LED bulb can save more than 80% compare to incandescent light and 5% for CFL. On the other hand, using street lighting system saves up to 80% on energy and lessens pollution. It cut electricity use by up to 80%and reduces the operation and maintenance costs by up to 50%. Using hybrid engine into Malaysia's carefficiently save petrol usage. It can cut petrol usage by more than half, thus save gasoline resource forhalf. Hybrid cars emit half the amount of greenhouse pollution and up to 97% less toxic emissions than regular cars. Last but not least, educate householders and industries through campaign on using more power efficient equipment especially for motor vehicles and home cooling system. The most effective way to reduce the household power consumption is by using more efficient equipment. Consistence actions all together can potentially save up to about one third of household total energy consumption and carbon emission.

REFERENCE
[1] G. T. Gacher, P. C. Stern, The short List : The most Effectives Actions U.S. Household can take to curb climate change, Environment science and policy for sustainable development, 15 December 2009, http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/SeptemberOctober%202008/gardner-stern-full.html (accessed 2 June 2012) [2] Global Carbon Emissions, By Country, BBC News, 7 December 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/629/629/7133036.stm (accessed 5 May 2008). [3] P. C. Stern, J. S. Black, and J. T. Elworth, Home Energy Conservation: Programs and Strategies for the 1980s (Mount Vernon, NY: Institute for Consumer Policy Research, Consumers Union Foundation, 1981); NRC, note 24, chapter 3; and Stern et al., note 24. [4] Wee-Kean Fong, ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION CONSIDERATIONS IN THE URBAN PLANNING PROCESS IN MALAYSIA [5] "Street-lighting system could significantly cut electricity use",http://www.theengineer.co.uk/sectors/electronics/news/street-lighting-system-couldsignificantly-cut-electricity-use/1009364.article#ixzz1vR7le431[Accessed 5 May 2012] [6] http://eartheasy.com/live_led_bulbs_comparison.html[Accessed31May 2012] [7] "Energy Efficient Lighting", http://eartheasy.com/live_energyeff_lighting.htm[Accessed 31 May 2012] [8] "Compact fluorescent lamp", http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp[Accessed 31 May 2012] [9] Melissa, "Advantages of hybrid car", February 6, 2011,http://blog.carlist.my/2011/02/blog/advantages-of-hybridcar/, [accessed 10 June 2012] [10] Michael Stern, "Benefits of Hybrid Cars", March 2006 http://www.bionomicfuel.com/benefits-of-hybrid-cars/[Accessed 22 July 2012]