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Fellows

Military AFF
BShim, Tboi, Katryna, Joe Page 1
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Renewable Military AFF
Renewable Military AFF.......................................................................................................... ............................1
Notes.......................................................................................................................................................... ........3
1AC.................................................................................................................................................................... .4
1AC.................................................................................................................................................................... .5
1AC.................................................................................................................................................................... .6
1AC.................................................................................................................................................................... .8
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1AC.................................................................................................................................................................. .13
1AC.................................................................................................................................................................. .15
1AC.................................................................................................................................................................. .16
1AC (DARPA Module)............................................................................................................... .........................17
1AC (Contracting Module)................................................................................................. ...............................18
1AC (Contracting Module)................................................................................................. ...............................20
Inherency - Alternatives...................................................................................................... .............................21
Inherency - Alternatives...................................................................................................... .............................22
Inherency - Airforce......................................................................................................................... .................23
Inherency - Dependence.................................................................................................... ..............................24
Inherency - DARPA...................................................................................................................................... ......25
Inherency – R&D........................................................................................................................................ .......26
Inherency – R&D........................................................................................................................................ .......27
Internals – Dependency (Econ)............................................................................................................. ............28
Internals – Dependency (Security)................................................................................................................ ....29
Impacts – Dependency (War)........................................................................................................................ ....30
Impacts – Dependency (WOT).................................................................................................. ........................31
Internals – Terrorism ..................................................................................................................... ...................32
Internals – Terrorism ..................................................................................................................... ...................34
Internals- Economy ...................................................................................................................................... ....35
Internals – Economy (Embargo)................................................................................................................. .......36
Impacts- Economy ................................................................................................................................ ...........37
Solvency – Dependency .................................................................................................. ................................38
Solvency – Economy ............................................................................................................................... .........39
Internals – Readiness (General).......................................................................................................... ..............40
Internals – Readiness (General).......................................................................................................... ..............41
Internals – Readiness ................................................................................................................................. ......42
Internals – Readiness (Fuel).................................................................................................................. ............44
Internals – Readiness (Airforce)..................................................................................................... ...................45
Internals – Readiness (Overstrech)................................................................................................. ..................46
Internals- Hegemony (Competitiveness) ........................................................................... ..............................47
Internals- Hegemony (Environment) ........................................................................................................... .....48
Solvency- Readiness................................................................................................................................. ........50
Solvency – Hegemony ............................................................................................................... ......................52
Oil  Climate Change....................................................................................................................................... 53
Oil Destroys Environment..................................................................................................................... ............54
Impacts- General ............................................................................................................................... ..............55
Solvency – Funding................................................................................................................................... ........56
Solvency – Fuel Cells ............................................................................................................. ..........................57
Solvency – Modeling........................................................................................................................... ..............58
Solvency – Civil/Military ...................................................................................................................... .............59
Solvency – Civil/Military ...................................................................................................................... .............61
Solvency – Civil/Military ...................................................................................................................... .............63
Solvency – DARPA (General)............................................................................................................... ..............64
Solvency – DARPA (Tech).......................................................................................................... ........................65
Fellows
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Solvency – DARPA (Translational)....................................................................................... ..............................67
DARPA Spending Now ........................................................................................................................... ...........68
Solvency- Contracts........................................................................................................................................ ..69
Solvency – Contractors ....................................................................................................................... .............70
Contracting Internals (Econ/Security)................................................................................................. ..............71
Contracting Internals (Readiness).................................................................................................................... .72
Contracting Internals (Mobility)................................................................................................... .....................73
Aid Now Bitches............................................................................................................................................... .74
Maritime 2AC Add-On...................................................................................................................... .................75
AT: Econ DA............................................................................................................................... .......................76
AT: States CP.......................................................................................................................... ..........................78
AT: States CP.......................................................................................................................... ..........................79
T Card ........................................................................................................................................................... ...80
AT Politics – Plan Popular ........................................................................................................ ........................81
AT Politics – Plan Popular ....................................................................................................... ........................83
AT Politics – Democrat Support ........................................................................................................... ...........84
AT Politics – Link Shield ............................................................................................................................... ...85
AT Coal Turn..................................................................................................................... ................................86
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Notes
OK.. This aff is pretty straightforward, it’s your standard heg aff. Quick note, there are two solvency
mechanisms included here- DARPA and Defense Contractors. Choose one of the modules to roll with and you
should be fine.

Legal Justification for the Plan

Section 2394. Contracts for energy or fuel for military installations

(a) Subject to subsection (b), the Secretary of a military


department may enter into contracts for periods of up to 30 years -

(1) under section 2689 of this title; and


(2) for the provision and operation of energy production
facilities on real property under the Secretary's jurisdiction or
on private property and the purchase of energy produced from such
facilities.

(b) A contract may be made under subsection (a) only after the
approval of the proposed contract by the Secretary of Defense.
(c) The costs of contracts under this section for any year may be
paid from annual appropriations for that year.
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1AC
DARPA MODULE
PLAN – THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, SPECIFICALLY THE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, SHOULD PROVIDE REQUISITE RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT GRANTS TO DARPA FOR PURPOSES OF DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE
ENERGY. WE’LL CLARIFY.

CONTRACTING MODULE
PLAN – THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, SPECIFICALLY THE
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY FUND DEFENSE
CONTRACTORS TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY. WE’LL CLARIFY.
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1AC
CONTENTION 1 : LEADERSHIP

SCENARIO 1 – DEPENDENCY

US DEPENDENCE ON OIL IS HIGH AND GROWING.


Carey 2K8 (June 18, W.P., A Fossil-Fueled Future: Growing Oil Dependence Puts U.S. on a Slippery Slope,
http://knowledge.wpcarey.asu.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1625&jsessionid=f030bbe961372ab3c516677768235
84f3039)

Consumers in the United States who dislike $4.00-a-gallon gasoline had better get used to it.Despite 35 years
of talking about the United States becoming energy independent, the U.S. is more dependent than ever on
foreign oil -- and there's no end in sight. The prices likely will rise and our dependence on oil will grow."The
future as we look out at the next 25 to 50 years will be dominated by oil," said Joseph P. Kalt, professor of
political economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. "We can talk, we can invent, we can
cajole each other to be conservationists."We can invent new technologies, but it's a future that will be
dominated by the world oil market, a market that, in terms of supply, will become more and more
concentrated in the Middle East." Kalt delivered his assessment of the future of global energy markets on June
11 during a forum called "Powering Arizona: Choices and Trade-Offs For Electricity Policy." The forum was
presented by The Communications Institute with sponsorship from Arizona State University, the W. P. Carey
School of Business and the Thomas R. Brown Foundation.Oil issues will be further complicated by the political
instability of the Middle East and growing pressures to contain carbon output, he said. Kalt admits it's a
pessimistic view, but one that he feels is necessary to acknowledge in order face the challenges of the
coming decades.In fact, Kalt suggests, there may be no solution -- at least not the kind of fix Americans
expect. "Maybe you can't solve it," he said. "What do I mean by that? This is like a heresy thing. We
Americans expect our leaders, expect our nation to solve problems. But that might be a little cultural conceit
on our part."

AND, STATUS QUO EFFORTS TOWARDS RENEWABLES HAVE BEEN HALF-HEARTED


AT BEST – FOCUS IS DETERRED BY COUNTER TERRORISM EFFORTS
Tech-Evangelist 2K6
(November, “Ending Dependency on Mideast Oil” http://www.tech-evangelist.com/2006/11/09/ending-
dependency-on-mideast-oil/; Shim)

The United States and most of the Western world has a monkey on its back and that monkey’s name is oil. If
we are to survive as free and prosperous nations, we must find a way to end our addiction to oil and shake
that monkey loose. The most perplexing part of the situation is that it did not creep up on us, nor did it
materialize instantaneously. The real wake-up call should have been the Arab oil embargo of the 1970s. The
result from that brief Arab-induced shortage should have caused the USA to immediately engage in research
on a massive scale intended to find viable alternatives that would never allow the USA economy to be at the
mercy of Middle East cultures that do not share our ideals. The problems have been apparent for the last 30
years, yet not one presidential administration, not even the supposed environmental champion Vice
President, Al Gore, has done anything to reduce the impact of the problem. Â Â Since the 1970s, there have
been some feeble attempts to look at alternative fuel sources. There are a few wind farms and other sources
of energy, but they have only reduced our dependencies by a very minute fraction. Â Attempts to find a long-
term solution have at best been half-hearted and most energy-producing programs have been based on the
assumption that we would always have an almost endless supply of cheap petroleum products. As we can see
more clearly today, that may not be the case.
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DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN OIL HURTS THE ENVIRONMENT, SECURITY, MIDDLE
EASTERN STABILITY AND TROOP MOBILITY.
Sohlman 2K8
(March 17, Eva, former editor of The World in Focus, Green Hawks in the Pentagon: The American Army is on a
Green Mission, http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2008/03/green_hawks_in_the_pentagon_th.html)

”The United States’ dependence on oil makes us very vulnerable from a security and environmental
perspective. Why buy oil from Islamic theocracies, which sponsor terrorism against us? We are fighting a war
against terror, but are paying for both sides. How smart is that?” asks the sprightly 66-year-old Woolsey.
Woolsey is one of the Green Hawks in the Pentagon – a new movement of tree-huggers, activists, researchers,
inventors, army people and neoconservative hawks – who are leading the way toward alternative energy and
energy conservation in America. Their motivation is the security of the nation, since they see terrorism and
climate change as the greatest threats against the US as a superpower. “The goal is to become energy
independent, but to get there we have to shift to green energy,” says Woolsey who has been engaged in this
question since the oil crises in the 1970s. But according to estimates, the US, the world’s biggest consumer of
oil, will continue to increase its oil consumption. Unless something is done to counter this trend it will
probably mean that the country, which already imports around 60% of its oil, will become even more
dependent on the oil-rich Middle East. In order to stop this scenario and find new solutions, the Green Hawks
hold open meetings in the Pentagon. These meetings, which have already acquired legendary status, attract
people from the Pentagon, the Army, Navy, Air Force, Department for Homeland Security, the State
Department, Congress, embassies, think tanks, environmental organizations, security firms and the weapons
industry, all seeking to make new connections and exchange information, knowledge and experiences. A
senior European security analyst who attended one of these meetings described it as “bustling with people
from all kinds of groups and interests. Very dynamic.” Ironically, it was the Iraq war – which many believe was
a US attempt to secure its access to oil – which made the Pentagon realize the advantages alternative energy
would offer. Hundreds, if not thousands, of American soldiers have been killed in attacks during transports of
fuel and water. Dan Nolan, who oversees energy projects for the US Army's Rapid Equipping Force, explains it
was not until the cost of fuel was measured in blood (American blood) that the commanders started to
understand. “Our transports have never been as vulnerable and exposed as they are in Iraq. More oil is not
the solution, it is the problem.” As a consequence the Army now tries to generate what is needed on site; it
uses fuel cells which produce water as a byproduct. It uses tents that need 40 percent less air-conditioning,
which in turn is now increasingly run on green energy instead of diesel. The diesel generators emit heat,
which is easily spotted with infrared detection. The record high price of oil is another reason the American
Army – the world’s biggest consumer of energy – is shifting to green energy. The price of oil is expected to
remain high in the near future since oil production is estimated to have already peaked, while the situation in
the oil-rich Middle East looks likely to remain unstable.

SPECIFICALLY TERRORISTS WILL MANIPULATE DEPENDENCY TO COLLAPSE OUR


ECONOMY
Bengston 2K6
(Ron, Member of the American Energy Independence Group, “Energy Independence and National Security”
http://www.americanenergyindependence.com/nationalsecurity.html)

Renewable energy and synthetic petroleum cannot compete with Middle East oil on a cost of production basis.
But if terrorists somehow stopped the flow of Middle East oil what would happen to the price of oil on the
world market? Dependency on foreign oil is a national economic weakness that exposes all Americans to the
threat of severe financial loss. Terrorism is not a military threat, it is an economic threat. Terrorists will never
conquer the United States; that is not their goal. Militant Islamic fundamentalists believe they can disrupt the
U.S. economy and thereby slow the progress of globalization, in the hope of preserving their medieval way of
life.
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U.S. ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ENSURES GLOBAL COLLAPSE
BOLTON 2K6
Peter J., August 1, Science consultant, “Global Economic Collapse - A New Global Dark Age,”
http://verbewarp.blogspot.com/2006/07/global-economic-collapse-new-global.html

The economy of the United States of America (USA) is about to collapse; and will do so within the next few
months unless dire and drastic corrective steps are taken by the USA White House Administration and or the
Federal Reserve. As a direct result of this US economic collapse, Europe’s economy will shortly thereafter
follow suit – with a resultant global aftermath that will cause the whole world to enter into an extended period
of severe deflation and depression – a new global dark age is now appearing on the event horizon. The
indicators are now that these necessary “dire and drastic corrective steps” will not be initiated; some
ineffective measures will indubitably be introduced but merely to appease popular sentiment; but too late and
with little corrective effect. Mr. Ben Benanke of the Federal Reserve is outweighed by his legacy of the
impending Greenspan spawned economic meltdown by a most obvious lack of expertise, lack of experience,
lack of nerve (courage) and by policy directions emanating from his ideological oriented political superiors in
the White House, IMF, World Bank and elsewhere. There can now be no doubt at all, that those institutions
responsible for the stewardship of the world’s economy are not dictating nor controlling US and global
economic events and the darkness of this new age will depend on what is done now, prior to this pending
event.
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THE IMPACT IS NUCLEAR WAR
COOK 2K7
6 – 14 – 07 retired federal analyst, former Treasury Dept analyst, economic consultant, Global Research
contributor, Economics degree from William & Mary [Richard C., “It’s Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy
has begun,” http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=5964]

Times of economic crisis produce international tension and politicians tend to go to war rather than face the
economic music. The classic example is the worldwide depression of the 1930s leading to World War II.
Conditions in the coming years could be as bad as they were then. We could have a really big war if the U.S.
decides once and for all to haul off and let China, or whomever, have it in the chops. If they don’t want our
dollars or our debt any more, how about a few nukes?

OUR PLAN IS THE ANSWER - RENEWABLES ARE A STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVE TO OIL


DEPENDENCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Plesch 2K1
(October 7, Dan, Senior Research Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute, War on Terrorism: Observer
Special, Ending oil dependency, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2001/oct/07/energy.comment)

Replacing oil as the mainstay of our energy policy should be central to a practical and strategic
approach to winning the long-term struggle against terrorism, and would dramatically improving Western
policy options in the Middle East. Asymmetric warfare is a buzz phrase much used to describe the new
context following the atrocities visited upon US and Washington. This simply means acting in unexpected
ways that do not fit into orthodox ways of fighting. A shift from oil to renewable energy sources would
be a strategic way to apply this approach to conflict. In the present crisis, the oil factor narrows
military and political options. Doves see the Western military presence in Saudi Arabia as a provocation but realise we cannot
withdraw because of the threat from Saddam Hussein. Even the most hawkish, like US Deputy Secretary of Defence Paul Wolfowitz, have
had to realise that the oil price would triple if they went to war simultaneously with every state they don't care for in the region - even if
they were prepared to ride out the other disastrous consequences of such escalation. Even before the attacks on the US, American and
Western global strategy gave a very high priority to ensuring access to Middle East oil. This priority translates into a massive investment
of taxpayers' money, personnel, military equipment and political capital. 20,000 British troops are in the Gulf today in pursuit of this
objective at a cost of a large part of the annual military budget of around twenty billion pounds. The UK and other Western states support
dictatorships and absolute monarchs in the region on the grounds that the 'stability' that they bring to our oil supply makes it worth
sacrificing our commitment to freedom and democracy around the world. This double standard does much to fuel anti-Western sentiment
amongst the peoples of the region. When traditional strategists look ahead to 2020 or 2050 they still see Middle
Eastern oil as the key issue in international energy policy. In the UK this view informs the House of Commons
investigation into Energy Security which assumes that we will have to import our energy. In the US the now
famous Hart-Rudman report on Homeland Defense takes the same approach as does the US Joint Chiefs of
Staff Strategy document 'Joint Vision 2020'. Renewable energy can provide a substitute for oil. According to the
firm of international engineers BDSP partnership, just 3% of wind resources could provide 30% of global energy needs. Solar power has
the potential to provide a similarly limitless capacity. In crude terms, the two sources tend to balance each other with cooler places being
windier and vice versa. All three of these energy sources now support mature industries which could be massively and rapidly expanded.
In the UK companies such as Solarcentury.com have created viable solar panels for domestic roofing. The main remaining obstacle is that
low volume of production is keeping the unit cost high. Wind power is far advanced in other states. In Denmark for example it already
provides 14% of national supplies projected to rise to 30% in a few years time. Wind power can be developed in three main ways.
Offshore windmills using the platform technology of the offshore oil industry, rural windmills and even windpower in cities. All major car
companies have now developed engines using advanced fuel cells running on water. In his Presidential campaign Al Gore went so far as
to propose eliminating the internal combustion engine in 25 years. All of these technologies and their industries have matured in recent
years (as a quick tour of the websites listed below will reveal). Renewable energy has additional advantages to providing
strategic freedom of action in the Middle East. It provides considerable employment. It is decentralised,
making it invulnerable to terrorist attack in contrast to large-scale power stations. Unlike nuclear energy,
renewables do not bring the risk of catstrophic toxic releases. Many people will be able to make money by
selling back to the utility companies surplus energy produced by back-garden windmills and solar roofing
tiles. Lastly, of course, the shift to renewables will greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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SCENARIO 2 – READINESS

THE MILITARY USES MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF OIL AND NEEDS TO TRANSFER TO


ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SO THAT OPERATIONS WILL NOT BE PARALYZED FROM
ATTACKS ON OIL RESERVES.
Dreazen 2K8
(U.S. Military Launches Alternative-Fuel Push Dependence on Oil Seen as Too Risky, Yochi J., May 21,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121134017363909773.html)

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, N.M. -- With fuel prices soaring, the U.S. military, the country's largest single
consumer of oil, is turning into an alternative-fuels pioneer.
In March, Air Force Capt. Rick Fournier flew a B-1 stealth bomber code-named Dark 33 across this sprawling
proving ground, to confirm for the first time that a plane could break the sound barrier using synthetic jet
fuel. A similar formula -- a blend of half-synthetic and half-conventional petroleum -- has been used in some
South African commercial airliners for years, but never in a jet going so fast. "The hope is that the plane will
be blind to the gas," Capt. Fournier said as he gripped the handle controlling the plane's thrusters during the
test flight. "But you won't know unless you try." With oil's multiyear ascent showing no signs of stopping --
crude futures set another record Tuesday, closing at $129.07 a barrel in New York trading -- energy security
has emerged as a major concern for the Pentagon. The U.S. military consumes 340,000 barrels of oil a day, or
1.5% of all of the oil used in the country. The Defense Department's overall energy bill was $13.6 billion in
2006, the latest figure available -- almost 25% higher than the year before. The Air Force's bill for jet fuel
alone has tripled in the past four years. When the White House submitted its latest budget request for the
wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, it tacked on a $2 billion surcharge for rising fuel costs. Synthetic fuel, which can
be made from coal or natural gas, is expensive now, but could cost far less than the current price of oil if it's
mass-produced. Just as important, the military is increasingly concerned that its dependence on oil represents
a strategic threat. U.S. forces in Iraq alone consume 40,000 barrels of oil a day trucked in from neighboring
countries, and would be paralyzed without it. Energy-security advocates warn that terrorist attacks on oil
refineries or tankers could cripple military operations around the world. "The endgame is to wean the
dependence on foreign oil," says Air Force Assistant Secretary William Anderson.

STATUS QUO ATTEMPTS TO SECURE OIL MERELY CAUSE OVERSTRETCH AND ARE
THE ROOT CAUSE OF TERRORISM
Colina 2K5
Tom Z., Executive Director, 20/20 Vision, October 19, Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy:Real Dangers,
Realistic Solutions, http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/CollinaTestimony051020.pdf

The more dependent we are on foreign oil, the more troops we will deploy abroad to protect that oil. This
creates resentment and invites terrorist attacks on our troops—and on oil supply routes. The U.S. troop
presence in Saudi Arabia during the first Gulf War was a major contributor to the rise of Islamic terrorist
groups like Al Qaeda, and U.S. troops in Iraq are now a main justification for the insurgency there. We must
break our oil habit so we can reduce our military footprint abroad.
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INDEPENDENTLY, TERRORISM LEADS TO EXTINCTION
Alexander 2K3
Yonah, Professor and Director of the Inter-University Program for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United
States, The Washington Times, “Terrorism myths and realities”, August 28, L/N]

Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in terms
of conventional and unconventional threats and impact. The internationalization and brutalization of current and future
terrorism make it clear we have entered an Age of Super Terrorism [e.g. biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear and cyber] with its
serious implications concerning national, regional and global security concerns. Two myths in particular must be debunked immediately
if an effective counterterrorism "best practices" strategy can be developed [e.g., strengthening international cooperation].The first illusion
is that terrorism can be greatly reduced, if not eliminated completely, provided the root causes of conflicts - political, social and economic
- are addressed.The conventional illusion is that terrorism must be justified by oppressed people seeking to achieve their goals and
consequently the argument advanced by "freedom fighters" anywhere, "give me liberty and I will give you death," should be tolerated if
not glorified.This traditional rationalization of "sacred" violence often conceals that the real purpose of terrorist groups is to gain political
power through the barrel of the gun, in violation of fundamental human rights of the noncombatant segment of societies. For instance,
Palestinians religious movements [e.g., Hamas, Islamic Jihad] and secular entities [such as Fatah's Tanzim and Aqsa Martyr Brigades]]
wish not only to resolve national grievances [such as Jewish settlements, right of return, Jerusalem] but primarily to destroy the Jewish
state.Similarly, Osama bin Laden's international network not only opposes the presence of American military in the Arabian Peninsula and
Iraq, but its stated objective is to "unite all Muslims and establish a government that follows the rule of the Caliphs."The second myth is
that strong action against terrorist infrastructure [leaders, recruitment, funding, propaganda, training, weapons, operational command and
control] will only increase terrorism. The argument here is that law-enforcement efforts and military retaliation inevitably will fuel more
brutal acts of violent revenge.Clearly, if this perception continues to prevail, particularly in democratic societies, there is the danger it will
paralyze governments and thereby encourage further terrorist attacks.In sum, past experience provides useful lessons for a realistic future
strategy. The prudent application of force has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for short- and long-term deterrence of terrorism.
For example, Israel's targeted killing of Mohammed Sider, the Hebron commander of the Islamic Jihad, defused a "ticking bomb." The
assassination of Ismail Abu Shanab - a top Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip who was directly responsible for several suicide bombings
including the latest bus attack in Jerusalem - disrupted potential terrorist operations. Similarly, the U.S. military operation in Iraq
eliminated Saddam Hussein's regime as a state sponsor of terror.Thus, it behooves those countries victimized by terrorism
to understand a cardinal message communicated by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on May 13,
1940: "Victory at all costs, victory in spite of terror, victory however long and hard the road may be: For
without victory, there is no survival."

FURTHERMORE, RISING OIL COSTS KILL MILITARY READINESS


Bender 2K7
Bryan, The Boston Globe, May 1, Tuesday, NATIONAL; Pg. A1, 991 words, Globe Staff, Pentagon study says
oil reliance strains military Urges development of alternative fuels
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T4010189
719&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4010189722&cisb=22_T401018
9721&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8110&docNo=1

WASHINGTON - A new study ordered by the Pentagon warns that the rising cost and dwindling supply of oil -
the lifeblood of fighter jets, warships, and tanks - will make the US military's ability to respond to hot spots
around the world "unsustainable in the long term." The study, produced by a defense consulting firm,
concludes that all four branches of the military must "fundamentally transform" their assumptions about
energy, including taking immediate steps toward fielding weapons systems and aircraft that run on
alternative and renewable fuels. It is "imperative" that the Department of Defense "apply new energy
technologies that address alternative supply sources and efficient consumption across all aspects of
military operations," according to the report, which was provided to the Globe.
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READINESS IS THE BACKBONE OF U.S. LEADERSHIP-DETERS COUNTERBALANCING.
Khalilzad 95
(Zalmay-, Spring, Washington Quarterly, “Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold
War”, Vol. 18, # 2, Lexis;)

A global rival to the United States could emerge for several reasons. Because the main deterrent to the rise of
another global rival is the military power of the United States, an inadequate level of U.S. military capability
could facilitate such an event. This capability should be measured not only in terms of the strength of other
countries, but also in terms of the U.S. ability to carry out the strategy outlined here. U.S. tradition makes
the prospect of defense cuts below this level a serious possibility: historically, the United States has made this
error on several occasions by downsizing excessively. It faces the same danger again for the longer term. The
issue is not only what levels of resources are spent on defense but also on what, for what, and how they are
spent. For the United States to maintain its military preeminence, in addition to meeting possible major
regional contingencies (MRCs), it needs specific capability in three areas. First, besides maintaining a robust
nuclear deterrent capability because of concerns with Russian and Chinese existing or potential nuclear
postures, the United States needs to acquire increased capability to deter, prevent, and defend against the
use of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons in major conflicts in critical regions. The regional deterrence
requirements might well be different from those with regard to the Soviet Union during the Cold War because
of the character and motivations of different regional powers. U.S. ability to prevent and defend against use is
currently very limited. In the near term, therefore, to deter use of WMD against its forces and allies, the
United States may have to threaten nuclear retaliation.To counter the spread of WMD and their means of
delivery (especially ballistic and cruise missiles), the United States should seek to develop the capability to
promptly locate and destroy even well-protected facilities related to biological, chemical, and nuclear
weapons and their delivery systems. Equally important will be the ability to defend against the use of these
weapons, including both active and passive defense. Deploying robust, multilayered ballistic missile defenses
is vital for protecting U.S. forwarddeployed forces and extending protection to U.S. allies, thus gaining their
participation and cooperation in defeating aggression in critical regions. Second, the United States needs
improved capability for decisive impact in lesser regional crises (LRCs) -- internal conflicts, small wars,
humanitarian relief, peacekeeping or peacemaking operations, punitive strikes, restoration of civil order,
evacuation of noncombatant Americans, safeguarding of security zones, and monitoring and enforcement of
sanctions. Given the end of the Cold War, the United States can be more selective in deciding when to
become involved militarily. It has not been selective enough during the past three years. Getting involved in
LRCs can erode U.S. capabilities for dealing with bigger and more important conflicts. Nevertheless, some
crises may occur in areas of vital importance to the United States -- e.g., in Mexico, Cuba, South Africa, or
Saudi Arabia -- and others might so challenge American values as to produce U.S. military involvement. The
United States might also consider participating with allies in some LRCs because of a desire either to extend
the zone of peace or to prevent chaos from spreading to a critical region and thereby threatening the security
of members of the zone of peace.

THE IMPACT IS NUCLEAR WAR


Khalilzad 95
(Zalmay-,, Spring, Washington Quarterly, “Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold
War”, Vol. 18 #2, P. 84, Lexis;)

Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a
global rival or a return to multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding
principle and vision. Such a vision is desirable not as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United
States exercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the global environment would be more
open and more receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law. Second, such a
world would have a better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world's major problems, such as nuclear
proliferation, threats of regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-level conflicts. Finally, U.S. leadership
would help preclude the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States and the world to avoid
another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global nuclear exchange. U.S.
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leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar or a multipolar balance of
power system.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS VITAL TO REVITALIZE MILITARY READINESS


Association of the United States Army 2K8
(“Securing the Future” http://www.ausa.org/PDFdocs/TBSecRpt/WhatNeeded.pdf)

The U.S. Army has taken steps to ensure Soldiers have land, water and air resources needed to train and test
their systems; a healthy environment in which to live; and continued support of the local, state and federal
governments. For the Army’s sustainability strategy to succeed, what is needed is a renewed level of
commitment from government and industry partners to capitalize on the Army’s vision of a more efficient and
effective—a sustainable—Army. The Army cannot do it alone. Technologies that support alternative energy
and clean water generation, energy efficiency and waste reduction both at the installation and in the theater
of operations hold great promise. For example, the Army needs weapons and support systems that run on
alternative energy and emploAy fuel efficient technologies throughout the engine, transmission and braking
systems. Today’s alternative energy generation technology must advance to provide the quantities of reliable,
secure and uninterrupted energy supply needed in theaters of operations to power the Army’s current and
future forces. 
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1AC
CONTENTION 2: Environment

ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP IS LOW NOW.


Falkner 2K5
(International Studies Review 7, American Hegemony and the Global Environment, Robert, Department of
International Relations at the London School of Economics, )

For many environmentalists in Europe and elsewhere, the United States has emerged as the new ‘‘rogue
state’’ in global green politics. Ever since the United States took a backseat at the UN Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992, US foreign policy has appeared to be lukewarm about, and
often hostile to, multilateral environmental policymaking. From the rejection of the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) to the withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, the United States has shown
itself to be concerned more with national economic interests than global environmental threats. Many
observers see this as a fundamental shift away from the US environmental leadership of the 1970s and
1980s. In the early days of global environmentalism, the United States pioneered modern environmental
legislation and promoted the creation of global regimes ranging from ozone layer protection to the
preservation of threatened species. More recently, however, the US government has repeatedly challenged
the need for new environmental treaties; questioned the scientific basis of international regulation; and
rejected the notion that precautionary action is warranted in the face of potential ecological dangers.
Whereas in the 1970s and 1980s, the United States frequently branded European countries as environmental
laggards, it is the European Union (EU) that now claims the mantle of international leadership in sustainable
development.

OIL DEPENDENCY CONTRIBUTES GREATLY TO GREEN HOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL


WARMING
Hyde 2K2
Henry J. Hyde, Illinois, Chairman, Oil Diplomacy: Facts And Myths Behind Foreign Oil Dependency, Hearing
Before The Committee On International Relations House Of Representatives One Hundred Seventh Congress
Second SESSION JUNE 20, 2002
http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa80291.000/hfa80291_0.htm

As the Chief U.S. Negotiator for the United States for the Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming, I have a
particular interest in the environmental effects of our oil dependence. Therefore, I must also mention, at least
briefly, the impact of our oil dependence on the environment. To the extent that we want to reduce the threat
of greenhouse gases, a reduction in oil consumption is essential. Transportation is responsible for one-third of
the release of greenhouse gases into the earth's atmosphere. And, although the United States accounts for
three percent of the world's population, we are responsible for over 25% of greenhouse gases worldwide.
Thus, by focusing on ways to reduce oil consumption, we will not only reduce our dependence on volatile
foreign markets but we will be taking steps to reduce America's role in the decay of the environment. As I
mentioned at the outset, our responsibility to tackle these difficult issues goes far beyond our own generation

GLOBAL WARMING WILL CAUSE FAMINE, NATURAL DISASTER, DISEASE, AND


CONFLICT IN A SHORT TIME FRAME.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

In February of this year, a report of the more than 2,000 scientist members of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change warned us, once again, that the planet is warming, glaciers are melting and sea levels are
rising. The panel concluded, with ninety percent certainty, that human greenhouse gas emissions are fueling
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these dangerous trends. The IPCC released a second report earlier this month, in which it predicted dire
consequences for our increasingly unstable climate. Areas already without sufficient rain will become even
drier, leading to less food production and more hunger. The world will face more serious floods and more
severe storms. There's increased risk of disease. Last week, a panel of a dozen of America's most respected
retired military generals and admirals warned global warming poses a serious threat to America's national
security. They urged the United States to commit to a stronger national and international role to help stabilize
climate change at levels that will avoid significant disruption to global security and stability. Many scientists
predict we have only a short period of time to make dramatic cuts in our greenhouse gas emissions or risk
irrevocably changing the climate. In fact, the IPCC report concludes temperatures and sea levels would
continue to rise even if we were somehow able to immediately stabilize atmospheric concentrations. To date,
we have failed to heed such warnings.
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1AC
REFORMING THE MILITARY IS KEY TO EMBRACE AN ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT –
ITS VITAL TO MOVE AWAY FROM OIL
Martinot 2K7
(Steve, Professor at the Center for Interdisciplinary Programs at San Francisco University, “Militarism and
Global Warming, http://www.greens.org/s-r/42/42-06.html; Shim)

In order to seriously address the problem, the movements (ecology, environmentalist, anti-consumption,
alternative energy) will have to be anti-militarist. The military is key to the cycle of self-generation of global
warming at the human (initiatory) end of the spectrum of factors. The military may not be the worst offender
in producing greenhouse gases in the pragmatic sense, but it is the worst offender as an entity and an
ideology in the world. It has to be seen as lying at the heart of the offense itself. It is not possible for the
environmental movement to take a step toward preserving the environment unless two things are brought to
an end — the existence of the US military machine and the existence of the corporate structure.

AND, WE’LL ACCESS GLOBAL SOLVENCY - THE WORLD WILL MODEL OUR
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INNOVATION
Baker 2K5
(James A., Professor of Public Policy at Rice University in Conjunction wit h the Environmental and Energy
Systems Institute, “Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future, Baker Institute Study, Number 30,
April; Shim)

“American science and technology policy will have a pivotal influence on whether the world will become
increasingly dependent on Middle East oil in the coming decades,” Djerejian said. “The percentage could rise
significantly in the future, depending on policies in consumer countries and on the pace of development of
new resources and technologies.” The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in one business-as-usual forecast,
pre- dicts that the need for OPEC oil could rise to 60 million barrels per day in 2020 from 28 million b/d in
1998, with the majority of supply having to come from the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia
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1AC
CONTENTION 3: SOLVENCY

DOD INVESTMENT IS CRUCIAL TO ENCOURAGING INVESTOR CONFIDENCE IN


ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY WHICH IS UNABLE TO BE DEVELOPED IN THE PRIVATE
MARKET ALONE.
Sarvana 2K6
(Adam, June 8, Pentagon Plans Major Alternative Fuel Buys, Insidedefense.com NewsStand, associate editor of
Defense Environment Alert, article first appeared on InsideGreenBusiness.com,
http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,100140,00.html)

“No domestic infrastructure can [currently] handle that much” demand, the official said, adding that the
purchase would likely be from a combination of coal-based Fischer-Tropsch fuel and fuel derived from tar
sands and oil shale, which have been eyed by government and industry planners as potential sources of
synthetic petroleum. There currently is no widespread market in the United States for such petroleum
alternatives, although the source says “hopefully this will be an impetus for private industry to use synthetic
fuels as well. "Because the private sector doesn't have the research and development budget we do, they're
waiting to see how our projects go so they can adopt whatever we develop," the official continued. An official
at Sasol Chevron, a joint venture between California-based Chevron Corp. and South Africa's Sasol Limited,
which already uses Fischer-Tropsch extensively, says “it is too early to know what our response will be” to the
request. But the official notes that “it's the start of a dialog." "Now people in the private sector can start
talking about how to provide this and when. It makes sense to get their infrastructure going now and [later]
have a seamless transition into [long-term] domestic sources when we get them," the Sasol Chevron official
said. In an effort to spur further growth of such a market, Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee
member Craig Thomas (R-WY) on May 5 introduced the so-called "Energy PRICE Act," S.2755, which includes
a provision that would allow DOD to enter into fuel purchasing contracts for up to 25 years, an increase over
the current five-year limit. A Thomas spokesman says DOD will be “a major Fischer-Tropsch customer” in the
future and “they can't now contract out long enough for plants to be commercially viable.” The bill, which
incorporates several provisions that were debated but not included in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, is meant
to “give confidence to people who are putting up the plants. It's nice to give investors confidence that they
have a strong market, and DOD helps their case,” the spokesman says.

THERE IS NOT ENOUGH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESEARCH FUNDING NOW –


INVESTMENT IS KEY TO ENCOURAGE SCIENTISTS TO STAY IN THE FIELD AND
FOSTER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

Today, however, with only a few exceptions, such as nuclear technology, the DOE provides very little energy
research funding to American universities. As a result, there is very little government-university-industry
collaboration in the alternative energy world. In fact, today's state of affairs may be discouraging American
scientific talent from entering this important sector. Many senior university researchers have told me
scientific talent would immediately flow into the renewable energy field if only federal research dollars were
available to support projects.
Congress now has a chance to revive the productive partnership of the past. It can create a new agency to
pursue translational research focused on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and carbon capture and
sequestration projects. It can also demonstrate its commitment to solving our urgent energy predicaments by
significantly boosting overall renewable energy funding - both within DOE and in this new agency - to a level
commensurate with the scope of the challenge.
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1AC (DARPA Module)
GOVERNMENT R&D GRANTS NECESSARY TO STIMULATE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY
Blok 2K4
(Kornelis, Department of Science, Technology and Society, Copernicus Institutie, The Effectiveness of Policy
Instruments for Energy-Efficiency Improvement in Firms, Spring, Pg. 97)

The identification of such technologies and the needs for energy-efficiency R&D is one thing, stimulating their
development and contributing towards a successful introduction of such options is another. A strong R&D
effort in the area of energy end-use efficiency is required to facilitate the adoption of existing options on the
one hand and to develop innovative technologies which are more-and-more energy-efficient on the other
hand (Blok et al, 1996b). Stimulating the development of such technologies is an interesting government
option: if government can effectively contribute towards the development of such technologies the final effect
can be large, because once the technology has achieved a proven state of performance it can be adopted in a
large number of firms. The potential impact on energy consumption is large. Government R&D support is the
traditional policy instrument for governments to stimulate R&D. This is also the case in stimulating industrial
energy-efficiency R&D. The current situation in energy R&D is not very shining. Government R&D expediture
has been declining since the mid-1980’s in response to lower real energy prices, budget austerity and
changing attitudes to the role of government in the economy.

OUR GRANTS SPECIFICALLY ARE KEY TO SOLVE MILITARY TECH


John Edwards 2K6
(“Military R&D”, business technology journalist, 101 Electronic Design. Cleveland: Sep 1, 2006. pg. 36, 7 pgs)

Fed by cash from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the National Science
Foundation (NSF), and numerous other government agencies, university researchers toil on projects
covering the full spectrum of military needs, including health, security, decision support,
communications, transportation, and tactical innovations. "Things like the Internet, GPS navigation
devices, and even the Hummer," says William Ostrove, an aerospace and defense analyst at technology
research firm Forecast International. With the number of corporate military R&D labs dwindling,
the government is increasingly relying on university research programs to develop new and
innovative ways of fighting wars. "Military technology research has become a grants-driven
process," says Ostrove.

AND, ONLY OUR INCENTIVE SOLVES – DARPA REQUISITE UNIVERSITIES ARE VITAL
TO R&D RESEARCH
Ramcharan 2K3
(Lisette, “Science and Technology Overview 2003: United States of America”,
Science and Technology Counsellor at the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.,
http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/science/UnitedStates_2003-en.htm)

Universities and non-profit institutions fund less than 5 percent of research, but they perform
almost 15% of the total R&D in the US. Two government agencies, the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation,
fund most university research. In the non-profit sector, such entities as Howard Hughes, Johns Hopkins and
Battelle carry out niche areas of research.
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1AC (Contracting Module)
DIRECT APPROPROATIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCENTIVES
IN THE FORM OF DEFENSE CONTRACTS ARE NECESSARY TO ENCOURAGE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY IN THE MILITARY. THIS
WOULD REQUIRE NO UPFRONT GOVERNMENTAL SPENDING AND DOES NOT COST
ANY MORE THAN UTILITIES USED BEFORE IMPLEMENTATION. THESE CONTRACTS
WOULD BE IMPLEMENTED UNDER THE COVER OF A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE.
Wagner 2K6
(Statement of Mark Wagner, vice president of Government Relations for Johnson Controls, Inc. and member of
Federal Performance Contracting Coalition and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Alternative
Energy and Energy Efficiency at DOD, September 26,
CQ Congressional Testimony, testimony to Committee on House Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Unconventional Threats and Capabilities)

Sufficient direct appropriations are clearly not available for energy efficiency upgrades. The alternative to
direct appropriations is financing projects through the energy savings. Programs such as Utility Energy
Savings Contracts (UESC) and Energy Savings Performance Contracting (ESPC) allow for energy efficiency
projects to be financed with private sector capital. These are true Public-Private Partnerships. Energy Savings
Performance Contracting The ESPC program was specifically created by Congress to address the lack of
appropriations for energy efficiency upgrades. Under the program, private sector energy service companies
finance, install, and maintain new energy efficient equipment in federal facilities at no up-front cost to the
government. The energy service company is paid back over time from the dollars saved by the agency on its
energy and maintenance bills. The energy savings are contractually guaranteed to exceed cost of the
contract and, by law, the project costs are required to be fully off-set by the utility bill savings. If the energy
savings do not occur, the contractor does not get paid. In addition, the energy savings for each project are
measured and verified on a regular basis. The bottom-line is that energy use is guaranteed to be
reduced, the military base has new energy-efficient equipment, and it does not pay any more
than it was paying for utilities before the start of the project. The Department of Defense has been
successfully using these alternative financing mechanisms as their primary means to improve their energy
infrastructure, reduce their energy use per Presidential Directive, and reduce their energy costs. In fact, 70%
of all Federal ESPCs are within DOD facilities. The five successful energy programs mentioned earlier in this
testimony were all done with ESPC - that is, with no upfront funding from the government. These
infrastructure investments of these five projects alone are worth over $200 million. They were financed by
private sector capital and are being paid back with energy cost savings. The ESPC program has good support
within the Government as evidenced below: "These contracts provide agencies with important opportunities
to improve energy efficiency at thousands of Federal Buildings across our country. I encourage government
officials to utilize ESPCs to meet their energy reduction goals." President Bush, 8/3/06 "The Committee urges
the Department of Defense to utilize Energy Savings Performance Contracting whenever possible to upgrade
facilities and retain base operating funding." Senate Report on Defense Appropriations 7/25/06 (SR 109-292)
In summary ESPC pays for itself, provides energy efficiency and can offer renewable energy and energy
security. Unfortunately, like other energy efficiency programs, Federal agencies are not taking full advantage
of this program. The FPCC recommends that the Committee take steps to ensure more widespread use of the
ESPC option. Very few of these recommendations even require legislative language - in fact, many of them
can be implemented directly by the agencies with cover provided from the Committee.

CURRENT CONTRACTS ARE TOO SHORT TERM TO MAKE RENEWABLE ENERGY


ECONOMICALLY VIABLE – EXTENDING CONTRACTS IS ABLE TO SPUR MORE
TECHNOLOGY.
United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 2K8
(April 29, Press Release, Domenici Calls for Repeal of Energy Provision That Could Weaken National Security,
Contact: Matthew Letourneau,
http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=8ab09ee0-
f356-49bf-abd9-70e21ab46dd2&Month=4&Year=2008)
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WASHINGTON – U.S. Senator Pete Domenici, ranking member of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources
Committee, today asked the leaders of the Senate Armed Services committee to repeal a section of recently-
enacted energy legislation which will make it more difficult and expensive for the U.S. military to obtain fuel.
The Senator also asked the committee to allow the federal government to negotiate longer-term contracts to
deliver renewable energy to government facilities, such as military bases. In a letter addressed to Armed
Services Chairman Carl Levin (D-Mich.) and Ranking Member John McCain (R-Ariz.), Domenici called for a
repeal of Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 in the FY2009 Defense
Authorization bill, which the committee has begun working on. The provision, which has been the subject of
much speculation and controversy, could potentially be interpreted to prevent the U.S. military (and other
federal agencies) from obtaining fuel from certain sources, including some that the military currently rely on
for low-cost fuel. Domenici also asked the committee to consider extending federal contracting authority for
renewable energy. The current limitation of 10 years has made it difficult for government facilities to obtain
clean energy sources like wind and solar power, since longer term contracts are necessary for the economic
viability of renewables. Finally, Domenici called on the committee to keep defense facilities under state
electricity laws. State utilities have already invested in the infrastructure and power sources necessary to
serve military bases, a special exemption for DoD facilities, which is under consideration, and could lead to
higher prices for consumers who will suddenly be forced to bear the brunt of costs.
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1AC (Contracting Module)
FINALLY, GOVERNMENT MILITARY CONTRACTS ARE VITAL TO TRANSITION OIL
COMPANIES FROM PETROLEUM TO RENEWABLES
Dreazen 2K8
(U.S. Military Launches Alternative-Fuel Push Dependence on Oil Seen as Too Risky, Yochi J., May 21,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121134017363909773.html)

Prices' Impact
Synthetic-fuel prices also need to fall: Formerly stratospheric, they're still about 50% above the soaring prices
for petroleum. That should happen if companies can begin operating commercial-scale refineries, says David
Berg, a policy analyst who studied the nascent synthetic-fuel market for the Energy Department in December.
He estimated that commercial-scale synthetic-fuel refineries would be able to sell artificial fuel for
approximately $55 a barrel, less than half the current cost of conventional crude oil. But many in the field say
they're unwilling to invest the necessary billions until they can sign long-term contracts with the government.
Right now, the Air Force legally can sign deals only for five years. It has asked the White House's Office of
Management and Budget to seek congressional approval for the rule change, but the Bush administration has
yet to act on the request, Mr. Anderson says. "These plants are not likely to get built without government
help" such as guaranteed long-term contracts, says Mr. Berg, who recently retired. "And they may not get
built even then." The problems are particularly acute for the Air Force, which uses about 2.6 billion gallons of
jet fuel a year, or 10% of the entire domestic market in aviation fuel. The Air Force's fuel costs neared $6
billion last year, up from $2 billion in 2003, even as its consumption fell by more than 10% over the same
period because of energy-savings measures, including a campaign to shut off lights and lower thermostats at
bases. The Air Force wants to be able to purchase 400 million gallons of synthetic jet fuel a year by 2016, an
amount equal to 25% of its total fuel needs for missions in the continental U.S. This year, it expects to buy
slightly more than 300,000 gallons. The Air Force launched its artificial-fuel initiative in the spring of 2006.
Testifying before the Senate that March, Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne told lawmakers that "we realize
our reliance on petroleum-based fuels must be curtailed." The Air Force gave a small team at its Wright-
Patterson base near Dayton, Ohio, the mission of finding a synthetic fuel capable of powering all of the
service's fighters, bombers and other planes.
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Inherency - Alternatives
THE DOD HAS ALREADY INVESTED MONEY IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
AND PASSED BILLS TO ENCOURAGE RENEWABLES, BUT FUNDING NEEDS TO BE
EXTENDED.
Sohlman 2K8
(March 17, Eva, former editor of The World in Focus, Green Hawks in the Pentagon: The American Army is on a
Green Mission, http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2008/03/green_hawks_in_the_pentagon_th.html)

The Department of Defense is therefore investing an estimated $500-$600 million dollars on research and
development of solar, wave, biomass and wind energy, as well as conventional green energy sources. A new
law demanding better energy efficiency has been passed, so by 2025 the Army will have to take a quarter of
its energy from renewable sources. But that is far too little, far too late, say hawks like Todd Hathaway, a
major in the Army who is writing his PhD thesis on nuclear science, focusing on new environmentally friendly
technology. “We can’t afford to not fix this now, and that can only be done with cutting-edge technology,”
says the fast-paced 36-year-old outside the Pentagon, whose front boasts a vast field of solar cells.
“Unfortunately there is a strong resistance against new technology from the multi-billion industry for
established green energy. We – inventors, scientists, retired Army people and professors – have to invest our
own money to get the projects going. This is serious, as these are the kind of technologies that will make this
planet survive.”
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Inherency - Alternatives

THE DOD IS ALREADY IMPLEMENTING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY POLICIES, BUT THEY


ARE NOT NEARLY EFFECTIVE ENOUGH AND NEED MORE FUNDING.
Wagner 2K6
(Statement of Mark Wagner, vice president of Government Relations for Johnson Controls, Inc. and member of
Federal Performance Contracting Coalition and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Alternative
Energy and Energy Efficiency at DOD, September 26, CQ Congressional Testimony, testimony to Committee
on House Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities)

Various DOD facilities have completed innovative energy upgrades in recent years. For example:
-- Elmendorf AFB, a 50-year old heating and power plant was replaced with a new energy efficient distributed
generation system.
-- Picatinny Arsenal, again, distributed generation and back up generation was installed to address energy
and mission needs.
-- Twentynine Palms Marine Corps base, a dual-fueled cogeneration and photovoltaic plant was installed.
-- Fort Bragg also now has new combined heat and power for efficiency and security.
-- Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, high tech windmills are now providing power more cost effectively than the
expensive grid power that was heretofore available.
(Attached are additional details on these projects.)
Unfortunately, these successful projects are more the exception than the rule. We need the will and the way
to deploy efficiency and alternative energy technologies and develop these types of projects at more military
installations throughout the country and the world.Only then will we significantly address our critical energy
needs and reduce our energy expenditures on military infrastructure.
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Inherency - Airforce
WE HAVE TERMINAL UNIQUENESS - USAF MISSION CAPABLE RATES ARE
CONTINUOUSLY DECLINING
Connetta 99
(Carl, Head of the Project on Defense Alternatives Briefing Report #10, “The Readiness Crisis of the U.S. Air
Force: A Review and Diagnosis” http://www.comw.org/pda/afreadsu.html)

The clearest indicators of the USAF's recent readiness problems are the declines in aircraft Mission Capable
Rates (MCRs) and in service-wide unit readiness scores. Since 1991, the MCRs for the service's aircraft fell 10
percentage points to a current level of 74%. Almost one-third of this decline occurred in 1998 alone. The
decline in MCRs helped pull down unit readiness ratings for the service -- by 18% since the end of 1995. Air
Combat Command (ACC), which controls most of the service's state-side combat aircraft, suffered an even
greater decline in unit readiness: a staggering 56% drop in three

THE AIR FORCE MUST DEVELOP LONG-TERM CONTRACTS FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INDUSTRY
Wagener 2K8
(Breanne, Aviation Energy, May, Market for Synthetic Aviation Fuels Off to a Shaky Start,
http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2008/May/Market.htm)

Despite industry claims of cleaner fuel, the Air Force is uncertain if companies can satisfy the new energy act
requirement. Bollinger points to a lack of standards as the main impediment.
“You heard industry representatives who are producing this fuel say that they can meet this standard,”
Bollinger says. “But there is no standard.” Industry estimates are based on an antiquated EPA standard that
doesn’t measure the life cycle, he explains. Until those life cycle standards are developed, the Air Force
simply can’t buy the fuel, Bollinger says. He believes the requirement is hampering market development
because it deters companies from building facilities. The uncertainty associated with the new rule is viewed
as a risk in the market, Bollinger says. Companies need financing to build plants, but they can’t get money
until the standard is defined. The EPA estimated that it would take at least a year to write new standards. Tom
Sayles, Rentech vice president of government affairs and communications, says that besides the life cycle
requirement, the industry has bigger financial concerns. “Long-term contracts are needed to get this
[industry] off the ground.” Today, the military purchases fuel on an annual basis, Sayles says, while electricity
is bought in 10-year contracts. Additionally, Ramsbottom believes the industry won’t move forward in a timely
manner without strong government support. The Air Force wants to develop synthetic jet fuel as soon as
possible, but is restricted by Congress. Lawmakers are showing greater interest in alternative energy, but
many caution against moving too quickly.
Fellows
Military AFF
BShim, Tboi, Katryna, Joe Page 24
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Inherency - Dependence
THE U.S. IS VERY DEPENDENT ON MIDDLE EASTERN OIL AND ONLY DEVELOPING
ALTERNATIVE FUEL WILL COMBAT THIS DEPENDENCE.
Bowman 2K3
(Michael, October 16, VOA, US Foreign Oil Dependency on Increase, say Experts, http://www.iwar.org.uk/news-
archive/2003/10-16-3.htm)

Thirty years ago, the United States faced an energy crisis as mostly-Muslim, oil-producing nations imposed an
oil embargo, hoping to force a halt of U.S. support for Israel. Today, U.S. dependence on foreign oil is far
greater than it was in the early 1970s. Panel of experts recently gathered in Washington to examine America's
energy situation and its choices for the future. Former Energy Secretary James Schlesinger says the 1973 oil
embargo had a devastating short term effect on the United States, but an even costlier long term effect on
OPEC nations that conspired to withhold fuel. In the years that followed, the United States built more fuel-
efficient cars and sought alternate sources for oil. OPEC's market share fell and, by the mid-1980s, world oil
prices collapsed. "The Saudis did learn in that period that there was a need for stable prices, that there was a
need to show that they were the dependable sources of supply," said Mr. Schlesinger, speaking at the
Washington-based Heritage Foundation. "If they were not, other places in the world were discovered that
could produce oil: the North Sea, West Africa. Not only that, but the world's appetite for oil could be curbed if
prices were high enough." But Mr. Schlesinger and other analysts contend that any progress the United States
made in the 1970s and 80s towards stable energy supplies at reasonable prices is at risk. "Our dependence
[on foreign oil] has almost doubled since 1973," added Gal Luft, co-director of the Institute for the Analysis of
Global Security. "In 1972, the United States imported 28 percent of its oil; today it imports 55 percent, and
projections show that 25 years from now it will import 70 percent of its oil," he continued. "Our dependency is
growing, and our dependency on Middle East oil is also growing. We will import 50 percent of our oil from the
Middle East by 2025." Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, the Bush
Administration has renewed U.S. efforts to secure oil from non-OPEC sources, especially from Russia. Analysts
say diversifying petroleum sources is a worthwhile goal, but caution that, at best, it constitutes a short term
solution. That is because the proven oil reserves of non-OPEC producers average about 15 years at current
production levels, versus more than 70 years for OPEC nations. James Schlesinger says, as global demand for
oil grows and reserves dwindle, the United States will have no choice but to turn to OPEC nations to satisfy its
energy needs. "We should not deceive ourselves, as long as we are dependent on oil to the degree that we
are, that there is a substitute for the Middle East [as a source of oil]," said Mr. Schlesinger. "Russia sells all of
its oil. Over time, non-OPEC oil will be depleted and we will become more dependent on oil from the Middle
East." Mr. Schlesinger says he sees no immediate threat of another oil embargo on the horizon, but that
history is worth bearing in mind. What course should the United States chart for its future energy needs? Gal
Luft says, first and foremost, Americans must have more than one fuel choice for powering their vehicles.
"Today, the only product that all of us consume, in which we have no choice, is transportation fuel," he
explained. "You have a lot of choices when you buy a cup of coffee or a pair of shoes. But when you buy
transportation fuel, it is gasoline, gasoline, and gasoline. That has to change." Mr. Luft recommends a
concerted effort to develop alternate fuels and to promote their use. Other suggestions at the Washington
forum included increasing America's petroleum stockpile, known as the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, and to
improve U.S. relations with the Muslim world.
Fellows
Military AFF
BShim, Tboi, Katryna, Joe Page 25
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Inherency - DARPA
DARPA’S FOCUS IS CURRENTLY DIVERTED FROM ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
Wolpert 2K8
(Stefan, Head of Mechatronics: Innovation Through Integration, “War Means Military Robotic Innovation”
http://www.mechatronicszone.com/blogs/stefan_wolpert.php?mid=177)

DARPA has an annual budget of about $3.3 billion (out of the Department of Defense's approximately $550
billion budget). This number makes it apparent that Washington wants new technologies for US soldiers
(maybe to replace them someday?). Doing a cursory search of government agencies, I find the Department of
Energy (DoE) has an annual budget of $23.4 billion dollars. How much of this is invested in alternative energy
sources? There's about $1.3 billion allocated to the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)
for "promoting America's energy security through reliable, clean, and affordable energy," while $9.1 billion is
budgeted for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) to meet defense and homeland security-
related objectives. I am sure (and I hope) there are many programs for alternative energy, but DARPA's
budget seems very large in comparison to the EERE's. Replacements for humans on the battlefield must be a
priority for the US government.
Fellows
Military AFF
BShim, Tboi, Katryna, Joe Page 26
of 86
Inherency – R&D
R&D FUNDING POST 9-11 HAS BEEN SHIFTED TOWARD COUNTER TERRORISM
EFFORTS.
Ramcharan 2K3
(Lisette, “Science and Technology Overview 2003: United States of America”,
Science and Technology Counsellor at the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.,
http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/science/UnitedStates_2003-en.htm)

The United States (US) is the world's undisputed leader in science and technology. US industry funds
roughly two-thirds, and the federal government, one-third, of an approximately US$300 billion/year R&D
enterprise. In the past fifteen years, US federal R&D spending has remained stable as a share
of the discretionary budget, but has declined as a share of the total federal budget and as a
share of the US economy. In contrast, industry-funded R&D has increased, although most of this funding
is in the applied research and development areas. In the aftermath of 11 September 2001, security issues
have become paramount. The government has increased its funding of Defense R&D and counter-
terrorism R&D, particularly bio-terrorism (the "Missiles and Medicine" budget). Congress has also
approved a new Department of Homeland Security whose primary mission is to protect the US
from terrorism. The emphasis on national security has affected the free movement of people,
including foreign students and visiting scientists, and information, particularly the output of
scientific journals. US policy-makers are engaged in a dialogue with the academic and
scientific communities on how to balance needs of national security with scientific openness.
There is not yet a consensus on this issue.

R&D PORTFOLIO STANDARDS FALLING


Trew & Williams 2K8
(Robert and Bill, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers USA, Electrotechnology-Related Research in
the FY 2008 Budget)

The Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) R&D portfolio fell sharply in 2007 because of
rising congressional dissatisfaction with the new department's R&D efforts, and would edge
down another 0.8 percent to $996 million in 2008, even as total DHS funding continues to increase (see
Table II-6). While research on radiological and nuclear countermeasures would continue to
climb 17 percent to $320 million in the newly separate Domestic Nuclear Detection Office
(DNDO), R&D in the main Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate would fall for the second
year.

DARPA IS A PROGRAM WHOSE MODEL IS TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN HOWEVER THERE


IS CURRENTLY NO INCENTIVE BASE IN WHICH TO ENCOURAGE NEW TECHNOLOGY
Ogden, Podesta, and Deutch 2K8
A New Strategy to Spur Energy Innovation
Peter , John , John . Issues in Science and Technology. Washington: Winter 2008. Vol. 24, Iss. 2; pg. 35, 10 pgs

The proposal to establish within DOE an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Energy (ARPA-
E) that is modeled on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is intended to
replicate many elements of the innovation model that has been successful for the DOD, but it
is unlikely to have a similar transformative effect on the energy sector. The DARPA model is
technology-driven, not demand-driven; the focus is on performance, not cost. In the DARPA
model, industry is an R&D contractor paid on a cost-plus basis with no indirect financial
incentive mechanisms to encourage industry to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of new
technology.
Fellows
Military AFF
BShim, Tboi, Katryna, Joe Page 27
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Inherency – R&D
FUNDING FOR R&D TECHNOLOGY IN UNIVERSITIES IS DECLINING THE SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENTS OF THE MILITARY WANTS MORE MONEY
Trew & Williams 2K8
(Robert and Bill, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers USA, Electrotechnology-Related Research in
the FY 2008 Budget)

The extramural aspect of the DHS S&T budget is coordinated through the Homeland Security
Advanced Research Project Agency (HSARPA), which is modeled after DOD’s DARPA. HSARPA
provides grants for basic and applied research to assist the agency to “conduct rapid
prototyping and commercial adaptation,” and to “research revolutionary options.” Funding for
University and Fellowship Programs would suffer additional losses, declining from $49 million
in 2007 to $39 million in 2008, a drop of $10 million or 20.3 percent. Funding for University
and Fellowship Programs has declined by a third in the past two years. This program funds
university-based centers that consist of multi-year university consortia directed to R&D for homeland
security. The DHS has also requested $21.9 million in new money to form a Science and
Technology Office of Innovation, which will be charged with developing “game-changing and
leap-ahead technologies” to address critical agency exigencies, including developing a
resilient electric grid, tunnel detection at the borders, detecting and dispatching improvised
explosive devices, and development of Man-Portable Air Defense Systems technology. (For
more on DHS, see Chapter 11.)

R&D PROGRAMS ARE CRUCIAL TO DEVELOPING MILITARY READINESS AND


MAINTAINING US PRIMACY BUT THEY’RE CURRENT BUDGET IS DWINDLING.
Trew & Williams 2K8
(Robert and Bill, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers USA, Electrotechnology-Related Research in
the FY 2008 Budget)

DOD funding continues to be dominated by the war in Iraq and the global war on terror. According to the
President’s budget, priorities are ensuring a high state of military readiness and ground force strength and
continuing the development of capabilities to maintain U.S. superiority. While the DOD budget and the
DOD R&D budget will both reach record highs, the state of Science and Technology (S&T)
research at DOD continues to slide downward dramatically. DOD accounts for more than one-
third of all engineering research performed in U.S. academic institutions through the military’s
Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) program. RDT&E provides funding for future
military hardware and software and their underlying technologies, covering the full spectrum
of R&D. From the most basic research to advanced, full-scale, military systems development,
RDT&E collectively consists of seven budget activities:
Fellows
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Internals – Dependency (Econ)


RISING DEMAND FOR OIL GRANTS PRODUCERS MASSIVE INFLUENCE OVER THE
WORLD ECONOMY
Tech-Evangelist 2K6
(November, “Ending Dependency on Mideast Oil” http://www.tech-evangelist.com/2006/11/09/ending-
dependency-on-mideast-oil/)

Problems related to the stability of many of our sources for oil have compounded in recent years. The
competitive demand for large quantities of oil from the growing economies of China and India are contributing
significantly to the increasing price of oil. It is a simple matter of supply and demand. The demand is
growing faster than the amount produced; therefore, the price for oil is increasing, which theoretically
encourages producers to produce more oil. A further complication is that the suppliers no longer have any
incentive to keep the price low. The industrialized world is addicted and the demand is not going to diminish
in the near future. Many producers literally have the major economies of the world by the throat.

OIL PROFIT IS MANIPULATED BY MUSLIM RADICALS TO UNDEMINE THE AMERICAN


ECONOMY
Tech-Evangelist 2K6
(November, “Ending Dependency on Mideast Oil” http://www.tech-evangelist.com/2006/11/09/ending-
dependency-on-mideast-oil/)

The current turmoil in the Middle East and a growing radical religious fundamentalist movement appears the
see the issue much more clearly than Western governments do. They are using the price of oil to further their
political ambitions. Indeed, many influential Middle East leaders openly state that the Western world is
stealing their oil at the current $70 to $80 per barrel prices. I don’t think anyone should be surprised if the
price jumps to $100 to $150 per barrel in the next few years. The bottom line is that the world is financing
the religious radicalism fervor in the Middle East through the price of oil and the economies of the
industrialized countries are losing control of the market for oil. Personally, I don’t feel very confident that the
USA economy can withstand a cut-off of the supply for oil, nor a doubling of the current price.

OIL DEPENDENCY RISKS INEVITABLE ECONOMY COLLAPSE


Ahdoot 2K1
(Jason, Professor at Pepperdine University School of Public Policy, “Alleviating U.S. Dependence on OPEC”
http://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/master-public-policy/content/capstones/opec.pdf)

The U.S. should place a priority on promoting domestic and regional oil and gas production, rather than
increasing reliance on foreign sources. According to the International Energy Agency, each day, the world oil
market produces 77.1 million barrels and consumes 75.6 million barrels. “The United States consumes 20
million barrels per day, of this amount two-thirds of oil consumed (62.1 percent) is imported.”1 The
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a significant, unpredictable variable influencing both
the supply and price of oil. The failure of the United States to establish a long-term strategy that will
guarantee America’s independence is largely to blame for inflated energy prices. Policymakers must address
the nation’s dependence on foreign oil. Without attention to this matter, we continue to leave both national
security and the economy at risk. This paper will provide an overview of the current status of U.S. –OPEC
relations, followed by an analysis of options and alternatives. In formulating a successful policy, we have
taken into consideration the various criteria and obstacles that are inherent in the dilemma. We recommend a
three-pronged approach, including conservation incentives, increasing domestic oil production, and increasing
petroleum imports from Mexico.
Fellows
Military AFF
BShim, Tboi, Katryna, Joe Page 29
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Internals – Dependency (Security)
DEPENDENCE ULTIMATELY BAD FOR US SECURITY
Kopp 2K6
Carlo, independent defense analyst, The Australian Financial Review, October 5, Strategic security drives US
toward synthetic fuel,
http://www.afr.com/home/viewer.aspx?ATL://20061005000018020131&title=Strategic+security+drives+US+t
oward+synthetic+fuel

There are two central imperatives for this shift. The first is cost, since at this time synthetic crude oil-based
fuels cost about half of natural crude oil-based fuels, per barrel. The second imperative is reducing
dependency on foreign imports in a volatile global market, where many major producers, such as Iran and
Venezuela, are intensely hostile to the US. Access to and pricing of crude oil can be used as a political and
strategic weapon, something to which the US has become acutely sensitive in recent times.

OIL DEPENDENCY IS USED TO JUSTIFY CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST


Collina 2K5
Tom Z, Executive Director, 20/20 Vision, October 19, Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy:
Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions, http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/CollinaTestimony051020.pdf

In fact, the use of military power to protect the flow of oil has been a central tenet of U.S. foreign policy since
1945. That was the year that President Franklin D. Roosevelt promised King Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia that
the United States would protect the kingdom in return for special access to Saudi oil—a promise that governs
U.S. foreign policy today. This policy was formalized by President Jimmy Carter in 1980 when he announced
that the secure flow of oil from the Persian Gulf was in “the vital interests of the United States of America”
and that America would use “any means necessary, including military force” to protect those interests from
outside forces. This doctrine was expanded by President Ronald Reagan in 1981 to cover internal threats, and
was used by the first President Bush to justify the Gulf War of 1990-91, and provided a key, if unspoken
rationale for the second President Bush’s invasion of Iraq in 2003.ii

DEPENDENCE ON OIL KILLS MILITARY READINESS


Scire 2K8
John Scire, Professor of Political Science at UNR, Nevada Appeal, Oil Dependancy, National Security, February
10, 2008, http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20080210/OPINION/227691244

DoD's dependency on oil as a primary motor fuel makes military operations much more costly than if it had
alternative fuels. Oil dependency also requires that we dedicate military forces to the Persian Gulf area,
reducing our ability to use those forces in other places. Furthermore, the U.S. military presence in the Middle
East raises the potential for military conflicts with other importing nations as world demand increases and
supplies decrease. Our oil dependency also strains military alliances, such as NATO, as members compete for
oil. Witness the French and Germans working with the Iranians to increase oil production and Pakistan
building a port to import Iranian natural gas while we are trying to stop the Iranian nuclear program. Their
need for oil and gas trumps our need to stop Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons. The last and perhaps
most serious impact on national security of our oil dependency is that the chronic weakening of the U.S.
economic base will inevitably weaken our military; we cannot sustain a strong military with a weak economy.
Fellows
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Impacts – Dependency (War)
OIL DEPENDENCE CAUSES WAR.
Carey 2K8
(June 18, W.P., A Fossil-Fueled Future: Growing Oil Dependence Puts U.S. on a Slippery Slope,
http://knowledge.wpcarey.asu.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1625&jsessionid=f030bbe961372ab3c516677768235
84f3039)

"Somehow we're going to have to find and develop more oil around the world," Kalt said. No one is sure where
that's going to come from, he added. "Go to Thailand,' he said. "I don't know."Brazil made a major offshore
discovery last fall and two days after Kalt made his remarks, the South American nation said it had made
another major find. But there's one place with known, developed oil resources -- the Middle East. By 2030
about two-thirds of the world's oil production will be concentrated in the Middle East, Kalt said. And that has
some uncomfortable implications. "A substantial portion of the money that gets shipped daily from the United
States and Western Europe leaks into the hands of people who really don't like us,' he said.That tension
has already led us down the path of war in three instances. In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. Saddam Hussein
said Iraq was reclaiming homeland. Kalt said diplomatic traffic at the time showed the Iraqi leaders were
angry that Kuwait was violating OPEC production limits. The U.S. responded by driving Iraqi forces out of
Kuwait. The invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq came after the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorism attacks masterminded
by the son of a prominent Saudi family."The politicians can dress up it and say 'It's not really about oil,'" he
said. "But it's about oil."
Fellows
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Impacts – Dependency (WOT)
DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE FUELS MUST BE ENCOURAGED BY THE MILITARY IN
ORDER TO HELP THE WAR ON TERRORISM AND NATIONAL SECURITY.
Wagner 2K8
(Breanne, Aviation Energy, May, Market for Synthetic Aviation Fuels Off to a Shaky Start,
http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2008/May/Market.htm)

Makers of synthetic fuel are eager to offer their wares to the military as a lower cost and nationally produced
alternative to petroleum-based products. Chief among the potential buyers of synthetic fuel is the Air Force,
which has trumpeted an ambitious plan to power its aircraft with alternative propellants. The service plans to
certify its aircraft fleet with synthetics by 2011 and aims to meet half of its fuel needs with such products by
2016. But Air Force officials face roadblocks that are hampering efforts to stimulate the growth of a fledging
synthetic jet fuel market. While the development of alternative energy technology in the United States has
exploded in recent years, for synthetic aviation fuels, progress has been much slower. “The industry is just
beginning to grow in the United States,” says William Anderson, assistant secretary of the Air Force for
installations, environment and logistics. Rentech and Baard Energy were two of the first companies to
announce plans to build synthetic aviation fuel plants. But their sites won’t be ready until 2011 and 2012,
respectively. Other countries are far ahead in this area, including South Africa, Malaysia and Qatar. “There are
at least a dozen [plants] operating around the world today and another couple of dozen under construction or
in the final planning stages,” Anderson says at an Air Force energy forum in Arlington, Va. Anderson estimates
that every $10 increase in the price of a barrel of oil costs the Air Force $600 million annually. Additionally,
the development of alternative fuel is considered a national security priority. At the energy forum, Mississippi
Gov. Haley Barbour, a staunch alternative energy advocate, claims that the United States is hurting its anti-
terrorism campaign by importing foreign oil. “The United States is financing both sides of the war on terror.
We’re financing our own military and our own economy, and then a lot of our petrol dollars find their way into
the hands of radical Islamic terrorists,” says Barbour.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Internals – Terrorism
OIL DEPENDENCY ALLOWS OTHER GOVERNMENTS TO DICTATE OUR ENERGY POLICY AND
TERRORISTS TO DEPLOY ATTACKS AGAINST OIL FACILITIES AS WEAPONS AGAINST NATIONAL
SECURITY.
Cohen 2K6
(Ariel, April 7, The Heritage Foundation, Reducing U.S. Dependence on Middle Eastern Oil, PhD and Senior
Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah
Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for
International Studies at the Heritage
Foundation,http://www.heritage.org/Research/Features/NationalSecurity/bg1926.cfm)

Growing Dependence on Imported Oil: A National Security Threat The U.S. government predicts that
by 2025, the country will import 68 percent of its oil.[3] At best, the measures in the Energy Policy Act of
2005[4] will slow the growth rate of U.S. dependence only slightly.[5] Many have suggested, quite correctly,
drilling for oil in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), a small part of Alaska’s remote Arctic slope.
However, even opening ANWR would add only 1 mbd to U.S. production—barely 5 percent of America’s
growing oil consumption, which currently stands at 20.6 mbd.[6] Table 1 lists the world’s largest oil producers
and consumers in 2004. Map 1 illustrates the sources of U.S. oil imports. However, there is a more pressing
problem. Two-thirds of the world’s oil reserves are concentrated in the increasingly unstable Middle East and
are controlled by members of the quasi-monopolistic Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).[7]
Over the years, OPEC has been quick to cut supply and slow to increase production, bringing oil prices to
today’s high levels.[8] Most OPEC member countries and other oil producers have high levels of government
economic regulation and corruption, as documented in the Index of Economic Freedom, published by The
Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.[9] Thus, consumers are effectively paying two premiums on
oil: one for security and one for suppliers’ economic inefficiency and monopolistic behavior. The countries
listed in Table 2 and Table 3 produce about 61 mbd, or about 73.5 percent of world production. OPEC
countries account for about 33 mbd, or 40 percent of world production. Global fuel consumption is projected
to increase by 100 percent to 150 percent over the next 20 years, driven largely by the rapidly growing
Chinese and Indian economies, and this increased demand will force prices even higher. The supply of
conventional light sweet crude oil is likely to dwindle, opening the door to expanded market shares for heavy
oil and oil with high sulfur content, as well as oil extracted from oil sands and alternative fuels.[10] Threats to
Key Suppliers The oil market operates today without cushions of additional production capacity or
significant strategic petroleum reserves beyond the U.S. reserves. For example, al-Qaeda’s February 24,
2005, attack on the Aramco facility in Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia, sent shock waves through the world’s financial
markets. On the same day, the price of oil on international markets jumped nearly $2, despite the attack’s
complete failure. (The terrorists and two security guards were killed.)[11] Most analysts agree that this attack
and an averted attempt on March 28 were merely trial runs in a much longer campaign designed to disrupt
the global economy, particularly the oil and gas industry.[12] As the September 2001 World Trade Center
attacks demonstrated, al-Qaeda tends to return to the scene of the crime, so another strike on Abqaiq and
other oil targets is likely. Both Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri have repeatedly called for attacks on
key Western economic targets, especially energy sources.[13] In a tape aired by Al Jazeera, Zawahiri said: I call
on the mujahideen to concentrate their attacks on Muslims’ stolen oil, most of the revenues of which go to
the enemies of Islam while most of what they leave is seized by the thieves who rule our countries.[14] The
unfortunate reality is that the Middle East remains the strategic center of gravity of the global oil market—a
position that is not likely to change in the medium term. As long as radical Islam, China, India, and Europe
continue the struggle for the world’s limited oil supply in the Middle East, the region will remain unstable. If
the U.S. is to protect itself from these economic and political threats, it must reduce its dependence on Middle
Eastern oil as quickly and efficiently as possible. Oil as a Weapon Many Arab leaders understand the
dynamic of this dependence. For example, as early as 1990, the late Yassir Arafat said: When the North Sea
oil dries up in 1991, the United States will want to buy Arab petroleum. And when the American oil fields
themselves run dry and oil consumption in the United States increases, the American need for the Arabs will
grow greater and greater.[15] This observation has not been lost on the current generation of politicians and
terrorist leaders. However, bin Laden and Zawahiri are not satisfied with the unwieldy weapons of oil
boycotts, threats of boycotts, and buying political influence in the West. Instead, they are clearly zeroing in on
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the oil-rich kingdoms of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf as their principal targets. They also appear increasingly
interested in attacking the entire global oil industry, from wells to wheels. The failed February strike and the
prevented March attack on Abqaiq were not the first times that al-Qaeda has targeted energy assets in the
region. In October 2002, al-Qaeda attacked the Limbourg, a French oil tanker, off the coast of Yemen with a
suicide boat filled with explosives. In 2002, American and Saudi intelligence agencies uncovered a plot by al-
Qaeda sympathizers inside Saudi Aramco to destroy key Saudi oil facilities. In 2003–2004, al-Qaeda attacked
the Saudi port of Yanbu and murdered five Western engineers working there.[16] Indeed, terrorist attacks
against energy infrastructure are not the exception, but the rule, as an examination of the three primary
regional challenges to energy security in Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia illustrates.
Fellows
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Internals – Terrorism
TRANSITION TOWARDS RENEWABLES IS KEY TO WIN THE WAR ON TERROR
Bengston 2K6
(Ron, Member of the American Energy Independence Group, “Energy Independence and National Security”
http://www.americanenergyindependence.com/nationalsecurity.html)

Islamic terrorists say the war is a religious struggle, a Jihad. Americans do not see it as a religious war. Many
Americans believe the military action taken by the United States is justified self-defense against religious
fanatics who want to destroy freedom. Most Americans believe the war against terrorism is necessary to
prevent future harm to U.S. citizens, and to defend the right of individuals to freely choose and practice their
own personal beliefs. Whatever noble reasons given for the war in Iraq and the war against terrorism, without
oil at the center of the conflict there would be no U.S. Military operations in the Middle East, and there would
be no oil wealth to finance terrorist organizations. Islamic terrorism feeds off of America’s addiction to oil. Oil
wealth in the hands of dictators and ideological extremists is financing terrorism. America trades its wealth
for Middle East oil enriching the sponsors of terrorism. For these reasons, the war against terrorism cannot be
won without American energy independence

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE COSTS OF


THE WAR ON TERROR IN ORDER TO BOLSTER THE MILITARY.
Dwyer 2K6
(George, April 27, Will High Energy Prices Affect the War on Terror?, VOA news
http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-04/2006-04-27-
voa37.cfm?CFID=3771012&CFTOKEN=15325114)

The cost of fighting the war on terror is measured in blood and in treasure -- the number of lives lost, and the
number of U.S. dollars it will take to accomplish the mission. And as VOA's George Dwyer reports, the rising
cost of petroleum has become a part of the strategic calculation of war. The U.S. Senate began debate this
week in Washington on the largest emergency spending bill in American history - a $106 billion request that
will go mostly toward funding the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Estimates of the total costs of the wars are
closing in on $400 billion. One reason why may be seen at a military motor pool in Baghdad, supervised by
Lieutenant Colonel Darren Wright. "It is critical to have those assets up and operational at all times so we can
put them into the fight." Today's modern, motorized, mechanized army runs on oil, and as its cost soars, so
does the cost of military operations. The Bush administration is on record as promising that nothing will stand
in the way of getting American troops the supplies and equipment they need. But it has become increasingly
important to be cost conscious when doing so, says Democratic Senator Jack Reed, who sits on the Armed
Services Committee. "We have to support the troops in the field but we have to do it in a responsible way."
Reconciling efforts to cut the budget and pay for the war are not easy -- especially when military fuel costs
went up 57 percent to more than $7 billion in the last fiscal year. And the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq make it
harder for ground forces to save fuel. From 2004 to 2005, fuel use by the Army and Marine Corps increased by
more than one-third, to 15.4 million barrels. One reason is that extra armor was added to humvees and other
vehicles to make them safer. The military is now trying to develop hybrid engines that are more efficient. And
military bases and facilities have been ordered to cut energy use by two percent per year and pursue
alternative energy sources, such as solar and wind. The Air Force also is switching over to more fuel-efficient
engines.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Internals- Economy
THE U.S. ECONOMY IS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PRICE MANIPULATION BY OPEC OIL
MARKETS
Ahdoot 2K1
(Jason, Professor at Pepperdine University School of Public Policy, “Alleviating U.S. Dependence on OPEC”
http://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/master-public-policy/content/capstones/opec.pdf)

For many years the U.S. Economy has been heavily dependent on inexpensive oil. OPEC produces about 40%
of the world’s oil. The organization also holds over 70% of the world’s proven oil reserves and has the highest
total production capacity.18 As evidenced by the devastating affects of OPEC price manipulation in the
1970’s, OPEC’s hegemony on the U.S. economy is wide-ranging and substantial. At that time, the price of oil
rose over twenty times what it was in the beginning of the decade. These fluctuations had a clear effect upon
the US Economy.19 The oil crisis in the 1970’s taught us that OPEC is unpredictable and we must take steps
to insulate ourselves from price manipulation. When the US anticipates a price increase of oil in the world
market, the stock market slows down and the U.S. economy slows down. The current price of oil that OPEC
targets will either benefit the US Economy or hurt it. I f OPEC decides to cut production and the price of oil
rises in the short-run, this will hurt the U.S. economy. On the other hand, if production quotas increase and
Non-OPEC producers lag to fill the void where OPEC had cut quotas then the price of oil drops and the US
economy will benefit. These are all short-term effects. What is needed is a long-term policy that will
encourage OPEC to pursue stable production quotas, thus alleviating the volatility of the price of oil.
Generally, the US Economy also experiences volatility when the world price of oil rises.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Internals – Economy (Embargo)
OPEC EMBARGOS DEVASTATE THE AMERICAN ECONOMY
Ahdoot 2K1
(Jason, Professor at Pepperdine University School of Public Policy, “Alleviating U.S. Dependence on OPEC”
http://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/master-public-policy/content/capstones/opec.pdf)

Another way that OPEC affects the U.S. economy is through politically motivated embargos. Middle Eastern
OPEC countries such as Iran and Iraq hold hostile views towards the United States and its close allies.
Relations could be further strained if current conflicts in the Middle East escalated. Another embargo would
disrupt the American growth, and probably the world economy.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Impacts- Economy
CURRENT MILITARY OIL TRENDS LEADS TO ECONOMIC COLLAPSE
Clark 2K5
(William, Information Security Analyst, Petrodollar Warfare, “Oil, Iraq and the Future of the Dollar,” Page 2)

As Thomas Jefferson eloquently warned, liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be
limited without being lost. It was the eternal inspiration of Jefferson with which this book was written. My own
sense of patriotic duty compelled me to express dissent and inform others that our current military-centric
geostrategy will ultimately result in massive US eco- nomic failure. Such an event will be compounded if our
national energy policies are not overhauled and restructured to both reduce consumption and rapidly
implement alternative energy technologies.

OIL DEPENDENCY TRIGGERS LOSS IN ECONOMIC PRIMACY


Leonard 2K7
(Robert, Writer for Cape Business News, “A Dream for a Future with Alternative Energy,
http://www.cbn.co.za/knowledge/article7043.html?PHPSESSID=e82afe6bf392fb38ffbfc9a1fba86641)

While America politicians and businesses clamor over the dwindling global oil reserves, other countries are
taking necessary actions to replace oil as their principle energy source. Germany and France have both
implemented successful alternative energy programs, dramatically reducing their dependency on oil, and oil
rich countries. This is perhaps one of the principle reasons why their governments are labeled as uncaring
towards America's political predicament with foreign oil. While America spends billions to secure oil resources
with their military, Germany and France pour their wealth into expanding their alternative energy programs.
It's a race that America is losing. Politically, the American blight in the Middle East is of great advantage to
countries in support of renewable energy, because these countries are getting a head start on the global race
towards the technological development of more efficient renewable energy systems. Billions spent on
preservation of the status quo of the OPEC nations assures France and Germany oil for the immediate future.
At the same time, the money saved from opting out of participation in the Coalition can be used to build
many alternative energy resources and research new methods of securing renewable energy. Well-
orchestrated protests against American involvement in Iraq and other Middle East countries endears Canada,
France and Germany to the world.
Fellows
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Solvency – Dependency
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CAN TRANSITION AWAY FROM THE ECONOMIC BURDEN OF
MIDDLE EAST DEPENDENCY
Luft 2K8
(Gal, Executive Director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS), “Oil: The Weapon of the
New World Order”, http://www.energypublisher.com/article.asp?id=15526)

A transatlantic consensus exists for better management of strategic petroleum reserves and for strengthened
energy dialogue with emerging energy consumers in the developing world, primarily China and India, with
possible inclusion of those two emerging Asian giants in the International Energy Agency regime in the future.
There is also a growing consensus on the need for diplomatic and economic support for ways to curb the
Middle East’s influence by developing alternative supply sources and alternative energy routes from Central
Asia and Africa. But since oil is a fungible commodity which is traded in the global market, diversifying away
from the Middle East to other suppliers would be, at best, a stop gap solution. As long as the world’s
transportation system depends on oil to the degree that it does today, dependence on the Middle East will
grow and so will the economic and security burden associated with such dependency.
Fellows
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Solvency – Economy
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY WOULD SOLVE THE IMPENDING ECONOMIC CRISIS
Philips 92
(James, The Heritage Foundation, “Rethinking U.S. Policy in the Middle East,
http://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/BG891.cfm)

The chief threat to U.S. energy security is not another Arab oil embargo, but a major contraction in world oil
supplies triggered by regional conflict or oil production cutbacks. This could be caused by internal instability
in a leading oil producer, as during the Iranian revolution in 1978-1979. Although the U.S. could ride out most
oil crises with little economic damage, a major crisis in the Persian Gulf that resulted in the complete loss of
its roughly 15 million barrels per day of oil production, about 25 percent of total world oil production,
temporarily would wreak havoc in the world economy. Although this scenario is extremely unlikely since some
Persian Gulf oil almost surely will continue reaching the market, the U.S. should hedge against the unknown
and maintain military forces in the Persian Gulf region to help deter another Saddam Hussein-type lunge for
oil. The use of military force should be considered only as a last resort. In the long run, America's first line of
defense against oil supply crises is the free market, not the armed forces.
The U.S. response to a limited economic threat should be primarily economic, not military, in nature. Absent a
mortal threat to the American economy, the U.S. should seek to ride out an oil crisis using the free market to
allocate scarce oil resources, and provide incentives for greater world oil production, greater conservation,
more efficient consumption, and more extensive use of alternative energy sources.
Fellows
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Internals – Readiness (General)

ALTERNATIVES KEY TO MAINTAIN READINESS


Goodman 2K2
(Sherri, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, “Climate Change Impacts National Security,
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/21/20958.htm)

DoD has a longstanding commitment to protect the environment while maintaining military readiness.
Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions both improves environmental quality and enhances military
readiness. This win-win situation occurs when GHG emissions are reduced by improving operational practices
and the energy efficiency of the military’s aircraft, ships, and combat vehicles.Improving the fuel efficiency of
tactical equipment reduces training costs by reducing DoD’s fuel costs. These savings are then available for
maintaining military readiness. Improving fuel efficiency also makes operational sense—by using fuel-efficient
equipment, less fuel must be transported for operations, thereby enhancing mobility and reducing logistical
requirements. In order to achieve these benefits, DoD is funding research for a wide range of technologies.

A STABLE ENERGY SOURCE KEY TO READINESS


Bengston 2K6
(Ron, Member of the American Energy Independence Group, “Energy Independence and National Security”
http://www.americanenergyindependence.com/nationalsecurity.html)

In 2005, Hurricanes off the coasts of Texas and Louisiana damaged oil production in the Gulf of Mexico,
causing the price of oil to rise over $70 per barrel. What would another Arab oil embargo do? Or, God forbid,
what would happen if Iran makes a nuclear bomb and gives it to Islamic militants who then detonate the
bomb in the Saudi oil fields, destroying Saudi oil production? The price of Iran's oil, and all oil on the world
market, would then skyrocket to over $200 per barrel. The price of gasoline and diesel would increase to over
$5 per gallon in the USA and could go as high as $6-$10. Shortages would create gasoline rationing. What
would that do to the U.S. economy? What would that cost the American people in real dollars? Jobs lost, retail
sales falling, housing market collapsing... And, given the fact that a large percentage of the fuel that powers
U.S. military vehicles and aircraft is made from foreign oil, U.S. oil dependence undermines the U.S. military’s
ability to respond to a national security emergency.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Internals – Readiness (General)
Oil dependence kills Military Readiness
Dreazen 2K8
Yochi J., May 21, U.S. Military Launches Alternative-Fuel Push, The Wall-Street Journal
http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB121134017363909773.html

The U.S. military consumes 340,000 barrels of oil a day, or 1.5% of all of the oil used in the country. The Defense Department's overall
energy bill was $13.6 billion in 2006, the latest figure available -- almost 25% higher than the year before. The Air Force's bill for jet fuel
alone has tripled in the past four years. When the White House submitted its latest budget request for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, it
tacked on a $2 billion surcharge for rising fuel costs. Synthetic fuel, which can be made from coal or natural gas, is expensive now, but
could cost far less than the current price of oil if it's mass-produced. Just as important, the military is increasingly concerned that its
dependence on oil represents a strategic threat. U.S. forces in Iraq alone consume 40,000 barrels of oil a day trucked in from neighboring
countries, and would be paralyzed without it. Energy-security advocates warn that terrorist attacks on oil refineries or tankers could
cripple military operations around the world. "The endgame is to wean the dependence on foreign oil," says Air Force Assistant Secretary
William Anderson.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Internals – Readiness
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY BOOSTS THE MILITARY’S BATTLEFIELD STRATEGY AND
HELPS NATIONAL SECURITY.
D’Oro 2K4
(May 27, The Associated Press State & Local Wire, Rachel, Army Shows Off Alternative Energy Options)

Hybrid tankers that can power an entire airfield. Electric chariots that can zip soldiers to their destinations.
Fuel cell-powered all terrain vehicles that can roll along in near silence.
These are among alternative-energy vehicles being developed by the Army, which showed off a dozen
prototypes Thursday at Elmendorf Air Force Base. The Army envisions the vehicles greatly reducing its fuel
consumption on the battlefield and at urban posts in the near future with technology other military branches
are watching closely. In fact, the Air Force has assigned a representative to the Army's Detroit-based National
Automotive Center, which is developing the vehicles through partnerships with manufacturers. "Our intention
is to find common-use items that work not only commercially but with the military," said Army spokesman
Eric Emerton. The open house at an Elmendorf hangar was the show-and-tell portion of a four-day symposium
in Anchorage co-hosted by the Army to explore clean energy sources for and from Alaska. Military and
industry engineers and others led visitors around vehicles ready for use and under development. Examples
ranged from relatively humble Segway Human Transporters and three-wheel American Chariots to a heavy-
duty hybrid truck and two versions of a surveillance carrier. All represent the virtues of energy-saving
technology that's so crucial at a time when the Army burns 750,000 gallons of fuel a day in Iraq alone, said
NAC Director Dennis Wend. "We can take these technologies and reduce our fuel on the battlefield," he said.
"At the same time, we can put these technologies on our bases and be a good neighbor to our industrial
partners by sharing information." Reality, however, is three to five years away for the more advanced
equipment, according to Wend. The automotive research center, created a decade ago, has intensified its
alternative energy development only in the last few years. Besides corporate money, the center receives
$100 million in federal research and development funds. But a recent $60 million infusion for a two-year pilot
program will enable it to develop hybrid battlefield trucks. "If that works out successfully, we could be looking
at another billion dollars to put them into production, to actually produce several thousand vehicles for the
Army's battlefields," Wend said. Among the more impressive items on display was the SmarTruck II, a
technologically enhanced armored vehicle. The modified Chevrolet Silverado is loaded with gear that would
make James Bond proud - luxury seats, a missile launcher, electric generator and far-range surveillance
equipment, including night-vision capabilities. All that would make the hybrid-electric ideal for vulnerable
urban settings such as Baghdad, Iraq, according to its developers, which include Integrated Concepts &
Research Corp., a subsidiary of Kodiak-based Native Regional corporation Koniag Inc. Then there's the tanklike
hybrid-electric diesel truck developed with Oshkosh, Wis.-based Oshkosh Truck Corp., which builds the Army's
large off-road vehicles as well as civilian fire and refuse trucks. Painted in camouflage tones, the Oshkosh
HEMTT consumes less fuel and puts out reduced emissions compared with its traditionally fueled
counterparts. The vehicle also can produce 350 kilowatts of electricity while its 505 horsepower engine idles.
The company tested the vehicle's onboard generator at the Whittman Airfield in Oshkosh, providing lighting
for the control tower and a 14,000-foot runway for two hours. It was a hit - signifying numerous applications
for the military and civilians alike, said company engineer Chris Yakes. "There's the fuel economy and the
power production capabilities," Yakes said. "It can be used for anything from natural disasters to homeland
security."

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY HELPS TROOP DEPLOYMENTS AND MOBILITY.


US Fed News 2K6
(October 24, REP. KAPTUR, UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO PRESIDENT ANNOUNCE $3.6 MILLION FEDERAL RESEARCH
AWARD FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY)

"The Department of Defense joins as a new partner because it also understands that America has to change.
The Army, Air Force, Navy and Marines know they can't depend on imported oil. They know we have to find
new ways of powering the future." University of Toledo President Lloyd Jacobs expressed the gratitude of the
university community for Congresswoman Kaptur's efforts in securing the support of the Defense
Department. "This is a celebration of perseverance," he said. "It's a big dream to think we can harness the
Fellows
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energy of the sun, but it's actually not just our democracy but all of humanity that can benefit from this kind
of work." Congresswoman Kaptur reiterated her commitment to helping America achieve energy
independence. She said the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen will anchor one end of the proposed high-
technology corridor in west Toledo. Establishment of a Department of Defense research center for alternative
energy was UT's top federal research priority during the current federal fiscal year, and Congresswoman
Kaptur, a senior member of Congress, championed the project from her position on the defense
subcommittee of House Appropriations. She also noted the importance of alternative energy to U.S. troops
deployed in remote and often difficult environments, such as Afghanistan. She has heard from military leaders
who have expressed the need for lightweight and portable energy transmission systems to increase the
flexibility and mobility of American forces.
Fellows
Military AFF
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Internals – Readiness (Fuel)
FUEL CRITICAL TO US AIR FORCE
Bender 2K7
Bryan The Boston Globe, May 1, Tuesday, NATIONAL; Pg. A1, 991 words, Globe Staff, Pentagon study says
oil reliance strains military Urges development of alternative fuels
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T4010189
719&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4010189722&cisb=22_T401018
9721&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8110&docNo=1

The Department of Defense is the largest single energy consumer in the country. The Air Force spends about
$5 billion a year on fuel, mostly to support flight operations. The Navy and Army are close behind. Of all the
cargo the military transports, more than half consists of fuel. About 80 percent of all material transported on
the battlefield is fuel. The military's energy consumption has steadily grown as its arsenal has become more
mechanized and as US forces have had to travel farther distances.

FUEL KEY TO AIR FORCE


Wolf 2K7
Jim, Reuters, October 27, U.S. Air Force Turns to Alternative Fuel, Slashing CO2,
http://www.enn.com/pollution/article/24117

U.S. Air Force global operations require a huge amount of energy. In fiscal 2006, the service consumed almost
2.6 billion gallons of aviation fuel at a cost of more than $5.7 billion, according to an Air Force fact sheet. Jet
fuel accounts for 81 percent of the Air Force's total $7 billion a year in energy spending, said Anderson. For
every $10 jump in the price of a barrel of oil, Air Force costs rise $610 million, a sum that eats into
modernization efforts and other programs if not offset by additional funds from Congress, he said.
Fellows
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Internals – Readiness (Airforce)
AIR MOBILITY AND FUEL CRITICAL TO US READINESS
Camerer 2K2
Mark D., Air Force Journal of Logistics, Spring, Civilian contract air refueling: the ability to project and sustain
military power over vast distances is a basic requirement of deterrence - Innovative or Insane? - Statistical
Data Included, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBO/is_1_26/ai_89269557

The ability to project and sustain military power over vast distances is a basic requirement of deterrence-the
first line of our national security. (2) General Charles T. Robertson, Jr, commander of US Transportation
Command (USTRANSCOM), stressed this point when he noted the importance of rapid global mobility to the
nation's ability to project and sustain military power. (3) Air refueling is a force multiplier inherently critical to
achieving the rapid global mobility described by General Robertson. As a force multiplier, it bridges the gap
between the continental United States (CONUS) and various theaters of operation, accelerating the
deployment cycle and reducing dependency on forward staging bases and host-nation support. While
deterrence is the first line of national security, the ability to fight and win, regardless of the level of conflict, is
the bedrock of our national security. (4) Air refueling's second role, force enhancement, is critical to military
activities in this regard. As a force enhancer, it extends the range, payload, and loiter time of combat and
combat support forces, allowing a variety of combat aircraft to attack strategic and tactical targets, deep in
an adversary's territory, with greater payloads. These unique capabilities, force multiplication and force
enhancement, make air refueling an indispensable military resource.

AIR MOBILITY IS A CRITICAL ASSET TO NATIONAL SECURITY


Camerer 2K2
Mark D., Air Force Journal of Logistics, Spring, Civilian contract air refueling: the ability to project and sustain
military power over vast distances is a basic requirement of deterrence - Innovative or Insane? - Statistical
Data Included, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IBO/is_1_26/ai_89269557

Air refueling provides the capability to increase levels of mass, surprise, economy of force, and security and
concentrates more assets for offensive or defensive operations. (11) The overall effect of this capability is to
enhance and multiply airpower employment capabilities. For example, air refueling an attack aircraft en route
to its target allows greater payloads, which enhances the ability to achieve mass and concentration of
firepower at any level in an adversary's battlespace. It also allows attacking aircraft to use indirect target
approaches, terrain masking, and multiple axes of attack to create surprise. Air refueling other support
aircraft increases time aloft and decreases the number of aircraft and aircrews needed to build an air bridge
or provide 24-hour command and control capability, thus achieving economy of force. It also enhances
maneuver by providing additional fuel to attacking aircraft, which generates a valuable maneuver advantage
during air-to-air engagements, while putting the adve rsary at a distinct disadvantage. Air refueling mobility
airlift aircraft presents another opportunity to achieve maneuver flexibility. Increasing the range and cargo
load of these aircraft increases flexibility by allowing commanders to insert troops and cargo into theaters at
decisive moments. Ultimately, this allows maximum use of resources and multiplies the force available,
allowing greater persistence in engagements, operations, and campaigns. Finally, because air refueling
increases range, airpower assets can be based beyond the effective range of enemy weapons. This increases
security and frees up assets for offensive or defensive operations.

AIR MOBILITY KEY TO US SECURITY


GAO 2K
William C. Meredith, Richard G. Payne, Raul S. Cajulis, Lawrence E. Dixon, James E. Lewis, Sharon L. Reid, and
Gregory J. Symons, United States General Accounting Office, Military Readiness, Air Transport Falls Short of
Requirements, June 2000, http://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/ns00135.pdf

The ultimate test for the military, according to the National Military Strategy, is for the United States to be
able to win two major theater wars occurring nearly simultaneously. Air mobility would deliver the bulk of the
initial time critical forces and supplies, and it is the cornerstone for the nation’s security strategy for the
foreseeable future.
Fellows
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Internals – Readiness (Overstrech)
OIL DEPENDENCY OVER-EXPANDS US FORCES AND INVITES HOSTILITY
Tom Z. Collina, Executive Director, 20/20 Vision, October 19, 2005, Oil Dependence and U.S. Foreign Policy:
Real Dangers, Realistic Solutions, http://foreign.senate.gov/testimony/2005/CollinaTestimony051020.pdf

The more dependent we are on foreign oil, the more troops we will deploy abroad to protect that oil. This
creates resentment and invites terrorist attacks on our troops—and on oil supply routes. The U.S. troop
presence in Saudi Arabia during the first Gulf War was a major contributor to the rise of Islamic terrorist
groups like Al Qaeda, and U.S. troops in Iraq are now a main justification for the insurgency there. We must
break our oil habit so we can reduce our military footprint abroad.
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Internals- Hegemony (Competitiveness)
LACK OF INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY DESTROYS U.S. GLOBAL
COMPETITIVENESS.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

Global Competitiveness
Finally, our future prosperity is at risk, and here I speak from personal experience. In the past year, as I've
traveled on business to China and Europe, I've witnessed how the rest of the world is striving, and often
succeeding, to emulate the technology innovation that has been a hallmark of the U.S. economy and perhaps
the single most important driver of our enviable standard of living. Increasingly, entrepreneurs overseas enjoy
advantages in the form of determined government policies, including financial incentives and large
investments in research and development. Credible economic studies suggest our technology industries are
responsible for roughly one-half of American GDP growth. Our country would look quite a bit different today
had we not, several decades ago, become a global leader in biotechnology, computing, the Internet, medical
devices, semiconductors, software and telecommunications. Today, as our global energy challenges become
ever more pressing, it's clear future economic growth throughout the world will depend to a great degree on
new technologies to help us preserve our environment. Green energy technologies could very well become
the economic engine of the 21st Century. Given its potentially massive market size, "greentech" could be the
most powerful economic force of our lives. But will America again lead the way?

COMMITTING TO RENEWABLE ENERGY IS CRUCIAL TO BOLSTER


COMPETITIVENESS.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

Boosting our commitment to renewables today is the best investment we can make to guarantee our future
economic competitiveness. I'm convinced the next global industrial revolution will depend on the substitution
of renewable energy for incumbent sources. Countries that develop strong domestic greentech industries will
surely advance their economies and provide the jobs of the future. Will we be one of these leaders? After all,
our standard of living today is the highest in the world, largely due to our leadership in technology innovation
over the past halfcentury. But if we don't act decisively while we still have the time, we could easily be left
behind in this new wave of innovation, eventually becoming a buyer, not a seller, of the pioneering energy
technologies the world will demand.
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Internals- Hegemony (Environment)
THE MILITARY MUST TACKLE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES TO BECOME AN
INTERNATIONAL LEADER
Drug Week 2K8
(June 27, ENVIANCE, INC.; U.S Army and Enviance Deploy First Complete Greenhouse Gas Management
System for Army Installation)

"The U.S. Army's adoption of the GHG management system conveys a high level of environmental leadership
on one of the most significant issues affecting the world today," stated Lawrence Goldenhersh, president and
CEO of Enviance. "We feel very fortunate to have worked with both Ft. Carson and NDCEE on new ways to
measure the impacts of the military's energy consumption. Our Army has done an outstanding job protecting
the people for so many years, it's only fitting that they are taking an active role protecting the environment
as well."
Because the Enviance System is Internet based, it can be replicated easily at other Army bases, including
near term deployment at Ft. Benning - allowing the U.S. Army to develop a comprehensive strategy based on
the GHG metrics from which to measure future progress.
Enviance solutions have been successfully deployed in 45 countries serving over 10,000 users. Recently, the
company was dubbed by a third party independent research group as the market's only Internet-based
environmental, health and safety compliance management platform.

SUSTAINABLE MILITARY ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ARE CRUCIAL TO READINESS


AND LEADERSHIP.
Regulatory Intelligence Data 2K5
(April 12, SUSTAINABILITY OF INSTALLATIONS, ENVIRONMENT KEY TO READINESS)

TAMPA, Fla., April 12, 2005 - The best way to ensure that today's warfighters have what they need to fight
and win in the post-9/11 world is to sustain the viability of both military installations and their surrounding
environments, a defense official said today. That idea of sustainability - of the military mission, the
environment, and the community -- is the focus of the 2005 Joint Services Environmental Management
Conference here this week. Michael W. Wynne, undersecretary of defense for acquisition, technology and
logistics, said the days of "protracted battles featuring environmental winners and losers" are gone. "Today,"
Wynne said, "we are witnessing cooperation that has created partnerships and a renewed vigor in
environmental stewardship." Wynne said DoD, together with other federal and state agencies, industry and
local communities, has "moved beyond simply complying with environmental laws and regulations to
ensuring that our land, sea, air and space assets are sustainable over the long-term." "It is imperative," he
continued, "that we manage our assets in a sustainable manner so we can support the warfighter not only
today, but tomorrow, and well into the future. "Military readiness requires substantial resources - including air,
land, water and space - areas where military forces can test and train as they would fight. Increased
competition for these resources - from urban and suburban sprawl, airspace competition or airwave capacity -
constrains the military's ability to train and test under realistic conditions," Wynne said. To manage and
reduce these constraints, DoD need to assess the capability of its installations and ranges from an
envirosnmental perspective, he said. That means taking the long view of the environment as the military
tests and fields new weapons systems, using environmental management systems effectively, and
integrating environmental concerns into the military acquisition process. Wynne said early integration of
environment, safety and occupational-health considerations into system design is also the most cost-effective
way to avoid schedule and performance risks, ensure safety and reduce the burden on installations. It
reduces cost, reduces logistics requirements, increases the long-term sustainability of the system, and frees
resources for other requirements, he noted, and "it's the right thing to do." Wynne said the DoD is not only
gaining recognition as an innovative leader in environmental management and conservation programs ,but is
also driving the market in areas such as alternative fuels and green products. He cited the Defense Energy
Support Center as both the largest purchaser of biodiesel fuel in the United States and a leader in developing
the commercial specifications for the fuel. The center is also working with an international group to develop
worldwide jet fuel specifications, including synthetic fuels, he said, and is a leader in education and
awareness of fuel alternatives. Wynne challenged industry and local leaders to help the department meet
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three important objectives: reduce the total cost of DoD operations, improve military readiness, and eliminate
or minimize any adverse impact on the environment and human health. "We have had some great successes
already," he said. He cited the Stryker brigade combat teams that use an environmental management system
to reduce the use of hazardous material and to prevent pollution; jet noise-reduction research and
development that is reducing noise levels in communities and hearing injuries in U.S. forces; and air emission-
reduction projects that are creating aircraft with greater thrust and cleaner fuel combustion. "DoD's primary
mission is maintaining our nation's military readiness today and in the future. Our military installations,
ranges and operating areas are national assets that provide the land, air, and sea space to train our military
forces and test our equipment to sustain a strong defense. "We must share these resources with the
communities surrounding our installations in a manner that is compatible and cooperative," Wynne said. "We
are committed to managing our assets in a sustainable manner to ensure our support of the warfighter today
and tomorrow."
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Solvency- Readiness
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS CRITICAL TO BATTLEFIELD SUCCESS AND A RESILIENT
AND AGILE MILITARY.
Saxton 2K6
(September 26, Jim, Chairman, Press Release, HOUSE ARMED SERVICES SUBCOMMITTEE ON TERRORISM,
UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS AND CAPABILITIES, Joint Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities
Subcommittee and Readiness Subcommittee Hearing Focuses on Energy Efficiency and Alternative Energy
Programs Throughout Department of Defense, http://www.house.gov/hasc/comdocs/pressreleases/9-26-
06hearingsummaryFINAL.pdf)

Washington, D.C. – Recognizing that the Department of Defense (DOD) has a significant demand for
energy, the House Armed Services Subcommittees on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities and
Readiness met to assess the DOD’s efforts at reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, and
developing alternate fuel sources. Chairing the hearing, Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities
Subcommittee Chairman Jim Saxton (R-NJ) remarked that energy security is “a key component to national
security.” “As the single largest consumer of petroleum fuels in the United States, the military has an
opportunity to serve as an early adopter of alternative fuel sources and to offer a certain level of market
assurance to alternative fuel suppliers,” said Saxton. While noting that DOD alone cannot drive market
forces, nor should it be responsible for formulating and implementing a national strategy, Rep. Saxton
suggested that “it is appropriate for the Department of Defense to exercise a leadership role in this area and
likewise, for this Committee to exercise appropriate oversight of those efforts.” Readiness Subcommittee
Chairman Joel Hefley (R-CO) also stressed the importance of holding the hearing today and its implications for
national security. “As we all know, DOD is the largest single consumer of fuel in the United States and while
it's not a very glamorous subject, energy is critical to success on the battlefield. Fuel and fuel logistics
are an enormous part of the Department's operations and maintenance budget as the military consumes over
350,000 barrels of petroleum-based fuels per day,” said Hefley. “The Air Force alone sees a $600 million
increase in the annual cost of doing business for every $10 increase in the price of a barrel of oil. Although
the majority of energy consumption in the Department of Defense is for transportation, installation energy
requirements must also be considered as we work to maintain and modernize our military facilities,” said Rep.
Hefley. The Honorable John Young, Jr., Director, Defense Research and Engineering and Deputy Under
Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment, Philip Grone, highlighted recent efforts by DOD to
develop an comprehensive strategy to reduce DOD’s fossil fuel requirements and identify alternative sources
of energy, by discussing the preliminary findings of the DOD Energy Security Task Force, established by the
Secretary of Defense in April, 2006. According to the preliminary findings, the Task Force found that “the
Military Services have already made significant advances in energy efficiency” and have reduced energy
consumption over the past few decades. For example, as Grone stated, as of 2005, “the Department has
reduced facilities energy use by 28.3 percent from the 1985 baseline.” While the Department currently relies
on renewable sources for nine percent of its electricity, its stated goal is to have 25 percent of its electricity
fueled by renewable sources by 2025. Mr. Young also identified a number of related research and engineering
efforts to improve the energy efficiency of tactical vehicles and weapons platforms. Energy for mobility, to
power aircraft, ships, and vehicles – accounts for 74 percent of the Department’s total energy usage.
However, despite noteworthy progress, Young and Grone observed that current energy usage levels remain
substantial. “In fiscal year 2005, the Department spent $10.0 billion on energy,” and the Department uses,
“slightly more than 0.3 million barrels per day.” Mr. Michael Aimone, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics,
Installations and Mission Support, United State Air Force, highlighted the strategies that the Air Force has
implemented to develop future fuel sources for assured mobility and to promote strong conservation
initiatives. According to Aimone, the stated goal of the Air Force is to have at least 50 percent of aviation fuel
derived from domestic supplies by 2016. To that end, he cited the recent successful test of a B-52
Stratofortress bomber using synthetic fuel. “The test was conducted using a 50/50 blend of crude oil refined
jet fuel and synthetically manufactured product….To date, the aircraft has flown over six hours, and combined
with over 50 hours of engine tests on the ground, we have not seen any deleterious effects on the engine,
fuel system, or in the ground support equipment,” said Aimone. The Air Force has also requested the
assistance of the Defense Energy Support Center (DESC), a Defense Logistics Agency field activity, in
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surveying industry to identify the market conditions necessary to produce 100 million gallons of synthetic jet
fuel beginning in 2009. Mr. Richard Connelly, Director of DESC, testified about the, “significant interest with
28 firms responding.” Witnesses also discussed the use of alternative fuel sources as having a direct impact
on battlefield operations. For example, Mr. Scott Sklar, President of the Stella Group, demonstrated to
members a solar panel blanket that can power field phones. According to Sklar, “We have ten thousand solar
blankets for powering field phones…so you can keep the field phones running on sunlight during the day and
run them using their batteries in the nighttime. They’re out in the military and on the battlefield today.” Later,
Mr. Sklar suggested to the Committee members that his message would be “to push that the advanced
technologies…are utilized cost-effectively in real terms, and that the military is using them all.” He opined
that as the cost of the advanced technologies are decreased, “we will have a more resilient, a more
agile military force and a great defense that will have a lesser chance of having fuel disrupted.”
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Solvency – Hegemony
TRANSITIONING TOWARDS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS KEY TO SUSTAIN HEGEMONY
Sohlman 2K8
(Eva, Editor of The World in Focus, “Green Hawks in the Pentagon: the American Army is on a Green Mission”
http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2008/03/green_hawks_in_the_pentagon_th.html)

It seems we are further destabilizing our energy system by using massive amounts of fossil fuels in our
military takeover of Iraq--under the guise of securing our oil supply. This open secret is a fundamental irony
underlying our foreign and domestic policies. (A corollary absurdity might be the idea of waging war in order
to spread democracy). What might be more ironic is the idea that "green" concepts could lead to systemic
change within a branch of government that defies those principles by its very premise. The country's military
hegemony's central purpose is to preserve an economic and social structure that breeds consumption
patterns and inequality that are inherently unsustainable. True, greenwashing the Pentagon's agenda may
encourage Americans to change their habits by making the issue more visible and politically palatable. But I
have a hard time seeing how we can truly improve our security situation--in societal as well as environmental
terms--through anything short of moving to dismantle the regime that has strangled our public resources and
distracted us from environmental ills for generations.

LESSENING OIL DEPENDENCE IS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN HEGEMONY


Ahdoot 2K1
(Jason, Professor at Pepperdine University School of Public Policy, “Alleviating U.S. Dependence on OPEC”
http://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/master-public-policy/content/capstones/opec.pdf)

Energy drives the economy. “With the rapid growth of energy needs in the advanced industrialized states
throughout the 1960’s and early 1970’s provided OPEC with the basis for extracting ever-increasing oil
prices.” Clearly, OPEC is aware of these facts, as it has efficiently capitalized upon the global demand for
petroleum. History tells us that those who possess oil possess the keys to their country and to leadership of
the future. For instance, in 1942 Josef Stalin portrays one such ruler who understood that oil translates to
power when he commanded his foreign minister at the time to: "…go to the Caucasus and destroy the oil
industry. If you leave Hitler even one ton of oil, we shall shoot you."2 Indeed, oil is power. In order for the
U.S. to secure its future role as a superpower, to guard our natural security and stabilize our markets, we
must lessen our dependence on foreign oil.
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Oil  Climate Change


OIL DEPENDENCY IS A DIRECT CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Hansen 2K7
Brian, Pelosi-inspired panel examines ties between oil, global warming, terrorism, Inside Energy, April 23,
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T402758017
5&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4027580180&cisb=22_T4027580179
&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=7989&docNo=2

"It is a double threat, like Orthus, the monstrous two-headed hound of Greek mythology, with one head
facing backwards and the other forwards," said the Massachusetts Democrat. "Our ever-rising oil
dependence is directly attributable to a backwards-facing energy policy, while looking forward we can see
the threat of rising temperatures and the subsequent increasing risk of natural and humanitarian
disasters."
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Oil Destroys Environment
OIL-USE DESTROYS THE ENVIRONMENT
Sandalow 2K7
David , Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Ending Oil Dependence: Protecting National Security, the Environment
and the Economy, Brookings Institute,
http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/0228globalenvironment_sandalow_Opp08.aspx

Oil is one of Earth’s principal reservoirs of carbon. When oil is burned, this carbon is transformed into carbon
dioxide (CO2), which stays in the atmosphere—trapping heat—for more than a century. Today, oil accounts for
42 percent of the world’s energy-related CO2 emissions (more than coal). Total emissions from oil use are
climbing sharply in the United States and around the world. Oil is also a major cause of urban smog and, as a
result, of asthma and heart disease. Oil spills have contaminated land and water supplies and damaged
marine ecosystems worldwide.
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Impacts- General
ONLY AN IMMEDIATE TRANSITION TOWARDS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CAN AVERT
THE INSTABILITY THAT PRECLUDES EXTINCTION
Henderson 2K7
(Bill, Founder of Countercurrents Foundation, “Climate Change, Peak Oil and Nuclear War”
http://www.peakoiloz.com/?cat=5)

Damocles had one life threatening sword hanging by a thread over his head. We have three: The awakening
public now know that climate change is real and human caused but still grossly underestimate the
seriousness of the danger, the increasing probability of extinction, and how close and insidious this danger is -
runaway climate change, the threshold of which, with carbon cycle time lags, we are close to if not upon. A
steep spike in the price of oil, precipitated perhaps by an attack on Iran or Middle East instability spreading
the insurgency to Saudi Arabia, could lead to an economic dislocation paralyzing the global economy. Such a
shock coming at the end of cheap oil but before major development of alternative energy economies could
mean the end of civilization as we know it.
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Solvency – Funding
FEDERAL MILITARY INCENTIVES TO BUSINESS ARE NECESSARY TO SPUR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY.
Geman 2K8
(Ben, Greenwire Senior Reporter, Greenwire, 1/18, Climate: Questions Emerge About Energy Bill’s Impact on
Federal Fuel Purchases, http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2008/01/18/1)

Indeed, the measure comes amid increasing interest in an array of nontraditional oil sources.
Unconventional oils and coal-based fuels are attracting increased interest and investment due to high oil
prices, questions about meeting future demand with conventional crude oil and worries about U.S. energy
security. Price and security concerns are prompting industry and military interest in building a domestic
industry to make jet fuel and other products from massive U.S. coal reserves. Several companies have plants
in the planning stages, though the industry is also seeking loan guarantees and other supports that
Congress has thus far not provided. The Air Force, facing rising costs to meet its fuel needs, is testing
synthetic fuels in its aircraft. And it is hoping to lease space at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana for
construction of a coal-to-liquids plant. Legislative proposals in Congress, which have not been approved,
would provide the military authority to enter into long-term contracts to buy coal-based jet fuels.
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Solvency – Fuel Cells
MICRO FUEL CELLS ARE NECESSARY FOR MOBILITY ON BATTLEFIELD OPERATIONS
Gibson 2K4
(Allen R. Gibson , Editor journalist for public companies in both the US and Canada. , “Fuel Cells and
Renewable Energy to help power tomorrow’s battlefield”,
http://www.investorideas.com/companies/HomelandDefense/HDS/BattleField.asp)

The race is on to replace batteries on the battlefield. Another area of intense R&D activity is in micro
fuel-cells, which can be used to run everything from mobile phones to computers. Some experts
think fuel cells will find their first widespread use in portable electronics, since “micro cells” offer far higher
energy densities than batteries. “DARPA is particularly focused on small energy sources of the
type we could use in a micro-air vehicle or to power the gear a soldier has to carry on the
battlefield,” says spokesperson Jan Walker. “Currently, we tend to use batteries, which means a
soldier has to carry enough batteries for the length of the mission. But if we could develop a
fuel cell for the soldier, it would be lighter to carry.

FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY IS IN PRODUCTION NOW – SOLVES MUNITIONS


Gibson 2K4
(Allen R. Gibson , Editor journalist for public companies in both the US and Canada. , “Fuel Cells and
Renewable Energy to help power tomorrow’s battlefield”,
http://www.investorideas.com/companies/HomelandDefense/HDS/BattleField.asp)

The Department of Defense (DoD) is also pursuing cell technology, awarding Nanomaterials
Discovery Corporation (NDC) a $2.5 million contract for the development of its fuel cell
technology. NDC is working on a new class of fuel cells powered by high-energy materials such as
propellants and explosives. Ultimately, says the Company, such cells could enable development of
miniature power supplies for fusing and arming munitions. That, in turn, could mean land
mines that turn themselves off after a set period of time. Another life saver. And saving lives, after
all, is the ultimate in renewable energy!
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Solvency – Modeling
THE WORLD WILL MODEL US ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INNOVATION
Baker 2K5
(James A., Professor of Public Policy at Rice University in Conjunction wit h the Environmental and Energy
Systems Institute, “Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future, Baker Institute Study, Number 30,
April)

“American science and technology policy will have a pivotal influence on whether the world will become
increasingly dependent on Middle East oil in the coming decades,” Djerejian said. “The percentage could rise
significantly in the future, depending on policies in consumer countries and on the pace of development of
new resources and technologies.” The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in one business-as-usual forecast,
pre- dicts that the need for OPEC oil could rise to 60 million barrels per day in 2020 from 28 million b/d in
1998, with the majority of supply having to come from the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia. 
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Solvency – Civil/Military
THE ARMY FACILITATES ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ADVANCEMENTS FOR BOTH THE
CIVILIAN AND MILITARY SECTORS
Army News Service 2K6
(“Army Advances Alternative Energy Technologies, http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/read.php?story_id_key=8872)

The Army is at the forefront of alternative energy advancements that will improve the capability of America's
military forces. Working alongside industry and academia research leaders, these technology developments
will not only support our Armed Forces, but have unlimited commercial applications. The Army Tank
Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC), with its National Automotive Center
(NAC), is working with industry and academia partners nationwide to research cutting edge technologies in
hybrid, hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle developments."The research base in Michigan allows us (TARDEC) to
collaborate with our automotive and academic partners to develop alternative energy solutions that are
transferable to both the military and industry," said Dr. Richard E. McClelland, TARDEC Director.

ARMY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY HAS UNLIMITED CIVILIAN


APPLICATIONS AND CAN STRENGTHEN MILITARY MISSIONS.
Army News Service 2K6
(Army Advances Alternative Energy Technologies, April 20,
http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/read.php?story_id_key=8872)

DETROIT (Army News Service, April 20, 2006) – The Army is at the forefront of alternative energy
advancements that will improve the capability of America's military forces. Working alongside industry and
academia research leaders, these technology developments will not only support our Armed Forces, but have
unlimited commercial applications. The Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering
Center (TARDEC), with its National Automotive Center (NAC), is working with industry and academia partners
nationwide to research cutting edge technologies in hybrid, hydrogen and fuel cell vehicle developments.
"The research base in Michigan allows us (TARDEC) to collaborate with our automotive and academic partners
to develop alternative energy solutions that are transferable to both the military and industry," said Dr.
Richard E. McClelland, TARDEC Director. Ranging from solar panel power for the individual Soldier, to
hydrogen, fuel cell and battery power solutions for military and commercial vehicles, the NAC sits as the
gatekeeper for technology transfers between military, industry and academia. Army partnerships in motion
include: * State-of-the-art Hydrogen Hybrid Demonstrator Vehicle – Quantum Technologies Inc., using a Ford Hybrid
Escape platform, is working to pair hybrid electric vehicles with a hydrogen delivery and storage system that can
potentially offer a cost effective alternative to fuel cell power; * Dana Corporation's parallel and series Intelligent
Hydraulic Drive technology for the Army's Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles and the HMMWV; * The Hydraulic Hybrid,
Advanced Materials, and Multi-fuel Engine Research program with Eaton Corporation's Hydraulic Launch Assist system;
and * United Solar Ovonic's UNI-PAC solar panel, which can be worn by Soldiers and adapted to recharge a field generator
or vehicle. Headquartered at the Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Mich., TARDEC is the Nation's laboratory for advanced military
automotive technology is. TARDEC's mission is to research, develop, engineer, leverage and integrate advanced
technology into ground systems and support equipment throughout the life cycle. Its technical staff leads research in
ground vehicle survivability, mobility, intelligent systems, and maneuver support and sustainment. TARDEC's National
Automotive Center is the Army's official link to working with commercial and academic partners to create vehicles that
give the Army the mobility, survivability and agility it needs to operate efficiently and effectively in today's new threat
environment. For the military, the NAC's partnership approach makes it possible to improve vehicle performance,
safety and endurance while also reducing design, manufacturing, operations and maintenance costs. For
commercial partners, the application of jointly developed technologies has similar impacts – safer cars and
trucks, more advanced technology available to the consumer, and lower costs because of the broader market
base.
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MILITARY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY WILL BOLSTER CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS AND NEW
TECHNOLOGY MARKETS.
Dreazen 2K8
(U.S. Military Launches Alternative-Fuel Push Dependence on Oil Seen as Too Risky, Yochi J., May 21,
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121134017363909773.html)

The Pentagon is hoping its push for alternative energy will feed civilian applications as well. For synthetic fuel,
the Air Force is working with aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing Corp. and the Pratt & Whitney engine unit
of United Technologies Corp. North American synthetic-fuel processors including Rentech Inc., Baard Energy
and Syntroleum Corp. all operate or hope to build synthetic-fuel refineries to feed the military's growing
thirst."Our goal is to drive the development of a market here in the U.S.," says Mr. Anderson.Military use of
synthetic fuel faces significant obstacles. The energy bill signed into law by President Bush last year included
a clause preventing the government from buying the fuel if it emits more pollution than petroleum.
Manufacturers have promised to meet that target by recapturing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses
produced in refining. Without those efforts, synthetic fuel can emit up to twice as much pollution in refining as
conventional petroleum.
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Solvency – Civil/Military
MILITARY APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY IS CRUCIAL TO
SPURRING CIVILIAN ACCEPTANCE OF RENEWABLES.
Sohlman 2K8
(March 17, Eva, former editor of The World in Focus, Green Hawks in the Pentagon: The American Army is on a
Green Mission, http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2008/03/green_hawks_in_the_pentagon_th.html)

For now however, the greatest challenge is to make Americans – who consume twice as much energy and
generate more than twice as much garbage as the average European – understand the vital importance of
environment conservation and energy efficiency. “Energy and the environment are big and multi-faceted
issues and therefore very difficult to grasp on an immediate level.” Therefore Wertheim’s next plan is to
produce "ABC books on energy," she explains in her cozy but slightly cold living room. She explains that she
keeps the heating down during the day to save energy, while hospitably offering a cup of tea and a warm
poncho. The Green Hawks, scientists and inventors dedicated to new, non-conventional energy technologies
have long been dismissed as fervent evangelical environment loonies who nurse paranoid and utopian ideas.
But now that the Army is shifting to green energy, the “environment loonies” are expected to come in from
the cold, and as a consequence, their technologies will become more accepted. New York Times’ columnist
Thomas Friedman is of this belief. In his article “The Power of Green” he writes: “Pay attention: When the U.S.
Army desegregated, the country really desegregated; when the Army goes green, the country could really go
green.” Maccoby has the same vision: “Then we’ll see as big a revolution for energy that we have seen with
Internet and IT,” she says with a big smile.

CIVILIAN INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLES RESULTS FROM


MILITARY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TEHNOLOGY.
Air Force Print News Today 2K8
(4/25, SECAF
discusses alternative energy initiatives at conference, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123096037)

Responding to questions after the panel, Secretary Wynne emphasized how the private sector is an important
partner for Air Force alternative energy initiatives. He also noted that civil and commercial innovation often
follows military sponsorship of technology "mega-projects." "Developing a process that will produce new
clean synthetic fuels is an ambitious goal," Secretary Wynne said, "but we have a good track record of
succeeding at this sort of project. The military has a unique ability to overcome start up costs that commerce
cannot. "From the Manhattan Project that gave us nuclear energy, to the Atlas Rocket Project that led to
commercial space, to ARPAnet that paved the way for the Internet, the military has often played an important
role in moving the technological ball forward," the secretary said. "What the Air Force is doing today is paving
the way for the aviation industry to become less dependent on an expensive and unstable energy sources
and implement more environmentally sound practices," he said.

MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES WILL EASILY BE TRANSLATABLE INTO CIVILIAN


APPLICATIONS.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

4. Is there a concern in the business and financial communities about commercializing technologies
developed by the Department of Energy? If so, what steps should be taken to ensure that the technologies
developed within ARPA-E will make a comfortable transition to commercial application?
The only concern of which I am aware is there have historically been few opportunities to commercialize
breakthrough energy technologies sponsored by the Department of Energy outside of the nuclear field. I can
assure you private industry will be eager to do its part if the volume of DOE-sponsored renewable projects
increases. As for the second part of this question, I'll repeat what I've said above. ARPA-E can play a vital role
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in ensuring technologies cross the divide from laboratory to market by introducing a translational research
approach to federal research funding, focused on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and carbon capture
and sequestration.
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Solvency – Civil/Military
MILITARY SWITCH TO ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES WILL SPILL OVER TO THE CIVILIAN
SECTOR
Bender 2K7
Bryan, The Boston Globe, May 1Tuesday, NATIONAL; Pg. A1, 991 words, Globe Staff, Pentagon study says
oil reliance strains military Urges development of alternative fuels
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T4010189
719&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4010189722&cisb=22_T401018
9721&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8110&docNo=1

The Pentagon's Office of Force Transformation and Resources, which is responsible for addressing future security challenges,
commissioned LMI, a government-consulting firm, to produce the report. Called "Transforming the Way DoD Looks at Energy," the
study is intended as a potential blueprint for a new military energy strategy and includes a detailed survey of potential alternatives to
oil - including synthetic fuels, renewable biofuels, ethanol, and biodiesel fuel as well as solar and wind power, among many others.
The military is considered a technology leader and how it decides to meet future energy needs could
influence broader national efforts to reduce dependence on foreign oil. The report adds a powerful voice to the
growing chorus warning that, as oil supplies dwindle during the next half-century, US reliance on fossil fuels
poses a serious risk to national security. "The Pentagon's efforts in this area would have a huge impact on
the rest of the country," Copulos said.

MILITARY ENERGY R&D SPILLS OVER TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR


Bennett 2K7
Drake, The Boston Globe, May 27, Sunday, IDEAS; Pg. D1, 1924 words, , ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE
Increasingly, the military sees energy efficiency -- and moving away from oil -- as part of its national
security mission. Does that mean the Pentagon is turning green?
http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T4010221
017&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T4010221020&cisb=22_T401022
1019&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8110&docNo=9

It also, some analysts say, could have a dramatic impact on the broader effort to move society away from
fossil fuels. The American military has a storied record as a technological innovator: the computer, the
commercial jetliner, and the Internet originated from military research and transformed modern life. And
with billions to spend it can provide a major proving ground for new energy technologies developed in the
private sector. "In terms of alternative energy, the Department of Defense is big enough, in certain sectors,
to be the tipping point," says Stuart Funk, an energy specialist at LMI who was once the Pentagon official
responsible for fuel operations.
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Solvency – DARPA (General)
DARPA FUNDING CAN SOLVE ENERGY SECURITY, CLIMATE, AND COMPETITIVENESS
THROUGH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

Given the urgency of reducing carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants, I believe ARPA-E should
additionally have funding oversight for carbon capture and sequestration research. Other than this, however,
I do not believe Congress should include fossil fuel technologies or nuclear power in ARPA-E's charter. ARPA-
E's mission should be to fund projects that can solve our urgent energy challenges: climate change, energy
security and American competitiveness. And our best hope of doing so is to rapidly develop clean, alternative
energy sources. Our experience with DARPA should encourage us to expect ARPA-E to identify and develop
innovative and commercially viable energy technologies we have not yet even considered.
Fossil and nuclear energy sources already dominate our energy system, needing no regulatory push to
achieve market adoption. Nor is the translational research process I've described above, and which I so
strongly recommend for ARPA-E, designed to make incremental improvements to mature technologies such as
these. On the other hand, translational research would be an excellent fit for emerging renewable energy,
energy efficiency and carbon capture and sequestration technologies.
Fellows
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Solvency – DARPA (Tech)
DARPA KEY TO SOLVE – INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
Political Transcript Wire 2K6
(“U.S. REPRESENTATIVE THOMAS M. DAVIS III (R-VA) HOLDS A HEARING ON CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH,”. Lanham: Sep
25,2006.,http://208.34.222.250/bin/rdas.dll/RDAS_SVR=proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=1&did=113483290
1&SrchMode=2&sid=3&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1214164110&client
Id=7268)

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, was created to turn innovative technology
into military capabilities. The agency is highly regarded for its work on the Internet, high-speed
microelectronics, stealth and satellite technologies, unmanned vehicles and new materials, all of which
produced not only military advancement but commercial benefits as well. Unlike the CCTP, DARPA can
segregate itself somewhat from its governing body, the Pentagon, and remain a small and
flexible agency capable of quickly exploiting emerging technologies and adapting to
immediate military circumstances.

DARPA USES FUEL CELLS TO ENSURE THE MILITARY IS MORE EFFICIENT IN FIELD
CO-OPERATIONS
Gibson 2K4
(Allen R. Gibson , Editor journalist for public companies in both the US and Canada. , “Fuel Cells and
Renewable Energy to help power tomorrow’s battlefield”,
http://www.investorideas.com/companies/HomelandDefense/HDS/BattleField.asp)

It’s those kind of energy efficiency figures that have the military interested. The Army, for example, is
working with DARPA to create the “Mobile Integrated Sustainable Energy Recovery” (MISER)
program. The idea is simple, but brilliant. Use the plastic garbage from field operations to fuel
field operations, by converting the plastics into generator fuel of the type the army calls
‘logistics fuel,’ i.e.: diesel, which can then be used in a fuel cell. Plastic packaging has an energy
content approaching diesel’s, so a military unit, which crates lots of plastic garbage, could achieve
well over 100 percent self-sufficiency in generator fuel. In the process, they would save millions of
gallons of costly diesel, which, according to Allied Business Intelligence (ABI), costs the military anywhere
from $1 to $400 per gallon to deliver on the battlefield! On site fuel cells would also significantly
reduce the truck and manpower ‘logistics tail’ needed to deliver that expensive diesel and will
also likely save lives, since fuel convoys are a favourite target in war zones such as Iraq.

DARPA is able to enhance military air force through liquid oxygen


DARPA 2K2
(FACT FILE, Compendium of DARPA Programs, April 2002,
http://www.darpa.mil/body/news/2002/darpa_fact.html)

DARPA has been a leading force in the development of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) for
military applications. The success of these aircraft was recently shown in Afghanistan, where Predator
and Global Hawk UAVs provided vital information to warfighters. It is now time to push UAV technology to a
new level: it may be possible to develop a UAV that can stay aloft five times longer than Global Hawk,
today’s longest-flying UAV. This will be accomplished using the very high energy-to-weight ratio
of liquid hydrogen. A liquid-hydrogen-fueled airframe will be at the center of the DARPA Ultra
Long Endurance Aircraft Program (UltraLEAP). Combining advanced airframe manufacturing
techniques, fuel cell technology, and electric motor driven propellers, UltraLEAP will provide a staring
battlefield sensor and communications relay platform for the warfighter at costs per hour of
operation that are far lower than today’s UAV platforms.
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DARPA KEY TO SPURRING INNOVATION IN RENEWABLES
Wolpert 2K8
(Stefan, Head of Mechatronics: Innovation Through Integration, “War Means Military Robotic Innovation”
http://www.mechatronicszone.com/blogs/stefan_wolpert.php?mid=177)

Graduating engineers going to work in the defense industry is undoubtedly important for maintaining our
security and technological advantage over other countries, but I also feel that the government should have
programs similar to DARPA in other fields. DARPA's involvement in colleges and universities has funded and
spurred many research projects in academia, and there should be a large investment in programs to spur
research in other fields, such as alternative energy. DARPA was created in 1958 in response to the Soviet
Union launching Sputnik, among other things. We should not need a scare such as Sputnik to launch a
government agency to formulate and execute research and development projects.
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Solvency – DARPA (Translational)
DARPA WILL ENCOURAGE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH WHICH BOLSTERS CIVILIAN
ADOPTION OF MILITARY ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES EMPIRICALLY PROVEN THROUGH
THE INTERNET AND COMPUTERS.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

1. If ARPA-E is established, what technology areas should be explored?


I believe there are two dimensions to this question: what stage of energy research should ARPA-E target, and
what types of energy research projects should this new agency fund? First, I believe there's a critical need for
the federal government to pursue translational research in the energy field. Translational research differs from
basic and applied research in that it begins with the project management team members identifying the most
pressing market needs. Next, they select and fund the most promising scientific approaches that might
enable breakthrough products, and finally work to push the best candidates through to the brink of
production. This process is also known as "right to left" research since the ends determine the means.
Translational research is by no means a substitute for basic or applied research - both of these are also
critically important. But when it comes to energy issues, translational research has received only scant
federal support - thus, this is where a new research agency could make the biggest difference. Translational
research on defense issues at DARPA, after all, has resulted in the commercialization of many important
technologies, including the precursor to the Internet, robotics, high-energy lasers, computer hardware,
software and semiconductor fabrication.
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DARPA Spending Now

There have already been great strides in developing liquid fuels for the military
Gross 2K7
(Susan,” UOP TO DEVELOP BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY FOR MILITARY JETS”, Department Chair, Community &
Preventive Medicine Chief, Division of Epidemiology
http://209.85.165.104/search?q=cache:NPOHQb2Fb0AJ:www.uop.com/pr/releases/PR.DARPABiofuel.pdf+%22
DARPA%22+military+%22renewable+energy%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us)

DES PLAINES, Ill., June 28, 2007 -- UOP LLC, a Honeywell (NYSE: HON) company, announced
today it will accelerate research and development on renewable energy technology to convert
vegetable and algal oils to military jet fuels. The goal of the project, which is backed by $6.7
million in funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is to develop
and commercialize a process to produce Jet Propellant 8 (JP-8) used by U.S. and NATO militaries.
“The focus of our renewable energy efforts has been to develop technologies that align with
today’s standard refinery practices, but allow a broader range of feedstock options,” said
Jennifer Holmgren, director of UOP’s Renewable Energy and Chemicals business unit. “We are
confident that we have assembled a strong team of experts that will be successful in proving
the viability of biofeedstock technologies for JP-8 and other jet fuels, while offering the U.S.
military another option for sustainable liquid fuels critical to their programs.”

DARPA pursuing proposals for R&D


Strategic Technology Office 2K6
BioFuels, http://www.darpa.mil/sto/solicitations/BioFuels/

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Advanced Technology Office (ATO) is
soliciting proposals under this BAA for BioFuels. The Defense Department has been directed to
explore a wide range of energy alternatives and fuel efficiency efforts in a bid to reduce the
military's reliance on oil to power its aircraft, ground vehicles and non-nuclear ships. DARPA is
interested in proposals for research and development efforts to develop a process that
efficiently produces a surrogate for petroleum based military jet fuel (JP-8) from oil-rich crops
produced by either agriculture or aquaculture (including but not limited to plants, algae, fungi, and
bacteria) and which ultimately can be an affordable alternative to petroleum-derived JP-8. Current
commercial processes for producing biodiesel yield a fuel that is unsuitable for military applications, which
require higher energy density and a wide operating temperature range.
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Solvency- Contracts
THE DOD USES INCENTIVES TO PULL TECHNOLOGY AND DIVERSIFY THEIR
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Wagner 2K6
(Statement of Mark Wagner, vice president of Government Relations for Johnson Controls, Inc. and member of
Federal Performance Contracting Coalition and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Alternative
Energy and Energy Efficiency at DOD, September 26,
CQ Congressional Testimony, testimony to Committee on House Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Unconventional Threats and Capabilities)

The Army Corps Report recommended that DOD address energy issues by using their large markets to pull
technology. The report noted that DOD should also leverage alternative financing options and diversify the
sources of energy used, which include massive expansion in renewable distributed generation (including
photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind, microturbines and biomass), and the large scale networking of on-site
generation. Deployment of Technology as DOD Role The FPCC and our members are supporters of Research
and Development (R&D) and we feel it should continue as energy technologies and costs are constantly being
improved and breakthrough technologies are still being developed. The Department of Energy (DOE) has a
relatively robust R&D activity for energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy generation. It is
appropriate to leave general energy R&D to that Federal agency and concentrate DOD attention on applied
research activities that have particular applicability to DOD. These might include adapting technologies so
they are compatible with military fuels (JP8), integrating commercial technologies for specific defense
deployment (such as distributed generation for force forward applications and secure operations, back up
power for installation security and communications), and so forth. However, what is critical for the
Department of Defense is to deploy technology. In large part, technology exists today to cost effectively do
most of what the Army Corp Report has recommended and what is necessary to meet the energy reduction
goals set by Congress in the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
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Solvency – Contractors
PLAN SOLVES FOR PRAGMATIC ALTERNATE ENERGY RESOURCES OVERSEAS.
Boland 2K7
(Rita, Bachelor’s degree from Southwest Texas State University, SIGNAL Magazine’s news editor, "Services
Transition to New Energy Sources". Signal. Feb 2007. FindArticles.com. 23 Jun. 2008.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5438/is_200702/ai_n21287923)

High-level Army leaders in Iraq are asking for alternative fuels. "The cost of fuel is being measured in
terms of lives taken to guard that fuel," Holcomb says. Holcomb believes that, overseas, small amounts of
wind and solar power could be effective. A present problem in the field-biowaste-offers a potential
energy solution. Biowaste is generated in huge amounts. Holcomb recalls an experience he had at an
Army camp overseas where biowaste from care packages filled two semitrucks. Currently, the military
burns that waste, but Holcomb says there is a big push to convert it into usable energy such as a
type of synthetic fuel. Many contractors have come forward with alternative uses for the waste,
and the Army is trying to sort out what works. "It's a little better to try these out in the United States
than to try them out in a theater of operations where the main mission is warfighting," Holcomb shares.
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Contracting Internals (Econ/Security)
FUNDING CONTRACTS WILL BOLSTER NATIONAL SECURITY AND REGIONAL
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
Dube 2K8
(January 17, Will, RIT forges new partnership with Delphi: $2.75 million will help military vehicles use
alternative energy, http://www.rit.edu/news/?v=45964)

“This funding will support important work at RIT to enhance our nation’s security,” says Slaughter. “It will also
assist in creating jobs and spurring economic development in our community, while at the same time helping
ensure our servicemen and women have the best tools to do their jobs in the field.” CIMS and Delphi will
utilize the funds to assist the U.S. military in incorporating alternative-energy technologies into vehicle
operations. The research will support the military’s need to implement fuel-cell technology into their vehicle
fleets, reducing costs, energy use and improving operation. The project will also advance the development of
local production of fuel-cell technologies enhancing the potential for significant industry investment and new
jobs to the Rochester region.
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Contracting Internals (Readiness)
DEFENSE CONTRACTS DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND BETTER
MILITARY READINESS.
Dube 2K8
(January 17, Will, RIT forges new partnership with Delphi: $2.75 million will help military vehicles use
alternative energy, http://www.rit.edu/news/?v=45964)

“This joint research effort between RIT and Delphi will further enhance this region’s reputation and asset base
as a center for alternative energy development and its applications,” notes RIT President Bill Destler. “It is a
tremendous example of government-university-industry collaboration that will leverage the expertise at CIMS
and our partners at Delphi, and further strengthen our foundation for the new Golisano Institute for
Sustainability at RIT. We appreciate the efforts of Congresswoman Louise Slaughter and Sens. Schumer and
Clinton to successfully include this funding in the defense appropriations bill.” “Situational awareness, future
weapons and next-generation protection systems will require more electric power generated quietly and at
higher efficiency,” adds Russ Bosch, Delphi’s director of fuel-cell development. “The fuel cell is a preferable
technology for meeting these needs because the cell’s higher efficiency decreases the amount of fuel that
needs to be transported and the fuel cell’s quiet operation improves ‘stealth’ capabilities.”
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Contracting Internals (Mobility)
DEFENSE CONTRACTS ARE ABLE TO ESTABLISH ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES WHICH
CAN PROVIDE MOBILE POWER TO ENCOURAGE TROOP DEPLOYMENTS
Alexander 2K8
(February 16, Dave, The Muskegon Chronicle, Contractor to Help Power Troops in Battle Zones,
http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2008/02/contractor_to_help_power_troop.html)

A leading electrical contractor is helping develop alternative energy strategies that will aid defense work by
providing power to troops in the field. Newkirk Electric Associates Inc. of Muskegon is a subcontractor on a
$1.4 million federal contract through NextEnergy -- Michigan's nonprofit alternative energy developer -- to
develop a mobile "micro-grid" for the U.S. Defense Department. The first prototype unit was unveiled to
federal and NextEnergy officials recently by Newkirk and its partner, Coffman Electrical Equipment Co. in
Grand Rapids. Built in a nondescript portable container unit in the yard behind Newkirk's Roberts Street
facility in Muskegon's industrial center, the "electronic power control and conditioning" unit will allow for
multiple sources of electricity to be combined into a clean, steady flow of power. A battlefield group using the
device could provide power for a medical unit, radar station or communications hub. The electronic power
control and conditioning unit would be part of an Advanced Mobile MicroGrid Power System that could
combine the electricity from traditional generators or alternative sources such as wind turbines or solar cells
to serve the troops. One of the new hybrid military vehicles also could pull up and provide temporary
electrical power to the unit. Such a unit -- which acts like a huge "uninterruptable power supply" used for
personal computers -- could also be deployed in developing countries with unstable electrical systems or in
assisting with natural disasters.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY HELPS WITH QUICK DEPLOYMENT AND MILITARY MOBILITY.


Alexander 2K8
(February 16, Dave, The Muskegon Chronicle, Contractor to Help Power Troops in Battle Zones,
http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2008/02/contractor_to_help_power_troop.html)

The military hopes the units not only will improve the power source but allow troops to more efficiently deploy
in the field, according to Dave Winyard, technical manager for the U.S. Defense Logistics Agency in Fort
Belvoir, Va. Currently, every deployment needing electrical power has to take extra equipment and fuel to
protect against power drops and brownouts. "With these units, we can reduce our energy footprint and our
need for fuel," Winyard said while visiting the prototype unit in Muskegon. "We can pull in alternative sources
of power. There is a lot of enthusiasm for this ... the technology is heading in the right direction." Through the
offices of Michigan Sen. Carl Levin -- the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee -- NextEnergy
secured a $6.8 million mobile micro-grid research and development contract with the U.S. Department of
Defense. Talks about how to efficiently solve the military's electrical needs in the field began four years ago.
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Aid Now Bitches
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN THE MILITARY HAS ALREADY BEEN PROPOSED IN
CONGRESS – YOUR DISAD IS NON-UNIQUE.
O’Driscoll 2006 (September 26, Environment and Energy Daily, ENERGY POLICY: Armed Services panel turns
its attention to DOD energy issues, Mary, E&E Daily senior reporter)

As the largest single consumer of fuel in the United States, DOD is engaged in several efforts on research,
development, testing and evaluation of energy efficiency and alternative energy programs. The
subcommittees on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, chaired by Rep. Jim Saxton (R-N.J.),
and Readiness, chaired by Rep. Joel Hefley (R-Colo.), will meet in a joint session to hear about the
department's alternative energy and energy efficiency programs and its plans to improve energy security
through changes to both energy supply and demand. Among the department's concerns are the rising cost of
oil and ensuring it has mobility and superior capabilities on the battlefield. Lawmakers this year have raised
the issue of DOD energy policy in the context of high energy prices. The Senate's fiscal 2007 defense
spending bill requires additional DOD analyses of how to use coal-based liquid fuels in military vehicles and
aircraft (E&E Daily, July 21). The Senate's Defense authorization bill also addresses energy policy. The bill
includes language requiring DOD to seek to: buy or produce no less than 25 percent of its electricity from
renewable sources by 2025 and thereafter; to use energy efficient products when building military
installations; a new study on military use of alternative fuels; to consider use of fuel cells as replacements for
current backup power systems in operations such as "telecommunications networks, perimeter security and
remote facilities;" a new report on actions to cut use of oil-based fuels; and to improve the fuel efficiency of
weapons platforms (E&E Daily, June 26).
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Maritime 2AC Add-On
OCEAN MARITIME INDUSTRY WOULD BE INNOVATED WITH ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
AS A STARTING POINT IN THE MILITARY
Surface Transportation Research and Development Plan 91
US Department of Transportation, SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2007

Ships: International freight transport is critical to this country's participation in the global economy. Total
oceanborne foreign trade in 1994 had a value of $566 billion, up 13 percent from the previous year. Moreover,
commercial sealift is the primary means of deploying military assets abroad. Sufficient surge
capacity, including readiness for conversion of ports and a portion of the commercial fleet from civil to
defense functions, is therefore essential to national security. It is thus important to the nation that there be a
U.S. merchant fleet capable of competing internationally on a cost and service basis. By supporting
focused R&D designed to stimulate and foster innovation in ship design and shipbuilding, this
initiative will provide Federal participation and leadership necessary to ensure national defense
readiness and to restore the health of the U.S. maritime industry. This includes not only ship
structure but also ship propulsion. For example, recent Navy demonstrations of fuel cells could form
the basis for a partnership with the Coast Guard to develop this technology for wider use in ships
and, potentially, for land transportation vehicles such as locomotives, buses, trucks, and
automobiles.

MARITIME INDUSTRY CRITICAL TO THE ECONOMY AND MILITARY READINESS


Basham 7
W. Ralph, Commisioner, Maritime Cabotage Task Force, December 11, 2007,
http://www.mctf.com/Hawaiian%20Coastwise%20Cruises%20(121107).pdf

The U.S.-flag maritime industry is vitally important to the country’s economic and national
security. The coastwise fleet provides vessels for military sealift, support for the shipyards that
build and maintain our naval vessels, and a cadre of qualified American seafarers to crew vessels
in time of war or national emergencies. Every Administration in this generation – including the current
Administration – has supported America’s cabotage laws because of the important benefits they provide to
our economy, military, commerce, environment and national security. Congress, recognizing the importance
of a U.S.-flag cruise industry to meet economic and national security objectives, enacted the Hawaii Cruise
Ship Initiative in 2003 to revitalize the then-dormant U.S.-flag oceangoing cruise fleet. That project has
created more than 4,000 seagoing jobs and generates annually more than $825 million in
economic activity in the United States.
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AT: Econ DA
USING DEFENSE CONTRACTORS TO ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY USE SAVES
MONEY IN THE MILITARY.
Wagner 2K6
(Statement of Mark Wagner, vice president of Government Relations for Johnson Controls, Inc. and member of
Federal Performance Contracting Coalition and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Alternative
Energy and Energy Efficiency at DOD, September 26,
CQ Congressional Testimony, testimony to Committee on House Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Unconventional Threats and Capabilities)

So what does it mean to erect sustainable buildings? First, it means designing, locating, constructing and
operating facilities in an energy efficient and environmentally sustainable (low impact) manner. Sustainability
uses life cycle approaches, consensusbased standards, and performance measurement and verification
methods that utilize good science and lead to sustainable buildings. The private sector has embraced
sustainability because green buildings save money. -- Energy-efficiency experts say that better construction
techniques, new energy-saving devices and smarter management can reduce electricity consumption by 20
percent in older buildings and up to 50 percent in new ones, vastly reducing utility bills. Washington Post
8/5/06 -- "The corporate world is catching on real fast. They understand the financial benefit, but they also
see this as the right corporate model." Architect Robert Fox, Washington Post 8/5/06 -- "Green is green." Jeff
Immelt, GE Chief Executive Sustainable Buildings are critical for military construction because these facilities
will be around for a minimum of 50 years and the Department will be responsible for soaring O&M costs long
into the future if the buildings are not built in a sustainable manner right from the start. Unfortunately, MilCon
and O&M funds suffer from the "color of money issue". That is, they are never considered together. As a
result, in military construction we are often forced to focus on first costs, which then result in higher O&M
costs. The FPCC recommends that the DOD take a corporate approach and find ways to combine existing
MilCon and O&M resources in order to build sustainable buildings that will cost less to operate in the long
term. This is critical right now. The Department, after going through Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) is
now constructing new buildings on some facilities, and these are planned as sustainable buildings. But with
tight funding, these buildings are likely to be insufficient in size, or not sustainable and therefore costly in the
long run. Combining O&M with initial Mi1Con will allow leveraging of ESPC and other such programs. In
conclusion, we want to emphasize that the DOD should concentrate on becoming more energy efficient via
deployment of, not necessarily basic research on, energy technologies. When money is short and is
appropriately focused on agency mission, means do exist to reduce energy use and costs. This will leave even
more money in later years for these mission specific activities.

A RECENT ARMY REPORT NOTES THAT ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PAYS FOR ITSELF
AND IS READILY AVAILABLE.
Wagner 2K6
(Statement of Mark Wagner, vice president of Government Relations for Johnson Controls, Inc. and member of
Federal Performance Contracting Coalition and the Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Alternative
Energy and Energy Efficiency at DOD, September 26,
CQ Congressional Testimony, testimony to Committee on House Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Unconventional Threats and Capabilities)

Background: Recent Army Corps of Engineers ReportIn a September 2005 report entitled Trends and
Implications for U.S. Army Installations, the Army Corp of Engineers Research Laboratory (CERL) called the
national and international energy situation "highly uncertain" and said that it provides challenges on both the
"supply-side and demand side". Further, the report posited that the primary energy issues for the DOD are
energy availability, affordability, sustainability and security.The results of the report were summed up as
follows: "Our best options for meeting future energy requirements are energy efficiency and renewable
sources." The Report concluded the following about energy opportunities for the U.S. military:--"Energy
efficiency is the least expensive, most readily available."--"Energy efficiency measures usually pay for
themselves"--Renewable options also make use of the large stretches of land in the United States, much of
which is owned by the Federal government--Renewable options are "available, sustainable and secure"--"For
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efficiency and renewables, the intangible and hard-to- quantify benefits (e.g. reduced pollution and increase
security) yield indisputable economic value"
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AT: States CP
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CONSUMES THE MOST ENERGY – ONLY IT WILL BE
MODELED.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

.. Energy Efficiency Standards. The United States could make great headway in solving our energy challenges
by simply combating wastefulness. To this end, Congress should strengthen CAFE standards, require energy
efficiency standards for electronic equipment and appliances, and work with states to create similar
standards for buildings. Congress should also evaluate how to work with utilities so their profit potential is
driven as much by introducing energy efficiency as it is by selling power. .. Federal Procurement. The Federal
government is the single largest U.S. energy consumer. As such, it can lead our energy transition by
becoming the single largest green-technology user. .. Biofuels. Congress could take several steps to
strengthen the rapidly emerging biofuels market. One of these should be an increase in the Renewable Fuels
Standard consistent with President Bush's call to reduce gasoline consumption by 20 percent over the next
ten years. Another contribution would be to restructure the existing blender's credit so it is paid to ethanol
producers rather than gasoline distributors, provides a credit level that is inversely related to the price of
gasoline (creating a safety net for ethanol producers in the case of a sudden drop in gasoline prices), and is
made available to all alternative fuels, not just ethanol and specific molecular formulations of butanol.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS KEY – IT CAN FUND RESEARCH THAT WILL TRANSLATE


TO CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS – EMPIRICALLY PROVEN THROUGH BIOTECH AND
INTERNET.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

3. Can you comment on the relationship between the federal, university and private industry sectors in
energy research and technology development? Would an ARPA-E enhance this relationship to get more
technologies into the marketplace?
Historically, the federal government, American research universities and private industry have collaborated to
unleash innovation in the information technology and life science sectors. The federal government's
indispensable role has been to fund basic and applied research, and in some cases, translational research.
I will share two examples. In the 1960's and 1970's, NIH funding for basic research in genetics at many U.S.
universities helped launch what is today's flourishing biotechnology industry. Similarly, in the 1970's and
1980's, DARPA provided funding to U.S. universities to first research, and later create, a communications
network to tie together the Department of Defense and the various groups around the country performing
defense research. That network, known as DARPANET, was the precursor to the Internet. The federal
government's funding role has had a mighty impact: without it, U.S. biotechnology and Internet industries
would surely not be as advanced as they are today.
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AT: States CP
FEDERAL LEADERSHIP IS KEY TO DEVELOP A STRONG PUBLIC-PRIVATE ENERGY
PARTNERSHIP WITH HIGH FUNDING LEVELS.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

You've asked me specifically to address energy research and development, and in particular, H.R. 364, which
proposes the establishment of ARPA-E. I applaud your consideration of this critical issue. I do believe focused
federal funding through a new agency, in addition to increased research funding from the Department of
Energy, should be an element of America's new energy plan, and am happy to offer some suggestions as to
how that might happen. In my view, we will not be able to address our energy problems unless there is a
strong public-private energy partnership, one element of which must be a new commitment to federal
leadership, including bold new policies and financial resources.

FEDERAL FUNDING IS KEY: IT CAN PROVIDE A HIGHER LEVEL OF FUNDING


RELATIVE TO COST, CREATE MARKET CONDITIONS RECEPTIVE TO ALTERNATIVE
TECHNOLOGY, IT NEEDS TO BOLSTER WANING FUNDING, AND TO BOLSTER
NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS.
Denniston 2K7
(April 26, Agency Advanced Research Projects, CQ Congressional Testimony, Testimony by John Denniston
Partner Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (venture capital firm) to Committee on House Science and
Technology Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment)

2. What value can federal resources bring to technology investors and the private sector in developing
innovative energy technologies?
Federal resources can accelerate the adoption of innovative energy technologies in three ways: provide a
level of research funding commensurate with the scope of our challenges; impose a price on carbon
emissions that reflects their actual costs; and help create market conditions that are receptive to new energy
solutions.
Accelerate Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Technologies by Substantially Increasing Federal
Research Funds
The federal government should significantly increase funding for energy research and development. My
understanding, based on a recent review by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, is the
federal government currently provides roughly $1 billion annually for all non-nuclear, clean and renewable
energy research. This is for our fast-changing energy and transportation industries, which account for more
than $1.8 trillion of our current gross domestic product annually. Senior personnel at many of the top U.S.
academic institutions have emphasized to me how little federal energy research funds are available for non-
nuclear technologies - the cleanest, safest way out of our energy predicament.
In the health care sector, in contrast, the National Institutes of Health annually provide $28 billion in research
funding. In the past three decades, while energy R&D spending has dropped by two-thirds, health care R&D
has more than quintupled. The researchdollar discrepancy between the energy and health care fields is
particularly striking when you consider that each accounts for roughly 15% of U.S. GDP. I want to be clear - I
am not suggesting for a moment the NIH budget should be reduced. That would be a mistake. My point is we
must find a way to increase federal sponsorship of clean energy research, several- fold, to build up this young
industry sufficiently to give ourselves a fair chance of solving our three serious energy problems of climate
change, energy security and global competitiveness.
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T Card
CONTEXTUALLY, MILITARY RENEWABLES ARE ENCOURAGED IN THE FORM OF
INCENTIVES
Shanker 2K6
(Thom, The New York Times, May 13, Military Plans Tests in Search for an Alternative to Oil-Based Fuel,
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/us/14fuel.html?_r=1&oref=slogin)

Syntroleum can produce 42 gallons of synthetic fuel from 10,000 cubic feet of natural gas. The raw materials
cost about $70. If the military moves ahead with using the synthetic fuels, the Syntroleum technology could
be used by factories elsewhere to produce the same 42 gallons of fuel from just $10 worth of coal, Mr. Holmes
said. "The United States is essentially the Saudi Arabia of coal," Mr. Holmes said. "It can be mined relatively
inexpensively. We really believe that one of the things we can do to help our country's energy needs is to use
the abundance of coal reserves." Mr. Aimone said the large plants needed to produce nonconventional fuels
did not exist and would have to be designed and built by the industry. But he added: "We believe there are
economic incentives as we invest in this, and invest with the industry at large, because there are vast coal
reserves in this country. The economic pressures of rising oil prices can be moderated by the price of coal."
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AT Politics – Plan Popular
THE PLAN IS BIPARTISAN AND SUPPORTED BY LEADING REPUBLICANS AND
DEMOCRATS.
States News Service 2K6
(Democrats Push for More Alternative Fuels in Military, May 9, information released by Rep. Steny Hoywer)

In an effort to move the nation towards greater energy independence, House Democratic Whip Hoyer, House
Science Committee Ranking Democrat Rep. Bart Gordon and House Armed Services Committee Member Rep.
Mark Udall submitted an amendment today to the Fiscal Year 2007 Department of Defense Authorization Bill
that would increase the use of alternative fuels in the military. The Department of Defense is the largest
single buyer of fuel in America and must be a part of any energy independence effort. "Energy independence
is clearly a national security issue," said Hoyer. "Right now, America is forced to take into account the price of
oil when making national security decisions - that is a dangerous position for our country. The recent spike in
gas prices and global demand, as well as political instability in oil producing nations, must serve as a wake-up
call. We must invest in alternative fuels immediately, and the Defense Department, as the single largest
buyer of fuel in the U.S., has to be a significant part of that effort. I am hopeful that the Rules Committee will
make this amendment in order so that the full House may debate and support this important initiative." "The
federal government must be a leader in energy efficiency and independence. As it stands now, our nation's
dependence on foreign energy is a threat to our national security and our global competitiveness. By boosting
alternative energy programs at the Department of Defense and bridging the gap between innovative energy
research and practical application, we can drastically reduce our dependence on foreign oil. I am hopeful that
Congress will put aside partisan politics and approve this amendment," said Gordon. "To improve real national
security, we must improve our energy security. This amendment takes steps in that direction by boosting
funds for advanced energy technologies and for alternative fuel infrastructure at military bases. As the single
largest buyer of fuel in the U.S., the Defense Department has an opportunity - even an obligation - to lead the
way in diversifying our energy portfolio. And no time could be better than the present. America's addiction to
oil from any source means that our security is vulnerable and will continue to be until we have the vision to
look beyond the gas pump," said Udall. The three Members submitted the amendment to the House Rules
Committee today and Whip Hoyer is testifying before the Committee today. The amendment would shift more
than $300 million in excess funds from the $9.1 billion proposed for ballistic missile defense programs. The
amendment would authorize $250 million for the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E).
Located in the Department of Energy, ARPA-E would encourage and support America's best and brightest
researchers and scientists to develop the cutting-edge technology necessary to make America energy
independent. As embodied in a bill by Rep. Gordon [H.R. 4435] and the Democrats' Innovation Agenda, ARPA-
E would reduce energy imports from foreign sources by 20% within 10 years.

MILITARY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IS BIPARTISAN.


Saxton 2K6
(Opening Statement of Chairman Jim Saxton, Committee on House Armed Services Subcommittee on
Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities, Alternative Energy and Energy Efficiency at DOD, CQ
Congressional Testimony, September 26)

Washington, D.C. - Today, the Subcommittee will hold a joint hearing with the Subcommittee on Readiness on
the alternative energy and energy efficiency programs of the Department of Defense (DoD). We will also have
an opportunity to learn about options to affect both energy supply and demand, in order to foster lasting
energy security, which is a key component to national security. Energy security and conservation of natural
resources are cross- cutting issues of great concern to many members of this Committee. In fact, we received
a bipartisan request, signed by more than twenty members of this Committee, requesting this hearing. As the
single largest consumer of petroleum fuels in the United States, the military has an opportunity to serve as an
early adopter of alternative fuel sources and to offer a certain level of market assurance to alternative fuel
suppliers. Nevertheless, DoD's fuel usage represents less than 2% of the total fuel usage in the United States.
Therefore, we must set realistic expectations. The Department of Defense alone cannot shoulder the
responsibility for formulating and implementing a national strategy, nor can it drive the market. However, it is
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appropriate for the Department to exercise a leadership role in this area and, likewise, for this Committee to
exercise appropriate oversight of those efforts.
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AT Politics – Plan Popular
THE PLAN IS BIPARTISAN AND POPULAR WITH CORE MILITARY LEADERS.
Bruno 2K7
(Michael, May 16, Green issues, synthetic fuels emerge in defense bill; Aerospace Daily & Defense Report)

Bipartisan recognition of climate change issues, like growing awareness and support of synthetic fuel
alternatives, is emerging this year in defense policy legislation that is working its way through Congress. In its
mark-up of the fiscal 2008 defense authorization bill May 9, the Democratic-run House Armed Services
Committee (HASC) included language that would boost by $10 million the U.S. Air Force Research
Laboratory's available funding to test, qualify and buy coal-based synthetic fuels for aviation use. The
measure was crafted by Rep. Geoff Davis (R-Ky.). Elsewhere in the HASC legislation, which could come up for
debate on the House floor this week, long-time energy issue advocate Rep. Roscoe Bartlett (Md.), the ranking
Republican on the HASC seapower and expeditionary forces subcommittee, and Rep. Edward Markey (D-
Mass.), chairman of the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, pushed for high-
level climate change planning. They won inclusion of their provision to require defense officials to mull over
the risks posed by climate change to current and future Defense Department missions. Assessing the impact
of climate change on national security in a National Intelligence Estimate, National Security Strategy, National
Defense Strategy and the Quadrennial Defense Review were specifically called for in the first
recommendation in a recent study by 11 retired three- and four-star generals and admirals, Bartlett said of
the Military Advisory Board at the Center for Naval Analysis (DAILY, May 14). "It would be irresponsible for us
to ignore the warnings of generals and admirals who have spent a lifetime on battlefields and who are telling
us global warming is a major strategic weakness," Markey said.
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AT Politics – Democrat Support
THE PLAN IS SUPPORTED BY DEMOCRATS.
US Fed News 2K6
(September 26, Democrats Encouraged by DOD Efforts to Improve Energy Efficiency)

Rep. Ike Skelton, D-Mo., the ranking Democrat on the House Armed Services Committee, issued the following
press release:Today the Subcommittees on Readiness and Terrorism and Unconventional Threats heard
testimony regarding the military's efforts to improve energy efficiency through the use of alternative energy
and technological innovation. Democrats have been following this issue for some time and are pleased to
finally hear directly from the Department of Defense on these efforts."I'm very pleased that this hearing is
finally taking place. To improve our national security, I believe we must do more to improve our energy
security," said Representative Mark Udall (CO)."The energy needs of this country are one of the most
important challenges facing our nation today," commented Readiness Ranking Member Solomon Ortiz (TX).
"Energy needs influence our international policies and are key to our national defense strategy. In a time of
increasing needs and decreasing budgets the DOD must find every way possible to stretch its energy
dollars."Udall continued, "Given that the Department of Defense is the largest electricity consumer in the
federal government, and the single largest buyer of fuel in the U.S., it makes sense to focus the attention of
this committee on DoD's energy efficiency efforts, particularly alternative energy."DoD should be commended
for the progress it has already made to bring alternative fuels and clean power to its bases, vehicles, and
weapons systems, but there is more work to be done. I am committed to working with the Department to
continue this trend toward increased fuel efficiency and usage of alternative fuels," concluded Udall.
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AT Politics – Link Shield
ENERGY IS SEEN AS SUCH AN IMPORTANT NATIONAL ISSUE THAT REFORMS WILL
BE PASSED THROUGH CONGRESS WITHOUT CONTROVERSY.
Weisman 2K2
(February 26, USA TODAY, Energy-plan Battle Looms in Senate, Jonathan, contributing author Richard
Benedetto)

WASHINGTON -- The high-stakes debate that opens in the Senate on Wednesday over the first broad energy
legislation in a decade boils down to one four-letter word: Iraq. The Senate will take up legislation to increase
domestic supplies of energy, promote energy conservation, improve electricity transmission and control
global warming. The world has changed dramatically since May, when President Bush unveiled his energy
plan, and August, when the House passed it largely intact. Gasoline prices have plummeted. The electricity
crisis in California has subsided. And Enron's collapse has given energy companies a black eye. Instead, the
terrorist attacks on Sept. 11 have created a new rallying cry: energy security. The symbol is no longer
blackouts in San Francisco but the 746,000 barrels of crude oil a day imported from Saddam Hussein's Iraq.
Iraq sells the oil through a United Nations program. Proceeds are supposed to be used for humanitarian
needs, but U.S. officials suspect that some of the profits are diverted for military purposes.
"Dependence on foreign oil is a matter of national security," President Bush said Monday. "To put it bluntly,
sometimes we rely upon energy sources from countries that don't particularly like us." Using three
experimental, highly efficient vehicles as props, Bush urged the Senate to get a "comprehensive" bill to his
desk as soon as possible.
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AT Coal Turn
NO FUELS WILL BE USED THAT EMIT MORE GREENHOUSE GASES THAN THE
STATUS QUO – IT’S A LAW.
Brown 2K8
(March 21, Matthew, Associated Press Financial Wire, Looking for oil alternatives, Air Force prods Wall St. to
invest in coal-to-fuel plants)

Air force officials said they were investigating that possibility. In a recent letter to Defense Secretary Robert
Gates, Rep. Waxman wrote that a promise to control greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic fuels was not
enough. Waxman and the committee's ranking Republican, Virginia's Tom Davis, cited a provision in the
energy bill approved by Congress last year that bars federal agencies from entering contracts for synthetic
fuels unless they emit the same or fewer greenhouse gases as petroleum. Anderson said the Air Force will
meet the law's requirements. "They'd like to have (coal-to-liquids) because of security concerns a reliable
source of power. They're not thinking beyond that one issue," Waxman said. "(Climate change) is also a
national security concern."

SYNTHETIC FUEL IS CLEAN AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.


Lubold 2K7
(December 28, Air Force to Fly on Synthetic Fuel?, Christian Science Monitor, Gordon, staff writer of the
Christian Science Monitor)

In addition to being cheaper and ultimately more plentiful, synthetic fuel can also be greener, Air Force
officials say. The fuel itself burns cleaner than regular JP-8 fuel, but the current process used to make the fuel
produces nearly twice the amount of carbon. The Air Force is requiring the plants that are being built to make
the fuel to capture more of the carbon produced and reuse it, thus making the fuel ultimately greener,
officials say. The Air Force is taking "a leadership role" in the endeavor and working to ensure that the fuel
can be used by Army, Navy, and Marine aircraft as well, according to Air Force officials.

SYNTHETIC FUELS PRODUCE FEWER EMISSIONS THAN OIL.


MacPherson 2K7
(October 7, The Associated Press State & Local Wire, Associated Press Writer, Air Force likes synthetic fuel
from coal but can it be made?)

Producing a gallon of fuel from coal also takes more water than petroleum, and the plants are likely to be built
in the West, where water is a valuable commodity, Schafer said. Billings said studies by the Air Force and the
federal Energy Department have found that synthetic fuels, when made from a combination of coal and
organic material such as switchgrass, can be produced with less emissions than a traditional oil refinery.
"Our commitment is to use fuels that are cleaner than what we are using now," Billings said. "We're making a
commitment to buy it," he said. "We hope suppliers and developers will be effective in telling Congress what
they need."

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