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-...-
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
2ROCES.S
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision : Date
Page No :
INDEX c
NlAliHhrJl~= S6UM StlhlKq.
: 2,85
.
J 1. 2* J . 3. J DSIGN
VEJjSEL!5
Horizonral Verrical
4-
HEAT . .
5. II, /
6.
DRIVERS Gas turbines Electric drivers 7, 8. COMPREssoRs EXPANDERS FLARE PIPES SYSTEMS
VALVES .
v/
Steam
Turbines
/ / J
9-, 10.
J I
c J I
.
. *
+ FlTTINCS . . P through valves and fittings Conrrol valves - sizing and selection
11.
12. 4 13.
PACKAGE :
/ . 4
14, 15. 16. 17.
. .
Air Drainage
COMPUTER. DATA
PROGRAMS
StiEETk
TOTAL
/ TEPIDPIEXPISUR
Date
: 2J85 i
1.
DESIGN
CONDITIONS
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING DFICN
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
: 0
Page No :
CONDITIONS
Date
:2/8S
L-1
1. APPLICABILITY
The fol owing design criteria are applicable for both feasibility studies and pre-project
studies.
pressure
of a vessel
shall
be taken
pressure barg 10 50
Design
pressure barg - 1 bar + 10 % + 5 barg + 5 36 operation of 0.15 bar. or less the vessel shall conditions. shall
i
.* i
?rocess
Vessels operating
subject
to vacuum
during
be designed
for
the maximum
external
pressure
plus a margin
If the Internal
.
pressure for
will
be designed by taking
for full
vacuum.
Design pumpA
pressure
pump
be calculated
P when operating
3.0 DFClIGN .
Design
TEMPERATURES
vessel temperatures temperature temperature shall = = be as follows max. min. operating operating : Temp Temp ambient temperature during + 15 C - 5 C temperature. must emergency take into account any I
I:
Maximum iMinimum
design design
or minimum . Consideration depressurisation (See section for the minimum that design may
occur
or shut down
situations.
4,OMATERIALOFCONSTRUCTION
. Details Taole . Details 1. on corrosion allowances and wall thickness are given in the vessel design section. of the required material of construction for various temperatures are given In
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERINb
DESIGN
LJC~IUIU
JVIMIWUM~
,,o.*a.v..
CONDITIONS
Date
: 2435
1.2
.- .
-I $ I ; _L h u I
____------: c
. : . *-m . ;
: . --. I
..-L&,,,--I------
--A-----
_-----em
---
-----
--------
.------
: ,7 8
--------L-m n % 2 :i _---w----e
-! I
rOTAL
I-EP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
PageNo:
Date
: 2/85
. i 4 I 1I I
2, VESSELS
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
: 0
Page NO : TEP
VAPOUR
- LIQUID
SEPARATORS
Date
WI5
2.1 3.
APPLICABILITY Virtually all process with schemes acceptable use phase separation accuracy is required of some for description. the The design
and and.sizing pre-project
both
feasibility
in
this and
section
to
the
specification separation.
of
vertical Details
and are
horizontal
vapour-liquid-liquid
also
given
of solids be consulted
is not
covered designed
in this vessel.
design
guide.
Generally
a I
(usualy
stated)
Gas KO drums of liquid from surge vapour time required. Always consider a mist and
sufficient
(1 to 2 minutes)
between
the HLL
. .
Relief Unit
Feed KO drums upstream use demister separators of acid gas absorbers, into glycol confactors for weight and dessicant b-
bd
I
4.
base of tower
or horizontal) as critical downstream designing. as compressor of separator. KO drum Always unless consider a
separation from gas not compressor is located immediately start-up, 2-2. 3 PHASE
.
and process
slugs when
are
generally are
de the units.
is required additives
demisters
usually
separation
SO as not
anti-foam,
be added I
to aid separation.
jMc--
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
VAPOUR
- LIQUID SEPARATORS
TEP/DP/EW/SUR
I -
I Date
separator
: Y85
- 3. HORIZONTAL
0
I
OR VERTICAL sufficient
Provided vertical
Vapour velocity in a horizontal drum can exceed the liquid L/D > 1. For vertical drums the velocity cannot. Horizontal drums are more effective than venical and geometrically
i I
I
more
practical
for a heavy
drums.
drum does not alter the vapour flow area. A rising liquid level in a vertical Consequently vertical drums are preferred for compressor and fuel gas KO drums. Vertical drums utilise a smaller plot area and are easier to instrument with alarms and shutdown controls. For floating installations are preferred as less sloshing occurs. For high volume flowrates a split flow horizontal drum is preferable as smaller drum diameters can be used. The preferred split flow arrangement is a single centre entry nozzle with two end exists. Head exits can be used where plot space is limited. Each design case must be evaluated as a guideline : Vertical drums separately but in general the following can be used
Compressor KO drums Fuel gas KO drums Floating installations Production separators 3-phase separation HP
Horizontal
drums
Try to avoid vessels with wall thickness greater fabrication and can prove expensive.
4. CALCULATION THEORY AND EQUATIONS (for use in calculation sheets) (Valid only for pure gravity settlers with no internals to enhance separation) 4.1. 0 LIQUID-VAPOUR Vs = K [F] SETTLING VELOCITY P;;: 1 :Jzi;;z;r;lity kg/m3
02.
03.
K =
K = correlating parameter m/s D - panicle diameter -microns C - drag coefficient c,vapour viscosity - centipoise
Vs =
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
: 0
Page No :
VAPOUR
- LIQUID
SEPARATORS
Date
a/s5
2.3
cp
f TEP/DP ..J
(see p:
For medium and low pressure- with gases can be used to estimate Vs.
of
viscosity
less
than
0.01
Figure
For higher pressures (> 50 bar) or viscosities in excess of 0.01 cp it is necessary to calculate Vs. The drag coefficient C is calculated using Figure 2 (curve 2) where :
Equation 4.2.
Vs.
The following equation can be used for calculating the settling velocity of water in oil or the upward !settling of oil in water. The important fact is to use the viscosity of the continuous phase i.e : for oil settling upwards through water use the water viscosity, for water settling in oil use the oil viscosity. terminal velocity = gravitation accel fi = density heavy fluid P L = density light fluid c= viscosity (continuous)
ut =
kg/m-s
\I
5. 0
.
Ut = 0.513
(p,;-) ~~~~~ntipoise I
. 4.3.
The above equation is valid for REYNOLDS no of 0.1 - 0.3 If calculated settling velocity is > 250 mm/min use 250 max
I VESSEL VOLUMES . Partial volumes of a horizontal cylinder can be calculated using rhe partial volume charts in Figure 3 or estimated using the following equations : (for vessels with a diameter < 1.2 m ignore head volumes) I I I
PROCESS ENGlNEERlNG
. ; TEP/DP/EXP/SLR .. (see page 2.13 for sketch) 1 HORIZONTAL
0
Revision
Page NO : *
VAPOUR
- LIQUID
Date
?/85
AL - D2 Cos-1 ,~,-@-~,-hi,2 D - 2h 4 t CYLINDER Vc = AL.L Vdh = 0.21543 HEADS HEADS Vel = 0.52194 m3 h2 (1.5 D - h) m3 h2 (1.5 D - h) m3 (most m3 (gives common) extra vol) in radians
2 DISHED 2 ELLIPTICAL
HEAD
2 HEMISPHERICAL
. .
VOLUMEUPTOBAFFLE for depth (elliptical h heads) are accurate for time formula for multiple accuracy between enough saving. see ref list, but are often too complicated = 0.52194 h: 2 (1.5D-h) + AL-B
These
formula
for general
design
programmed
L should This
be the
length large
and vessels
not
the and a
length
nozzles.
is especially
design. PROCEDURE in the attached 1 can be applied VERTICAL calculation VESSEL sheet. < 0.01 cp settling with velocity no mist (this assumes eliminator. It is (vapour-liquid separation)
Decide
if Figure
recommended
eliminator
applications.
If not calculate
I
. Derate maximum
.
calculated
velocity
by
85
% design
margin
to
give
allowable drum
Calculate adjustment
internal
and
round
to nearest
50 mm.
(note
further
1
.
head dimensions).
Check
if wall thickness
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING. - LIQUID
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
VAFOUR
calculate
criteria
I.
hl - max (15 8 of b or 400 mm) h2 - 100 mm if mesh selected 150 mm for Compressor KO
hl h2
I *F I
h3
h4
h4 - 400 mm + d/2 : d = inlet nozzle @ h5 - calculate based on l-2 minutes residence time at maximum liquid inflow - min 200 mm
h6
h7
I
l?.
Lu
h8
-c, L
h6 - base on following hold up times : (min 350) 4 min - reflux drums with pump 5 min - product drums no pump 3 min 8 min - heater feed 4 min. - HP sep. to LP sep. h7 - 1-2 min residence time - minimum h8 - 150 mm for bottom connected LC 300 mm for side connected LC 150 mm
1*
I !
I I
I I Note :
For compressor suction drums that are normally dry set HLL at 450 mm above tan line and use bottom connected LC. This will reduce vessel I I * height if required. No specific HLL-LLL hold up time required:
I I
.
I I
-, TOTAL
TEP/~P/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERJNG
Revision
Page No : 2.6
VAPOUR - LIQUID
Date
.a83
4.5.
CALCULATION
PROCEDURE
HORIZONTAL
calculation
size 350,
required
vapour velocity
4. Assume drum is 70 % full i.e h/D = :7 and evaluate (to nearest 50 mm). For drq vessels de h/D = .35 5. For required liquid surge volume, calculate
Av
adjust
D or
If
increase 0, L or h. Include
volumes in heads.
7. When setting LLL height take into account any LSLL, LSL alarms and vortex breakers which may set minimum value usable. Usually 300-350 mm. 8. Rationalise NOTES : . For high volumetric flows of gas with small liquid volumes consider using split flow arrangement. Design is as above but with half vapour volume flow. Normal (primarily . design is with top entry, offshore) exit nozzles. However if space is limiting all heights and dimensions to nearest 10 mm.
L is designated as the flow path length i.e distance between inlet and outlet nozzle. 1 is the tangent-tangent lengh. For 1st estimates 1 = L + 1.5 pi + 1.5 D2 pi = inlet nozzle diameter 02 = outlet nozzle diameter Normal liquid levels are taken as midway between the high and low levels.
rOTAL
TEPIDPIEXPISUR 4-6,
Revision
Page NO :
TC
TEP/f
Date
: 2/85
2-7
CALCULATION .
PROCLDURE
HORIZONTAL
Sufficient residence time to allow separation of the oil-water the oil surge and vapour flow areas must be provided. with steps 1 to 4 as for a two phase separation. L.
to
Use L/D
= 3 (lst j
and evaluate
accomodate
length L and not nozz-nozz distance L. LLL required to give approx 4 mins oil surge capacity (minimum). I will reveal whether sufficient height exists below LLL to include the
room.
If the water cut is very small, consideration may be given to using a water boot instead of a baffle arrangement see step 10. I
4. Having determined HLL and LLL now set both position and height of baffle. Calculate terminal settling velocity of water droplet (equ 5 sect 4.2) at both HLL I and LLL. Volumetric flow of liquid is in both cases the oil plus the water. Calculate fall distance of a droplet across length of the drum. Baffle height and I position can now be set noting : should be at least 75 mm below the LLL should be at least 2/3 down the length of the drum from the inlet in some cases the water droplets will settle to the floor in a short distance. The baffle should still be set at a minimum of 2/3 along the vessel. to height determined ab the baffle the baffle I
1 t i *Ip
5. Set the HI1 at baffle height - 75 mm. The LIL according vortex breaker + LSLL use a minimum of 300-350 mm.
6. Check if an oil droplet will rise through the water layer (from drum floor) to LIL before reaching water outlet. Use area at LIL with normal oil + water flowrates. (This criteria is very rarely governing but must be checked). 7. Calculate water surge time XJ.8 outlet. Remember to baffle. LMtnimum acceptable consider using a water boot I Vol HIL - Voig LIL, and residence time Vol NIL use only one head volume, and length of drum upto times are 4-5 mins. If calculated times are very long I arrangement.
.*
8. Rationalise all dimensions and tidy levels to standard values if possible i.e : I 150 mm, 200, 250, 300 etc. This allows use of standard displacers.
9. Recalculate Note : all residence In calculating times based on tidied levels (if required).
the final residence times make sure that the vessel tantan length is used and not the nozzle to nozzle distance L.
dTOTAL
* i1 TEP/DP/EW/SUR
PROCESS
ENGlNEERlNG
DESlGN
MANUAL
Rwision
Page NO :
VAPOUR - LIQUID
SEPARATORS
Date
S/85
2.8
(See Fig. 5)
If the water volumetric flow is so small as to not warrant a separate baffled . settling compartement as detailed above a water boot should be used instead. To design proceed as follows :
Sf !
1. Proceed as previous upto step 3. 2. Calculate settling distance of water droplet when vessel is operating at LLL. Water droplet should reach floor of drum before oil outlet. Remember that the oil exit nozzle will be raised above the floor as a standpipe. Adjust drum 0 or L to achieve settling. 3. Check that settling is also possible when operating below drawoff nozzle level. at HLL, droplet to fall
5.
). le
II
a I . e. 4 -.
d I
4. Size water drawoff boot 0 (try to use standard pipe diameters). Calculate rising velocity of the oil in water, set downward velocity of water in boot at 90 ,% of this and evaluate boot 0. Boot length by inspection (use standard displacers). Note : Boot 0 must be less than 35 % of vessel 0 When heavy walled vessels are used a remote boot may be more economical to prevent large cuts in the main vessel.
4.7.
:. I
NOZZLE
Inlet nozzle . . . Size based on normal volumetric flow + 10 % (liquid + vapour flow size Limit inlet velocity to 7 - 13 m/s Round nozzle diameter up or down to nearest standard
di
L i. I _I
0
Liquid outlet . Normal flow + 10 % . Velocity limit l-3 m/s HC 2-4 m/s water . Min. diameter = 2 (avoid plugging)
g I
VESSEL WALL THICKNESS Calculate vessel wail thickness thickness should be calculated t < 100 mm. using the ASME VIII div. I formula. The wall immediatiy after D is known to confirm if
: I
-I
QTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
I
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
: 0
Page No :
VAPOUR - LIQUID
SEPARATORS
I
Date
*Z/85
I
2.9
I
PD ZSE - 1.2P
+c
C = corrosion
allowance
mm
diameter mm wall thickness mm = design pressure barg E = joint efficiency use 1 for seamless shells .85 otherwise s = max. allowable stress bar use 1220 bar for CS plate 1000 bar for SS plate for t < 100 mm : no fabrication problems 100 < t < 150 mm : vendor advice may be needed t > 150 mm : Major fabrication problems
-D t P
= Z
In order to meet standard vessel head sizes and wall thicknesses the following ranges should be observed : Vessel diameter : 250 - 1250 mm in increments of 50 mm i.e. 250, 300, 350... 1300 - 4000 mm in increments of 100 mm i.e. 1300, 1400, 1500... Standard wall thicknesses : 1 - 30 mm in increments of 1 mm i.e. 1, 2, 3, B... i.e. 30, 32, 34, 36... i.e. 65, 70, 75, 80...
-1 5-
5.:
4.9.
weights either horizontal or vertical can be estimated using Fig. 5. This figure j I is for the steel shell including manholes, nozzles, fittings etc but not the removable / I internals or support skid. The heads can be estimated by using weight of 2 heads = ,, (m) x wall thickness (mm) x 20 kg.
R
6 6 6
tMist eliminators or mesh pads are located under the vapour outlet nozzles of aI1 compressor suction drums and fuel gas KO drums. For production separators it is always gaod practice to install an exist mesh pad. For dirty or and high viscosity vendor for futher data. . liquids the efficiency falls to approx. 75 %. Consult
TOTAL
TEPIDP/EXP/SUR
.L
PROCESS ENGlNEERlNG
DESIGN MANUAL
Page NO :
2-10
Mesh is usually made from 304.55. YORK DATA as follows Types of pad : General purpose High efficiency Dirty service York no kg/m3 Thickness mm 100 100 100 150 150
Residual* entrainment 1.0 - 1.2 -55 - .61 -17 - 0.19 1.6 - 1.8 .8 - .87
PPM
The engineer should specify type, diameter the vessel data sheet.
and thickness
of pad required
on
)e 5.2.
.
For particle sizes of 5 microns or less use two pads spaced 300 mm apart eg : . giycol contactor.
INLET INTERNALS Inlet internals can be specified to aid feed distribution and promote separation. Generally for pre-project stage details are not required. vapour-liquid
5.3.
LIQUID
i IIP -)r
re c
Vortex breakers should be detailed for each oil/condensate outlet where the oulet flow direction is vertical. Vendors will sometimes specify internal packs of tilted arrangements to promote phase separation.
.
.
Sand jetting facilities should be provided for on services where there is a risk of silting or sediment build up in the vessel. Generally jetting facilities are not required on gas-condensate systems. AND USEFUL LITERATURE
4
all is
I /
I
ult
I
I
6-2. 6.3.
Operating
data
(operating) (operating)
= = = = = =
l-0434 51-b 7
?.qO
3
0.L = =
=
1~4
rate
Wg T, P flow
4co
rs
2-i 1
BIO
2.23 Iso-
volume
h6
.Ye J No
: :
. .
.
Estimate
Vs using
Figure /^
,+
line for Vs
h II
h8
it
> 0.01
use calculation
1. Vawur-liquid
settling
velocitv
: from
Fig
vs = vs =
I-6
m/s m/s
7.
w -
or calculated
C = maximum
; velocity
. ,
2.
Derating
% = 85
Vm 5
\-36
m/s
3.
volumetric = I m3/s
Drum
flow
area
0-s mm
mm
m2 * II*
ha * = c.q& 8.
V
2500 -
4..
Required
liquid
hold-up
times,
;. min min
min
HIA- --LLL
h5 : h6 : h7 :
= = =
2. 5 2.
= =
=
i-b
It*15 4-4
m3 m3 m3
too
= = =
mm height mm
mm
t L D
5.
,Mesh pad :
thickness
mm
Sheet m-4-7
PROCESS, CALCULATION
ITEM
1 of 2
.-I m
S&ET
: DEqAss~4 r50aT
TOTAL
TEfKxF/MP BY / EXP/ SUA
CHK
VERTICAL
OATE
VALOUR-LIQUID
JOB -___-~ TITLE EXAr?td
SEPARATOR
NO JOB
:
Ho
123+
REV
E.XhHtLf
(\ f .
r 1.5eight ?
calculation
. 0
2500 hl :
h2 :
h3 : . With mesh : hl + h2 + h3 No mesh : hl + h2 + h3 : 60 % 0 or 800 h4 : 400 mm + d/2 : d = inlet notz 6 h5 : From step 4 or 200 mm h6 : From step 4 or 350 mm h7 : From step 4 or 150 mm h8 : 150 mm for bottom LC 300 mm for side LC
vessel
= =
mm mm mm
550 900
mm mm mm mm
2250
so0
(So
mm mm mm
For dry
= SSSO
. .
DESIGN CORROSION
PRESSURE ALLOWANCE :
barg mm
Diameter
= 2500
mm
C =
,Max stress
PxD =ZxSxE-1.2P
+c
efficiency
= D/800
E = o.%S
= 6-8
mm mm
tmin
+ C + 3 mm
8. Vessel weight
f=
L= D=2-5
Gig.
6)
= i=os>o kg
7
6-q
mm
Shell Head
weight weight
m (5-9-I)
m
450
kg
Sheet
2 of 2
I
f-moP/MP/ @iY
TOTAL
VERTICAL
EXPIQJR
CHK
m-0
PROCESS
CALCULATION
kiEET
ITEY : pqcc=4
VAPOUR-LIQUID
JO9 TITLE
0Qo-r
PEV
SEPARATO
EXCTPZQ~
NO JOEI
: N-
w :
a.3+ tZICh-WwC
QATE
CALCULATION
SHEET
FOR
HORIZONTAL
2 PHASE
-c* -1 a 4
I-
6i
D= Zooo
5. Dr
Fc
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
N : v zo\o :
mesh required
Delete as applicable data : pressure bara = temperature C = 20 t I Liquid nature : ~ti Liquid flowrate Liquid density T,P QL actual vol flow Particle size
r8
Gas molecular w+ cgas flow rate Gas density T, P Qg acttial vol flow Gas viscosity
Kg/hr
Kg/m3= m3/s
= -*cc = (3 950
t%O = O-Z??
cP
= 0.0toBS
1. Vapour-liquid
settling
velocity
: from Fig. 1
NOT
; vs =
or calculated
c=
m/S
Vm=VsxFxL E Qg =
0.2TI
m3/s
AV = 9g = 0*4X
Vm .
m2
ml50
EP/DOe/olP/
TUTAL
EXP/QJR
liH0
1
PROCESS
CALCULATION
ITEM
NO 1nFI :
SHEET
: EXm-lk~
&I= .
CALCULAnON
I
- _ -I<
4 . Nozzle
sizing
vel limits
m/s
inlet
7-13,
Exit
15-30,
liquid
1-3
pi :
62
6
m3/s
NozzleID=
Actual
VCI
= 16.8
m/s
m3/s m3/s
NozzleID= NozzleID=
6 6
Actual
Actual
vel = t5 m/s
VCI
= 2*1
m/s
m3
elected h/D Vapour area % Total area Vig. 3) Total area Liquid area Calculatd drum 6 Selected drum P L/D (3 - 4) Flowpath length a) Tan/Tan length
Av Ar Al D L L -
m2 m2 m2 mm mm
mm
I I
srso
i HLL height b) VOL Q kLL LLL height ; vo13 LLL AVOL ;__ VW Calculated tres i
d-e.
I
I
I$/tan length L = L + 1.5 x Pi + 1.5 92 I nore this correction if D < 1.2 m and use L for volume talcs. For trial 1 use L and ignore heads).
if
b)
TOTAL mm-/
=vDDP/MP/
RR0
ExP/suFI DATE
PROCESS
CALCULATION
SHEET
CALCULATION
Jo8
lfEY :
NO JOB : N* :
fX&l+WLC
REV
l a*
1 =((
6. Wall thickness . . DESIGN PRESSURE CORROSION ALLOWANCE P= k-q C = 3 barg mm Max stress CS = 1220 bar SS = 1000 bar s= I220 E = 0 ~85
Joint efficiency
2SE- 1.2P
PxD
+c
2s
mm
= 2s L = 6.53 D= 2
mm m m TOTAL
= LO 800 = \ 000
kg kg CA
000
kg
Wg Del
Qs
Par
II II I I
mmn . t
mocEss
CALCULATION
SHEET
TOTAL
m-mu
TEP/DOelMf
CALCULATION I
SJR
/ UP/
HORIZONTAL
ITEM :
NO
;
EWPLC Ilh=
*nm u. .
I I
1 0
. Amend sketch if boot required instead of baffle Indicate on sketch if mesh required Heads : 2 : 1 elliptical
EQUIPEMENT A B
No : 0 Se\0
data : pressure temperature bara C = 4-0 = 50 CONDENSATE pc -. Flowrate Density T,P Kg/hr = 3tooo Kg/m3= 32%.4
! WI
QL
kg/hr Kg/m3 = 35.0 W-ATER CUT m3/& = 1tq : 0~~3Lq5 pw x o.ocn cQ = 4saqt PC 1x5 i- Yln-:y,rc - -;- .-:
w I.
Vol flow T,P m3/min = 0*i1 = 0.75 Viscosity cp Flowrate Kg/hr = QSsS
i Parricie
P size
QW
PW
Density T,P Kg/m3= 988 Vol flow T,P m3/min = o-168 Viscosity cp = 0-S vs = 0.135
m/s
1. Vapour-liouid I
or
velocity
: from Fig. 1
c ,=
;
vs
dS
i. ,. mv
Vm=VsxFx& D -\Y+. F ,,
Vm=
O-rcrc6
m/s
u, = 0.513
mm/min mm/min
.. &oil
2lJ = \7+5
mm/min mm/min
PC H
PROCESS
-*. Utwater
I -I -
TOTAL mm
SI;u
CALCULATION
SHEET
CALCULATION
FOR HORIZONTAL
3 PHASE
ITEM :
NO :
C%4w+d
4.
Nozzle
sizing:
vei
limits
m/s : inlet
m3/s :
7-13,
1. Inlet
flow
(+ 10 %)
2. Gas exit : 3. HC outlet : 4. Water outlet : , 5. Vessel sizinq For trial 1 use hold up time
6. 3 3 (w-1
oil (HLL-111)
= 4 mins
2-W
OIL SECTION
Selected h/D Calculated (Qg/Vm) Av as % AT (Fig. 3) Total area Liquid area Calculated fJ Selecred 0 L/D (3 - 4) Flowpath length a) Tan/Tan length HLL height VOL at HLL LLL height VOL at LLL AVOL Calculated tres
Av AT AL D L 1 hl h2
m2 m2 m2
I
mm mm mm mm m 11: m3 mm m3 m3 min 1 650
1 1000
I
19
1250
1srt500
Notes or comments :
.
a)
tan-tan
1engthL
.. . .
PROCESS CALCULATION
SHEET
-I
SIFV i
TOTAL
~/orPfDw/uP/sm erl I i34K
CALCULATION DATE
\ JOB
FOR
HORIZONTAL
:
ITEY : MO :
JOB Ma .
3 PHkFE
TITLE
lridA4Pd
+ 1 I
I; I. I, I I I
Total liquid vol flowrate Qw + QL B Baf fie distance AL Liquid area at HLL Vl Horizontti vcl at HLL Ut water (step 3) Vertical fall from HLL = B x Ut/V Final settled h = HLL - vert fall
I I 1
I
I
I 1 I
I I
I I i I I I / I
I 1 t
I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I
i
Liquid area at LLL Horizontal vel at LLL 1 Ut water (step 3) Vert fail from LLL = B x UGJV2 Settled baffle height Selected HIL level (adjust h3 and B if necessary)
AL V2
I ZW
I WI5 ; 290 1 400 I 320 f I
h3 h4
I I I I
I
I
Check oil rise : Horizontal vel at LLL v2 Ut oil (step 3) Vert rise avec dist B = B x U+/V2 = mm outlet height h5 selected LIL level h6 selected outlet height ql water vol at HIL (upto baffle) q2 water vol at LIL (upto baffle)
*to
I -w I 1 400
i I 1 I
I I I I I I
I I t
I
I
1 1 ZTO
I
I bo 1 I-O! i
1042
I I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I t
$3 water vol at NIL (upto baffle) q4 water vol at outlet ( 1 q surqe = vol (ql - q2) surge time residence calculated q/Qw time q3-q4/QW
I I
I I I I I
I 1 2-h
1
oil residence time (upto baffle) mins i Vol (NLL - NIL)/QL
I I i
I I I I
I I
.
CALCULATION
3
JOB
PROCESS
CAiXULATlON
SHEET
3 Elc4tiPti
ITEY :
NO JOB : Ho : REV
TITLE
TEP/DI
6.
Wall thickness
.
DESIGN
PRESSURE ALLOWANCE
barg mm
Max stress
CORROSION
efficiency mm
E=
.8<
35
8. Vessel weight
(Fig.
,:. I .. ?26/0
#,
t= 35 i=S
D = 1.5
mm m
m TOTAL
=)&>-kg = LOSo kg
(t x D x 20) WEIGHT =
PROCESS
CALCU
ILATION
SHEET
4
Ad., E%qv\. c
CALCULATION
PI-IMP/ v PYY EXP/ SaJSUR OATE --
ITEM :
NO
JO8
:
N : 1 REV rb
TAL
T&P/DP/ExP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
I Revision
Page tuo :
VS - LIQUID
SETTLING
VELOCITY
nd
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
(Cl
O@
N z
a 0
Page NO : TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 1 I FIGURE 3 ..____ RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHORDAL HEIGHT AND CIRCULAR SEGMENTAL AREA
0 a w 0
10
15 PERCENTAGE
20
25
--
--
OF ClRCLE DIAMETER
rOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR FIGURE 4
PRWESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Date
Page No :
3 PHASE ALL
UY
300
mm
min
150
fg
OIL RESIDENCE
TIME
Volume
between time
NLL-NIL
upto
baffle
only
use residence
Volume
OIL SURGE
TIME
if sole charge NIL and outlet minimum HIL and LIL minimum
to fired
heater
WATER
RESIDENCE
TIME
Volume
between
Use 4 minutes
WATER
SURGE
TIME
Volume
between
age No :
2.23
,Y, VOTAL
TEp/Dp/EXO/SUR
PRbCESS ENGINEERING
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision :
Page NO
fIE 2.400
t-200 _.~ 1.900 1.600
1.400
essel
I IAH!
6 7 8 910
T iFI o i
oddlmlokl+c sdcns Jwt" c08nNl I I IIlrlll I 1416162024683025404560 I IL
so0 I
s
1
12
GAS OUTLET
.
FOR GAUGING HORIZONT+L . of Total
TABLE
2
TANKS - FLAT ENDS Capa
CYLXNDRICAL Diayctcr
Cjod - Pct.ccntagc
of Tank
- IdC - PcrccnLa8c t
of Total of Tank
0.1 0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
1.0
1.t 1.4 1.6 1.8 L.0 , L.2 (..4 /,.6 a.!. 8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 6.6 . 4.8 5.0 -* 5.2
0.1691
.O.LLL3 o.reoo 0. Ml9
0.4077
4.9015
5.05L3
5.2040 5.3580 5.51LL 5.6690 5.0258 5.9848 6. 1445 6.3060 6.4665 6.63~0
6. *i970
18.6.
18. 0 19.0 19. L 19.4 - 19.6 19. 0
l LO. 0
1L. 831
13.030 l3.Li9 13.4L9 13.630 13.832 14.035 14.L38 14.444 14.649 14.854 15. o;jo 15.267 15.375 15.663 15.89L 16. 101 16.31~ 16.5~4 16. 137 16.9~9 I?. J6i 17.376 l 17.590 17.806 18. OLL 18. L40 18.457 10.675 18.891
7.6
; :. 7..8
.li ./
; : 8)
8:C! 8.L
8.6 c.4
.--.-.-.-em-1*.:1
1'1 LCI. CL1 * \Y, 24fTj.,* --IL.-Y-. -v--y---F. 2': ;t- N-,7.-y-is;:0 ClI;Y. C!:r::,Ic' '/ ..-I#--.D l~c),' r G5/.9.~~~ -.-..-..-.-.--.--I-__..._...----.-...
6.1636
c-yr-7
0.4773 6.5501 0.6~63 0.7061 0.7086 0.874L 0.9GLS I . 0533 1.1470 1. L43L 1. 3418 1.44L? 1. 5461 1.6515 1. 759d . 1. e693 1.8914 2.0756 .~.2116 L. x97 L.-I497 2:57 15 L. 6951. L.&L11 2.9493 3.0771 3.2082 3.3408 3.4744 . 3. blot, 3.7460 . 3.8865 4. X76
11.6
11.8 IL.0 1L.L lL.4 Id.6 I/..8 13.0 13.2 13.4 S3.6 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.4 !4.6 14.8 15.0 15.L 15.4 15.6 15.8 16.0 16.C 16.~ 1C.C lb.6 17.0 Ii.2 17.d
/-
2 4 6 8
6.9630
7.1305
7 .t990 7.4680 7.6390 .7.811G 7.9840 8.1580 8.3330 8.5090 (3.6360 8. e645 9.0440 9. EL40
9.4050
LL.~
LL. 8
L8. 5 L9.0 L9..5 30.0. 30: 5 310 31.5 3.:..0 31.. 5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 35.5 36. 0 36.5 371. 0 37.5 38.0 38. 5 39.0 . 39.5 40. o40.5 4J.G 41.5
9.5880 9.7710 9.3560 JO. 142 10. 32-i 10.515 10:;03 10.893 ll.O& 11.273 Jl.-I65 11.657
DFC
;g-;
L3.49 24.07 L4.65 LS.L3 25.81 d6.40 ~6.99 L7.5E L8. 18 ~8.78 d9.30 L?. 98 30.58 31.19 31.00 3d.41 33. OL 33.63 34. LS 34.67 35.4s .36. 11 36; 7 37.35 3i. 9t 58. 6C 39.2: 3?. 8t
40.4.
43: 0.
4 8 0 5 i; 5 5
19.110
19.330 l?.S.sl LC. iOh 1.3.061 r: 1. LLZ ~1.785 LL.JS3 ZL. 923
iE. G
43.5. a14.0 44.5 * 45.0 45. 5 ~6.0 46.5 47.0 47.5 -:a. 0 4b. 5 43.0 * 49.5 50.0
41.1; 41.74 42.31 43.0 43. 61 44.2; 44.3 45.51 46. 11 46.8
17.4:
a*#.::,
.,
I(,
------_-_-.-.--_---.-. ;.,*r:,
-.I_.----v.I
-.-.-*
;;*.
I -_..i I I I t , , _.-__ ..
--8G
-------.: /-__
-.
65 60
II --+---i--I I I +-
I I -. Ii I I .A.-
._.. J---I
-.-.7b 75
-. --60 85 so 95 Ioc
I -._._1 I
-0 5 10
-- i-- --I--I I
55 60 65
/5
20
&;s
30
35
40
46
50
PL-&?CENTACL-
OF
C/h?CLE
D/AMETE~
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUE
PROCESS
ENGINEERING TRAY
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
COLUMNS
Date
: 2,85
3.1
1.
APPLICABILITY .
It
is not
expected
column sizing
that
a hand
would
calculation
of a tray
of a feasibility using
distillation or pre-projecr
or
absbrbtion
srudy any
column
be
performed rigorous
by the engineer.
require0
SSI PROCESS
simulator,
or similar.
however, common
a quick methods
of
and
height is the 3.
be required GLITSCH
one METHOD.
of
the
calculation method
An
of the procedure
in Section
,4 detailed on glycol
mechanical towers
design
of a tray units.
column
is beyond
the
scope
of this
guide.
For
details
see package
2.
DESCRIPTION
AND
NOTES
2.1.
TRAYS
There and
process
are valve
three type
types
of tray
used
; sieve, dependant
bubble
cap on the
criteria.
Some
of the
Bubble
caps
Operation
Vapour the
passes
the
bubble
bubbles
intc liquid-
surrounding contact.
Bubbling
the below. tray
vapour downcomer Capacity : ,Moderately rates Efficiency : For many Note Application : All
ant
at varying
common are
available
or other where
higt tra)
remain
to maintain 24
IS is normal.
Consider
to 36 for
1 TV @
.,
pROCESS
ENGlNEERlNG
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
0.
Page No :
TRAY COLUMNS
Date 2/sr
3.2
With downcomers Operation : Vapour holes liquid. over rises through and liquid weir via bubbles flows i/S across to I tray to Vapour and Liquid holes generally form to through
downcomers through through forces through below. holes liquid. liquid same Flow is
in
downcomer
countercurrent
tray below.
continuous
each hole. Capacity : As high down to as or higher 60 % of is poor. than design. bubble At cap trays rates for design rates falls or and
lower
efficiency to operate
performance % capacity. Efficiency : As high variable Application : Systems maintained particles may plug. well,
Generally
unacceptable
below 60
capacity. capacity.
Efficiency Not
unacceptable
high flushing
design Handles
rates
are
to
be
continuous
suspended
solid
below.
to run with salting-out Not flexibility. Tray spacing : 15 average, table. vacuum. Valve rravs/ballasr Generally proprletry include distillation Tray layouts Not only may the type of bubble the Clitsch, same Koch cao aspects as for operation Nutter, Use 9 to 20
recommended
+ gas service
12 accep KO 30 for
9 to 18 accep 18 to 30 for
sieve
trays. Union
Most
valve
design
for specific
problems
(flexitray),
application.
cap/valve/sieve
C.
liquid
path.
arrangements
^-
rOTAL
TEP/DP/EXJ/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
TRAY
COLUMNS
Dale
: 2185
3.3
to use :
t Strioping
35-50
5C-8C b
units
15-20 % GO-80 %
have 23 actual
CONDENSERS . Condensers recover covered . Basically total vapour. liquid are usually installed and provide on the internal section. condenser liquid product. vapour reflux The withdrawn and consequently vapour returning is normally as reflux from the accumulator under is In as pressure exist, is split partial with and total. When using
overhead
overhead tower
of reflux.
fractionation Design
towers
to is
product
of condensers
in shell + tube exchanger 1 two types of overhead The resultant, portion bubble point
condenser
to the latent
as reflux
and
condenser additional
with
the returning
is acting
REBOILERS . Generally three internal external external In most . The types of reboiler reboiler kettle heat type exchanger exchanger should type furnace, electrical for efficiency. the exist circulation. coil, steam, closed heating nozzle from the exist for light hydrocarbon fractionators.
thermosyphons
type is preferred
heat
be located
or process fluid exchange. of ti overall (incl. fouling factor) for various design guides. types of reboiler and desrgr
siq---TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 3. CALCULATIONS See following 4. REFERENCES 4.1. Distillation Part Part I : 2 : AND
PROCESS
ENGINEERING TRAY
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
pages :
3.5
to 3.11 LITERATURE
USEFUL
Process Designs
LUDWIG
VOL II - CHAPTER
Absorption
CAMPBELL PERRY
13
- CHAPTER
design
1
Pr. March
TRAY
TYPES
BY
LlQUlO
PATHS
FIG.
No :
3.4
TRAY
CALCULATlON
DATA
SHEET
Column
item:
?>
Zo(6
Tray number: I.
VAPOR
8
TO TRAY
Number-of
passes:
kg/h
MW
kmol/h
PC
I
I
I I
m T,. T,
T,
= = t, = tc
=
C =. 2.86.1+ =
308.7 L 0.522
P K
K
ATM. ATM.
abs abs
PC = P, Then Z = O-637 = p \
Tc
Vapor
density 12.03x kfw x P (atm) = 12.03 x 31.4 x 27.6 3.63;LI x 286.(3 5: I- - i-. -
Dv
z x TV (K) =
t , - * ..,,
53.806
kg/m3
Vapor
actual
rate
c, = kg/h
Dv
16%%0
53.806
m3/h
HS
Sheet
1 of
PROCESS
CALCULATION
ITEY
SHEET
: : N* :
TRAY
SUR DATE 1 JO8
COLUMNS
NO TITLE : JOB
t%4fvu
REV
EXPf CHK
&BY
2.
kg/l-
or
x IO3 =t
kg/m3
kg/h dL at tL (kg/l)
41i
VElOcrrY hsg
..
-.
at tL
3.
DOWNCOMER
DESIGN
TS = 1% =
DL - Dv = VDdsgo
System
650
mm kg/m3
Tiiy
SPerJc,
3.9
3io Kl = 1
= factor
mJ/h/mz
(Fig.2 d (Tabie
) (610 mJ/h/mZ \ ) 2
maxi)
Ddsg 4, VAPOR TS =
x KI
32 CAF
mJ/h/m
FACTOR
CAF o =
System
factor = CAF,
CAF 5. VAPOR
x K2
x 0.38.
EFFECTIVE
6.
APPROXIMATE
COLUMN .
DIAMETER
DT
= 2.5
m (Fig.41
2 of
PROCESS
CALCULATION
ITEY
SHEET
:
no
TOTAL
EXPf SUA CHU DATE COLUMNS
TITLE :
NO Jo8
:
N* :
EXA4CLC
REV
3.2.
COLUMN HEKHTESTIMATION
Ql
a.
on vertical
for,Hl
b. H2: HZ : tray spacing No actual for x (number of actual trays/ = 56% Actual Note : if the column h, = r z(01 2 diameter changes over the length, increase trays = the transition l6 fzs-rr ti&-rC 7 trays - 1)
see section
piece will be
by this amount
Selected
HZ = 6
?SO
mm
Sheet
of
PROCESS
CALCULATION
ITEM
SHEET
:
TRAYCOLUMNS
NO JO8 TITLE : JO8 : No
EZ(G4QLE
REV /
c.
H3:
Qao
*m
sizing
= h6 + h7 + h8 Ser
For production
.
flowing column
to : t = 15 min 2 10 5
Flo
IV0
He
. I . .
Set
reboiler/heat
5 h8 = 500
h6 =
2000
ii
F tv ts
TOTAL
COLUMN
HEIGHT
= Hl
+ HZ + Ii3 = 6750
mm
4 of
roTAL
P/DoefuP/uP/mm
TRAY
COLU:
;Us
cuT+fLc
PROCESS TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
ENGINEERING TRAY
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page .No
COLUMNS
Date
: 2/85
3.9
TABLE SYSTEM
FACTORS
jewiCe
System Factor regular systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . -- . . . . . . ..I.~.................~.........~...~.... e.g., oil absorbers, e.g., amine and glycol amine and glycol regenerators...... 1.00 0.9 .85 .73 .60 -30
I
absorbers . . . . . ..-.......I-.................. Severe foaming, e.g., MEK units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-.....................-...... . . . . . ..-......-.-............-....... Foam-stable systems, e.g., caustic regenerators
regular
systems, foaming,
systems .............................................................. e.g., BF3, Freon ........................................................ e.g., oil absorbers, amine and glycol regenerators ...... and glycol absorbers ...................................
e.g., amine
mm
950
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
CAF,
Fiq.
FLOOD
CAPLCITV
OF
IALLAST
TRAYi
c
-
I --
PROCESS ENGlNEERtNG
No :
TRAY ~~LwQIS
DESIGN
MANUAL
newwon
rage No :-
10
-Ep/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: 2/85
3.11
Fl9.
tauLAsr
APPROXIMATION
TR*v DIAMETER
PURPOSES ONLY) lrl,b . Ll0Ul0
LO40 m*m
(FOR
100
700
2500 -
650
600
Is0
so0
AS0
A00
as0
100
2so
200
'SO
100
so
-0
OTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 1. APPLICABILITY FEASIBILITY Under complex transfer normal
PROCESS
ENGINEERdNG
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
PACKED
TOWERS
Date : 2m
3.12
STUDY
: PRE-PROJECT the design information of a packed regarding tower both would packing be detailed of packed type by a vendo towers i
Pat 15co1
based on process
by the engineer.
The detailed
design
and requires
GOI
contacted. guide details and loading are given on the general and pressure tower methods the arrangement of packet
wit tov
, Lit
drop correlations. be evaluated in design guide of this by a vendor literature and is normall: o (set
ant
determination by the
height description.
should scope
determined references). unnecessary 2. PACKED A general Packing The correct required Table NOTES .
outlined
In
do en
arrangement
of a packed
selection
of a tower
packing
be made Details
by the vendor
based on th
i) II *lu I\
process, 1 - Packing
flowrates service
on packing
are given in :
AND
GUIDELINES steel towers may be lined for being corrosive processed the packing service with rubber, plastic or brie
Carbon depending
Towers expensive
inferior at vendor
distribution
but smaller
Nc
&AL
TEP./DP/EXP/SUR
/
I
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
PACKEDTOWERS
3.i
1
per support plate/grid packing should types. not exceed 12 (3.6 m) for Raschig are normally
rings
Packing column Good within towers ack Liquid stacked for ! (5 mal In order enough packing. Packed Packed i) In tl ii) small
of to t;
Individual
bed heights
limited
or 6 m maximum. over the packing of liquid towers should is necessary enter to promote should adequate phase contact for small
centres
with D < 36. For larger redistributors diameters packing should for other
and 5-10
3 tower diameters for Raschig rings Redistributors are not generally required for
approx.
flow is vertical. packing breakage occuring during The limiter flow surges holdbe heavy on the
to reduce
must
to hold down the bed and be able to resettle or metal the bed limiter
towers tower
for
dirty
service
fluids
glycol
dehydration.
in preference
to tray towers
columns foaming
acids or corrosive
iii) highly
.,
..
.I
f&CESS
ENGINEERJNG
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No : 0
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
fRAY
COLUMNS
Date
: 9r/a5 3 11
A&D Process
USEFUL Design
LUDWIG
Petrochemical 4.2 Design Bulletin. 4.3 Tower Packed Hy-Pack Interlox 4.4 Design Packed
saddles
plants
Bulletin
Internals
TP-78
MY-40 CI-78
*I
1,
TA-80R
Techniques Towers
for sizing
4.5 No mystery
in packed
bed Design
Program Towers
column
for Designing
Design
on a Pocket
Columns
Perry
pp 18.19 +
dc
,F-. TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
1 PROCESS
tNGINttHINb
UtSlCiN
MANUAL I
nevlrron
u I
Page &o
Date
: 2185
3.15
Liquid
hh( -rJ
FIGURE
Pockirq
Liquid
~kctinq
Suppor(
aq--=-
Suvia
Appliation
ucnurb
Ncuual
didofu %WJ~
Uoglsxcd
rypspeikda-
usual
aept rpcci81 reqnircnlmt of bow acLsorpcion on surface. special ccnmicr available for
TABLE
Par-
St an
rho&
weigh
light
weight
Packing Sire This affects contact efiicicncy; usually, packing is more efficient; however, pressure
ClY.aSU.
the
rma drop
As a gmeral Packing
guide,
inches
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
PACKED -RS
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Paw No :
Date
: 2/85
3.16
3.0
100
. ..-
1. Tc tr a1 ba
GBEWLEDPRESSUREDAOCI
.
1 2. *
P
J
IC (a d
h
J
n c s c
C
i t I I I I
I / i
002
0.04
06
0.1
02 t-/E--
0.4
0.6
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Packing Factors
(DUMPED
Packing Hy-PakTU Super Intalox Saddles Type
PACKING)
Nominal Packing Size (Inches)
3
Matl. /r
Metal Ceramic Plastic
lt6
Va
loril 43 60 33
1%
11/i 2or12 18 30 21 40 33 52 24 20 40 65
3/ior#3 15
sutydfdlrl:,lox
Pall Rings Pail Rings lntalox*Saddles Raschig Raschig Raschlg 8erl
P8Ckllle OJtJ
16 16 16 22 37
Plastic
Metal I Ceramic Ceramic 5/32 metal
/6 metal
97
I
725
1600
380 170
290
255 155
220
125 95
700
110 83 65
57
32
Saddles
fWtOt% by LJJ det.lW,ed
Ceramic
rtt,, J
900
JWrJtJl SfltJl In M
240 1
1.0. t-r.
170
110
45
--
TOTAL
PROCESS ENGlNEERlNG
PACKED T-95
DESlGN MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
1 TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: z/es
3.17
2. After
the value of X consult the gcnerahred pesurc drop correlation l oove. It knfl be noteo mat there are a series of marked parameters rangmg from 0.05 to 1.5 jnchcs of water pressure drop per foot of Pachcd death (4 to 125 mm of rater pressure amp per meter of packed dCDth). Normally. a packed twer should be deslgoed to 00emte at J mammum economrcal pressure Omp. The du:gn l ngtner must determme the but balance between hagher apical uwestment vs. lower ooentmg costs for low pmsure drop twen. and low apttrl mvestment vl. hrgher
--K f
L
a packed Wr. fiat it is necessary to know Of lipuld or gJs IO ba handI& JtId from thas the liquid-gas nuo (L/G). The Oensrt~es of and ftas should be known and the term
using
the
equation:
alculatlng
ciotal c Ibs./tq.
Ibs./sec.
tt.mc.
JS aetemvn~
from
Step
4.
establishes the dlrmeter wth the -clung sekcted kqudana gas rates. rnll develoo
when
oeragn amp
at
not
htgher ownted
pressure aowe
be deoenoent 00 the, reaurreo with 1OOy mass, rncow8uiiy nqumng a bea of rnfmrte deptn.8 Therefore tow-a0 are ahays desqned to 00erate at I~SS. than total mass transfer. In gas J0~0rpt10n Dmbkms. the, bed is usually alculated from the mass transfer CD-. effioenti )(r;J =
of the to total
1.0 men of water prawn dmp per foot of packed depth (83 mm of water pressure drop 0er meter of packed depth). Htgher pressure drops are poiuble wfren mstfumentatfon IS such as to matntmn a constant prarun amp. Most ab sorben and regenerators are bes~gned for lw pressure drop ooeratron. l.c.. somewhere ktwcen 020 and 0.60 inches of water prcuure dmp per foot of packed depth (17 and 50 mm of water pressure drop per meter of packed depth). Atmospheric or pressure disMaUons art dcugnd for prurun dmps of 0.50 to 1.0 mcha of water pressure amp per foot of pcked depth (42 mm to 63 mm of water pressure amp per meter of packed depth). Vacuum dlStillabons run the complete nnge of pressure drop and aredependent on what is t0 De accomphshed and whether me va&um is solefy for impmved seoantlon or whether It ts to reduce tempenture of repantron to trnorove pdua
N
t-i A I A YLM
the gas to me hqurd phase. 8s mvolvea then me mars
because the drive IS from Or if a sttipping operatton fer co-cffioent becomes: Kra =
tmnS.
HAAXU
should keep in mmd that the pressure dmo parameters shown on the generalized pressure am0 carrdauon are m Inches of rater (mm of water). Therefore. when oargnmg columns operatrng mth other lioutds. SW oal consldentron should be grnn. apeaally *men the specific gnnty of the liquid is substantially ICSS than that of water. For example. an rbsoorbcr handhng a hyOrour0On wrth a specffic gravrty of 0.5 wtll uhtbrt the propen~es of a t0wer rrth a hold-up volume corresponding to a pmsure drop l poroxrmatefy 80% greater man that for whfch It uas dacgne4. the value of X as me abscfssa fn Step 1. and selected an aperatmg pressore drop m Step 2. the value of the ordmate. Y. may be determuwd by the use of the genmlrxed pressure dmo cornWon. Locate the value of me l bsassa on thrs chart: move vertralfy untff the pmper pressure drop prrameter 8s contacted: then move honxontalfy fmm thts pomc to the left hand edge of the chart and read the value of me ordmate. Make the value 4ual to thus group of vanaWe: havmg determined
because the Qnve IS imm the liaufd to the gaS phase. The defin8bons of me terms for the r0ovc cquatfons for X.4 and Kra are as follows: Kd = Mass transfer CD-ffioent lb. mola/ft.S Hr. Atm. = Mass tmnsfer co4fioent lb. moru/ft.J Mr. k. N = Lb. rnolc~ tnnsferred/Hr. H = Packed depth of tower paclung. ft. A = Tolm truss suxronal area. ft.2 P = System pmure. atmospheres Y, = Gas phase mole fracbon. component I Ye = Gas phase mole tractton of component i rn ecyutlibnum rnth kqutd bulk phase mole fractfon of ccfmpanent i. XI X, = Liquid phase mole fnctton, cOmPonent I phase mole fnctton of component I rn X, = Liquid equilibrium rcth gas bulk phase mole fnctlon of camponent i. Y, For cwnterturrent
AyLy =
gas-liquid
(YieY;)2-(Yi-Y,)1
flow
. After
La [
(Vi
Yi32
/ (vu *Yi)l
y1. Then G =
CGFVO- EG?--RI
I !
6 known except for the WsCoslty factor f and the gas t-ate c. The viscosity of the hqu~d can be detemlned from htenture. experiment or l pproxrmatton. The packmg factors Of alI SUes of packmg are gtven tn the table on page 4. grOad(y Speaking. packings smaller than 1 rnth SlZe Jre Intended for tuweo one foot or smaller tn diameter. packrngr 1 mch Or 1% mch m saze for tower over one foot to three feet (0.3 to 0.9 meters) rn drameter and 2 or 3 inch PaCkrngS are used for towen three or more feet (0.9 mere-l In okaml ter. The destgner should select the omoer srze of PJChW. and therefore the pt-ooer pacfung factor rn trhr lust CaICUlatlOn. ail vanaCMes have and the tyaamecer
assigned
of
the
be Oy
where the subscripts 1 and. 2 refer to the top and bottom of the cOfumn rapectrvely. The equatfon of AX IS l nafogouS to the equation for AYL. gfven above. La and Kra data are l vadable for most l bsorptron ana stnppng ooentmnr. 8eausa the data on absorption of CO, wth caustic soda solutfon are So complete for me various packmgs. it is not at all unusual to use the data as a ntto mformahon source for aesrgn wrth other packmgs and other rites than those for whrch dwrct rnformatron l xrst.s. Distillrtton umts are generally desrgnea an the basts of HEW (hcrght equrvalent to a thcoretfal plate). Hundreds of 01st1b Won l xDenmental studfa have caused US to conclude mat the pmpMws of a system have little to do wth the HETP value. pmviOtd that good dfstnbutfon IS marntarncd and the packed bed IS operated wth pressure amPs of at kast 0.20 mches of water pressure drop per foot of packed depth (17 mm of water prasure drop per meter of oackecl depth). Mass tnnlfer taking place rn packed beds. where any ~uO~tant~al amount Of pressure drop exrstS. wfll occur predommatcty IS a result of turbulent contact of gas and IWJI~ nther than as a offfustonal operatfon governed by film resistances at the mterlace. Once the total bed depth has been detcrmlned. the death of rnd~~dual beUs must be estabhshed. Gcneralty. ~nd~~dual bed defxh 1s held to l tght column etameters or 20 ft.. l nhougn under CeRam conditions 30 ft. Oeos are Mnnrssrblc. Prooer to-3 mternals are re~uwed to real~re me full poccnbal of the pachmg rn any l pphcatron. (See cng8nnrrng manual TAbOR.)
Revision
:
: Z/85
Page No :
I Date
il,
HEAT
EXCHANGERS
TOTAL
TEP/DPIEXP/SUR 1. APPLICABILITY It is not expected engineer. calculation A quick For the would estimation
PROCESS
ENGINEERtNG
OESlGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
SHELL
AND TUBE
EXCHANGERS
Date
Tf
.: yss 4.1
of shell or
by the rigo,rou!
HTRI
should
be done by
of the procedure
mechanical
AND
design is beyond
NOTES
inside
according Figure ;
to requirements
and can be
or multi-pass
on either
tube or shell
manufactured
or forced
circulation) -
SIDE
side : &Most of time Fouling Sea water side : Fluid with the highest (refrigerants viscosity in chiller) fluid Condensation fouling fluid - Least highest pressure fluid to install the sea water on tube side) fluid Cooling water, steam
or corrosive
lowest pressure
2.3.
OF TUBES length : 12, 16, 20 but longer used : 3/4, used : triangular only. I or square. External tube cleaning is possible tube lengths are possible (upto 40)
commonly commonly
squarepitch
2.4.
TUBE
.
SIDE VELOCITIES tube. side velocity 1.3 to 2.5 m/s. I to 1.2 m/s a problem. fouling will be excessive, much above 2.3 m/s erosior. can for . most materials and services should be held between
become
DESIGN
MANUAL
EXCHANGERS
Revision Date
0I
Page No :
: 2f85
4.2
OF TUBES BWG = BIRMINGHAM WIRE 1 SECTION 1 1 I (cm2) 0.565 0.694 0.819 1.177 1.434 1.727 1.948 2.154 2.714 3.098 3.523 3,836 4.122 4.885 5.375 5.909 6.357 6.701 7.665 8.300 8.962 9.512 9.931 GAGE ! AREA (m2/m) 1 Internal I I 0.0266 0.0295 0.0321 0.0384 0.0424 0.0466 0.0495 0.0520 0.0584 0.0624 0.0665 0.0694 0.0720 0.0783 0.0822 0.862 0.0894 0.0918 0.0981 0.1021 0.1061 0.1093 0.1171 i WEICh f (kgm I 0.6OC I 0.49C I 0.384 I 1.436 I 1.216 I 0.96: 0.774 0.597 2.024 1.696 1.324 1.057 0.811 2.604 2.158 1.682 1.34c I 1.024 f 3.18 I 2.63; I 2.035 I 1.62: I 1.237
I I THI;C$..lESS f BWC, 1 I I I I I 1 I 14 1 16 I 18 I 10 I :t j 16 I I8 I 10 I 12 I 14 I 16 I I I 2.10 1.65 1.24 3.40 2.77 2.10 1.65 1.24 3.40 2.77 2.10 1.65 1.24 3.40 2.77 2.10 1.65 1.24 3.40 2.77 2.10 1.65 1.24
Internal ; diameter , km) I 1 I 0.848 0.940 1.021 1.224 1.351 1.483 1.575 1.656 1.859 1.986 2.118 2.210 2-2v1 2.494 2.616 2.743 2.845 2.921 3.124 3.251 3.378 3.480 3.556
i External I I tI 0.0399
I
f
I I
!
I
0.0598
I
1 I 1 1
I I
i I I
I I I I
I
) f I I 0.0997 0.0798
I
I
!
I I. ! I 11/4 in
I
i
I
I 1
I (31.75 mm) I
l8 I 10 1 it I
I
I
I
I
16 18
I
1 1
I I
1
; 1
1 1 I 0.1197
I 1 I I
I 10 1 :t
I
I I
I
I I
de) 2.6.
I 16 I I 18 I
I 1
I
!
2.7.
DESIGN
.
MARGIN
10 % on area is recommended. DROP n P varies pressure drops with the total of 0.7 to system 1.0 bar pressure per and the phase of fluid. are common. Th
possible
2.8.
PRESSURE
.
.
berween
exchanger
Some
exchangers
system.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
SHELL
AND TUBE
EXCHANGERS
Date
: 2/85
4.3
2.9.
OF HEAT
TYPE
(Figure
1)
end stationary
Type A : Used for frequent the cover. Type B : Cheaper difficult. Type C : Cheaper Type D : Special types Type E : Type F : In general . Advantage . Disadvantage than than Type Type
tube
due to the ease of dismantling of the bonnet The price increases is morf quick11
A but
dismantling
products.
never used.
used. counter current (F = I). baffle and shel. between in value. problems drop from baffle). of Type E shells in series. expansion. eg : < 1 bar (risk of damage the longitudial
flow at perfect
pressure
of the longitudinal This type will be used only to avoid . a great number
reboiler. Type G & H : Used for low AP = 50 mbar as for thermosyphon Vertical baffles are not installed for these types and due to thal the length
of the shell
must
be limited. for Type belt. ie chiller, some reboilers... E and also sometimes or
. . c.
Type J :
flow
or high
AP
Type K : Used for vapor separation end, head types L, M and N : Fixed cn the shell. L and N will be used for dirty Generally not used. tube sheet,
Rear .
Types
low
fluid
AT
< 30 C. If A T > 30 C
types
or install
joint Type . . . . . d.
type M will be used it is the cheapest. Type P : Type 5: Type T : Type Type Used very frequently, For frequent dismantling, on tubeside 5 for same number U : For clean 7. : Generally fluids not used. no restrictions. expensive,
no other
shell
diameter
than typt
of tubes generally
Conclusion The most frequently used types are : BES, BEW, AES, BEM, divided flow, BEU.
Page No : TEP/DP/EXP/SUR w
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
AND TUBE
DESIGN
EXCHANGERS
MANUAL
Rdvision :
0 I
~-Page-Nay-r
\ 4.4.
I
Date
: 2/85
SHEU
~~~~ ,.xchonger
FIGURE imantlint
nommtclatura
1
is more
s quick11 A
w-----i
WITM TWO PAS 1OtGllUMNU WELL Mffl.E
ONE
PUS
MU
IL
and shell B
sONNO
IINWL
COVER1
damage H C
D--,----,DoualESNl FlOw
ies. -. e to thal
CHANNEL INTKiML SlitIT AND RWVA8lt WlTti TUI COVtl
times
on
/I
, _
flOW
MVIDED
-k .+
WCti mESURE
1 -
cases
the D
I
SPKIAL CLOSL
than
type
aoss
FLOW
-.
BEU.
ITEM :
DUTY HOT FLUID Inlet temperature Outlet temperature COLD FLUID Inlet temperature Outlet temperature Tl - t2 (1) T1 T2 t1 t2
1 Q (2) 1 kcal/hr 1 I I t I C C C C
I I
0.5
VALUE
s
IC
NOTES
G
i i
f Indicate I
temperatures
@>b -3
1 I rS I 26
T2 - tl LMTD t2 - tl Ti - rl Tl-T2 p - t2- tl Ti-tl R=Tl-T2 t2 - tl F = LMTD factor Number Number HEAT correction (2) of shell passes (3) of tube passes TRANSFER COEFF. U 1 kcal/hr I m2 C I I .
I I
I i I
i
I I I , I Fig. 2 Fig. 2
k I
I I
I
4oo
I
I
i
including fouling factor I i
HEAT A=2
TRANSFER
AREA
I
C?S -I I lr=o*q5 I :c ( -0,) Sfq u +a* pdh I , id f3.4 - i cso t-k5 I EZCA*o~Cf- Yw? I ficr, I I . I
1; I
m2
1 I
I I I I 1 t I I I I I
1 I
FT ins
I I
2.76 I I 5. IS 1 s
PROCESS
CALCULATION
SHEET
TUTAL
EPl~mlP/
IY
TUE3E HUT
\
JOB TITLE : Fr3
EXCHANGER
Cih4cA~
NO JOE
:
N= .
E: ~23C
E y.\.wL: REV
CM% I
14lU
/I
TOTAL r,
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
SHELL
DESlGN MANUAL
formula ifT2-tl>Tl-t2
L,MTJ-J = (T2 - ti) - (Ti - t2) Ln T2 - tl Tl-t2 LMTD = (Tl - t2) - (T2 - tl) Ln Tl - t2 T2 - tl
if Tl-
t2 > TZ - tl
Remark
exchange the
curves
should the
be determined ponderation of
step the
linearisation
curves
by the panial
on each linear
condensing
In this surface
case calculate
the
heat
transfer
area
for each
zone,
areas
is the
for the exchanger. correction of shell factor and tubes (Figures 2) be chosen . in order to have 1 < F < 0.8
ESTIMATION
DIAMETER area, of tubes selected and with tubes tabje size, pitch, tubes length the it is possible to shell
With
the
1 or 2 hereafter
approximate
maximum
shell
diameter
about
60 inches.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUA
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
&vision
Cl
Page No :
TC
TEPK
: 2/8S
4.7
z ; 2 c 0 _ = Y : 0 I
C
3 L ,:
LMfD
correction
factor
_.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
AND TUBE
DESIGN
=mmNGERs
MANUAL
R&riotl
Page No :
SHELL
Date
: 2/8S
4.8
roTAL
EP/DP/EXP/SUR
SHELL NUMBER
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO
SHELL
Dhte
: 2/85
4.9
PITCJI
I TUBE SIDE
I I ;
NUMBER I
PITCH OF
I TUBE SIDE
I I !
gH1
API
OF PASSE5
PASSES
I
32 32 82 9) 137 IAS 236 276 323 107 IO SJI 633 7&O t23 921 I021 1202 1435 I62G I911 221 I 2387
26 32 76 90 124 I66 220 270 31: 39r 460 324 616 712 a12 901 IOlk II61 IYI I 1398 1190 2214 2356
20 40 61 12 II6 15: 204 246 30: 370 632 480 169 615 770 110 913 II47 1367 lJ>J 1148 2167 2JlO -
36 60 90 I09 164 211 274 320 3x3 b7I JM 630 765 1JJ 967 1074 1206 lb06 1639 1172 2212 2J68 2987 _
32 >6 12 IO4 JJO 200 2% 306 375 r>t s3u 603 726 130 937 I047 1173 J3lJ I61 I It4J 2113 254) 294J
21 67 76 90 137 113 211 279 3JO bl9 *a7 JS6 677 772 812 1014 1129 1310 I%3 1766 2092 2446 2127 . MAXIMUM TUBES NUMBER PER SHELL TABLE 1
inc
*-
:a:
T
SHELL Bi in incMs
i t I
TUBES PITCH NUMBER I bF 0 PASSES I II4 TUBE SIDE I, I6 30 bJ 33 12 101 139 I66 197 2b6 287 339 390 432 313 337 637 729 175 IOIG !I96 lb00 ICI5 : I6 26 bl II 76 102 I37 IJI I97 222 267 320 36) bJl 40 5s5 611 109 8>3 975 I It.7
-i-
1 PJTCJI NUMBEF. I 20 37 57 67 96 129 170 199 246 294 349 396 472 J31 610 674 766 900 1018 I Ita
lUO> A 1 J/4
f 4
OF PASSES 2 I6 30 51 61 92 127 160 II9 232 281 s35 376 4>6 J20 192 664 735
TUBE
SIDE
7 -I
c
I6 26 47 57 16 I17 JJO I79 215 257 302 539 431 467 J61 631 698
20 30 b? 61 a; 113 lb1 170 207 248 2X7 349 190 CJa 326 J77 643 746 a94 1029 I216 1420 1639
TABLE
WAXIMUY
lW8U
NUUBER
PER
SHELL
1638 IIP9
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR ,- WELL AND TUBE OVERALL
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
SELL
4,IO
HEAT
TRANSFER
factors)
ra1tr/air vattrlvactr culgrc cd/gas CdC3 P4tcrlli(hl vrttr/amagc (< 35 bard UQUI chiIlcr Ii-C. rUCOuty H.C ILLC 0.5 rucosrty cpo < 0.5 CpO < 1 cpo 70 bars)
70 - 120 mcl 240 270 290 290 250 - 1 occ - 340 - 360 - 440 - 73t - 610
kcal/hzmzoC
x 0.2047 x 1.162
= BTU&ft20F = W/InLOK
2:,-2x, 5cc~mfligh: ~tamlamrgc H.C. VPcosrly H.C. KC. 0-s rrrcosity c&lo < 0.3 CPo < 1 CPO soo230 loo0 - )oc
Sttun/htary
30 - 300
sltamlvattr
Laghc H.CJwatcr orcrbtadvattr Fracuonata S~c4m/oil
CUOllN/WJlCf Htrry
H.C.lrarer
c.
Vawrlzatmn
(reboilerr)
Irghthtam C4-Cllrwam
Set
frgurts
3 and
4 hercrlttr.
7.
REFERENCLS
AND
USEFUL
LlTERATURE
TEMA KERN LUDIIIC CAMPBELL NCPSA PERRY HTRI HTFS OUICK January
(smaaras
of tub&r
cxchangtr
marw.facrwerr
assouatron)
3 second 1
cdrtron
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
SHELL AND TUBE
DESIGN
EXCF??GERS
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
Date FIGURE 3
: 2/85
4.11
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
SELLI
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
FIGURE
TYPE
WEIGHT
BEU
ESTIMATE
&se : 3l4 BWG
14 PITCH
: I-0
TUBES
LENGTH
16
?-
Q f 2 c) .. 3 f c -
I I I I I
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 1. APPLICABILITY
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision :
Date
Page No : 4.13
-
AIR COOLERS
: Z/85
For both the feasibility and preproject study it would generally be required to state tb required duty of the air cooler, the overall dimensions and weight and an estimate E required fan power. A calculation 2. DESCRIPTIQN procedure sufficient for a preliminary
NOTES
estimate
AND GUIDELINE
Water or Air Coolinq ? . Air cooling offshore is sometimes prohibited This may require installation of the air equipment. Use dosed loop water cooling. Air cooling is cheaper, simple and flexible nuisance of water treating . is eliminated due to the modular layout of the platf I cooler too remote from the associate
vjhen compared
In warm climates air cooling will not be as effective as water which will produce i cooler product stream. Air cooling is approx 50-70 % as effective as water.
Forced on induced draft ? Forced draft pushes the air at low&t power requirement. Accessability costs lower. Possibility efficiency. to motor and driver available temperature (highest P
) hence lowei
are better
on
forced.
Structural
and
main-rain.
Induced draft Foolers can be easily installed above piperacks or other equipment Protection is given by induced draft coolers from effects of rain, wind snow on finnec tubes. Important if fluid in tubes is sensitive to sudden temp change also freezing oj tubes can occur in cold climates or heavy snowfall.
I i
1
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Finned . tube 1 OD tubing Extended . Standard costly . Bundle smaller . than depth units.
PROCESS SHELL
ENGINEERING
AND TUBE
DESIGN MANUAL
EXCHANGERS
Revision
Page No :
4.14
Date elements (see Table common 2) with 0.5 to 0.625 fins. Fin . Longer spacing
,;u85
is most area
7 to 11 pir
inch.
surface tube
is 7 to 20 times from
6 ft to 50 ft
tube
designs
are less
short may
from
3 rows estimate.
to 30 rows
of tubes.
4 or 6 rows
is common
for
AL. Adequate
upto
400 C operating.
Use steel
for higher
Fans and motors . Fans are axial-flow efficiency . Fan D equal to 6 blades. . Distance area must . Fans may limited . . 95 %. large -less than bundle 14-16. O-4-0.5 hydraulic or gasoline driven. Individual driver site usually of fan diameter. Ratio of fan ring area to bundle width. Normally 2 fans preferred. Fans have 4 volume low DP devices. Use total fan efficiency 65 %. Driver
to or slightly
between
steam,
to 50 hp, (40 kw), 380 V. of air across a bundle in air flow rate results is 300-700 in -35 ft/min % change (l-5-3.6 ms-l). used.
in power
control control speed pitch of process motors outlet temperature auto-variable pitch fans, top louvers or
are required. efficient adjusted freeze than louvers. for winter or gel ai or mght temperatures air temp time operation. above entering min the winter ambient a
fans more
process
C. Absolute
fan speed
as low as possible
and consider
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO 4.1
AND USEFUL LITERATURE PERRY LUDWIG GPSA CAMPBELL pp 11.23 > 11.25 pp 177 z 193 chapter 9
Air cooled hear exchangers Air cooled heat exchangers Air cooled heat exchangers Aerial coolers Design of air coolers - A Procedure for estimation
STEP l.Oprll rows ?r)- -L , f 4.Y =c 5./\tal 6. EXIT 7. Aver D rm 8. Bare 9. Bare 10. Tu 11. Tu , 30 14. 14. 15. 16. 17. To Nu Fa PO Es.
4.1
pp 207-209
R. BOWN Chem. Eng, Mar 27 1978, p N. SHAIKH Chem. Eng, Dee 12 1983, p .
4.6.
Notes :
DuiY
OPERATING
CONDITIONS
AND
OF FLUID
H-b-~
46
WQ
i 2% 10 kcaI/hr = j i too50 C
4
I
IP=
iU=
10
Tf = TI _ T2 = Ti=
So
C lc
1 Air ambiant temperature j! Overall heat transfer coeff. (see Table # and/or attached i work sheet) iI (Based on bare tube area)
, STEP
i
I tl = I I
30 I kcaI/hr 200
l-1 - tI = -$o
NOTES
l.Optimum
number air/& m
of tube
IN= IR= I
I 1
% 0.8 C
I I I I
N 4,) N 4) N 5)
I ,
rows
? 3 =Ot
1 0*314 I o-35 -
airjT1
- tl
- tl) t2
lY=
= Y x (Tl
I ;
=Atair + tl
temp.
C I
C I I C I
differential
(1 .
Arm
,At;ir
A b&
1 326
I I 41
m2 : m2 j
F,; 1 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.5 or 9 m are common I
Fa=AjN
IFa= IL=
Tube
I 7.5
lTR=l
I w
68
1 4.3
(1 OD tubing)
=Fax0.795
I Fp I )2*4 I NF I 2 I FD I 3-S
t ] I PF M 1 16.2 1 I? 500 I
m I kW I
I M I
kW I kg 1 I (including motors)
Curve Process
numbers Design
4.
MnlT
CALCULATION
SHEET
TOTAL mmll
1 -IDop/Mp/ 3Y CHK
ITEM:
NO : N* :
E YAMGREV 1
TITLE
JOB
1. LIQUID LIQUID
COEFFICIENT
2.
GLOBAL HEAT TRANSFER (Rest curve no 3) 4. PARTIAL 4.1. CONDENSATION WITHOUT inlet outlet outlet Tl -T2 LIQUID
COEFFICIENT
: U =
kcal/hr
m2 C
kghr kg/h
kg/hr C
GAS MOLECULAR
COEFF. COEFF.
kcal/hr
m2 C
kcal/hr
m2 C
TRANSFER
COEFF.
=
u=
kcal/hr
m2 C
kcal/hr
m2 C
TOTAL
P/mIMP/ \ I EXP/ SJA
CHI( OATE
m-0
PROCESS
CAiCULATlON
SHEET
ITEM :
NO JO8
:
N* : REV
4.2.
AT INLET flow flow rate rate WLl WL2 WEIGHT HEAT AT Tl AT Tl = = +2T2 = kcaI/kg C kghr kg/hr .
MOLECULAR SPECIFIC
+2T2 CPI =
QL=(,)xCPlx(Tl-12) inlet outlet gas flow rate. gas flow rate WC1 WC2 WEIGHT HEAT AT Tl AT Tl ;T2 + T2 CPg
= = = = =
kcal/hr
kghr
kg/hr
GAS MOLECULAR
I
GAS SPECIFIC .
kcaJ/kg kcal/hr
QG
- =
= AT Tl +2T2 =
LIQUID HEAT TRANSFER (Read curve no 2) GAS HEAT TRANSFER (Read curve no 2) CONDENSATION HEAT COEFF. (Read curve no 3) GLOBAL u= * ut + u3 + (4 HEAT TRANSFER
COEFF.
COEFF.
ug =
kcal/hr
m2 C
kcal/hr
m2 C
I
/
TOTAL
BREl
WT
DATE JOB TITLE
PROCESS
CALCULATION
SHEET
ITEM :
NO Jot3
:
N : REV
PROCESS
ENGINEERING AIR
DESJGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
DP/EXP/SUR
cF.vE 1
-COOLING HYOROCAA8ON
COOLERS
Date
: 2/85
4,2Q
LIOUIOS
HIGH AI?
LOW FOULING FACTOR
03
01
8910
u CURVE 2 COOLING
Ln -cca1/hr.m2
-c
CASES
I I
PRESSURE
I I t
L 40 BAR 1 50
I i
ASS. ,I60 70
78910
20
30
-~
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
AIR COOL==
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page
NO
Date
: 2(85
4.21
200
IS0 /
PRESSURE I 1 I BAR I ABS I I 70
10
x
20
JO
40
50
BTLJ/hzft20F
4.885
= kcal/hm2
TABLE
T+c*l owrdl
k
-
c.
1
BTu/hrft2F-
we=2
Fintube
F.m h..,)lt CI Fins/inch
data
y,
for
in. h *
l-in.
00
tubes
$6 in. LT 10 S.SB
kwu-drr
.I. rrbm
e~F4urm
I-C. k--t.
rq
ft/ft I
3.00 IA.5
21.4
In J
2 inA
68.4
2%
2%
In
A 1
2%
80
10
4
60.6
00 101.0 0
09
118.8
rows)
rows1 rows)
91.2
114.0
107.2
134.0 160.8
148.5 178.2
(6
136.8
121.2
. I I
u.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR -
PROCESS
/
ENGINEERING
AIR
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision :
Page No :
CURVE
I
700 TRANSFER
I
800 (ban tutu)
Y=
CilJIr 11 .I1
0.7
0.C
0.5
0.4
.A
0.3
1 0.2
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUA
1. APPLICABILITY
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
TYPE
DESfGN
EXCHANGERS
MANUAL
- .
j I;;rnz2,,,
:
, pag;z
PLATE
STUDY
circumstances,
exchangers
would
be aetailed
by a
Two types
.
exchangers
Plate Plate
. For given.
the purpose
design
guide,
only
a quick
description
and some
characteristics
are
be done
be estimated
VICARB)
are available. heat formula C;uids, transfer area could be done heat if the heat transfer with coefficient correction factors is
exchanger ect...
a LhZTD
to estimate spacing,
; it depends
on many
2.
AND
NOTE5
EXCHANGERS consist with of stacked corrugated parts sheets together. counter time. a drum is required ycq+alrc fluids. to separate FL the two current, or crossflow and (fins) of fluids. separated This by flat plates and in a
exchangers frame
an outer
openings
and outlet
core is immersed
is a two
phases
flow
b c4-.hw
OTAL
-/DP/EXP/SUf? Figure surface IMaximum Temperature Size max. Temperature Applicability Pressure 2.2 PLATE
PROCESS.
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
:
,usi
PLATETYPEEXCHANGERS
Date
1 shows the principle can be accomodated design pressure : : : approach : : drop as for shell EXCHANGERS
exchanger.
A large
54 barg (some
range
and tube
heat exchangers.
Plate exchangers
clearance every between alternate
plates
separated
by gaskets directions
to give
each
a small through
pass in opposite
plate. is easily
Refer
to figure
if required. differences
A good
overall
heat
transfer
exotic
materials coolers.
sea water
coefficient : 2 000 - 5 000 Kcal/hr about 1 500 m2 2 500 m3/hr water, pressure water-TEG, drops vary TEG-TEC, according .-. to the tocal system m2 C
: :
- service
: allowable
for
transfer for
- service . coefficient),
A P increase
low such
the overall
heat
water-TEC
or TEG-TEC
the dP could
be very
as 10 to 20 mbar.
REFERENCEAND
Vendors
USEFULLITERATURE
information.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGlNEERlNG pmr~
DESIGN
EXCHANGERS
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
4.25
Date
: 2/85
PLATE
FIN ESCSA!!GZfTS
FIGURE 1
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING PIATE
DESIGN ExctIANGuzs
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
Date
: 2/85
4,26
2940
3515 4055 AJ65 6660
9 7)
19 6i 13 lj I. 22 6i 6
s 10 11 13 21
Ii 2 -1,; .i
II 11 -11 11 13
10 !O .10 IO 0
: 3 1 5
3960
. r
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEEA!NG
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revisidn
Page NO :
FURNACES
Date
: 2/85
4.27
1. APPLICABILITY
It is not
expected
that
a hand
calculation
based
of furnaces
on process data
be performed
by the engineer.
it is
supplied fluid
by the engineer.
and generally
heat
directly
to the
process
have a large
and produce
temperatures-
consists
of the following chamber are lined with within fluid externals refractory. gas.
located
combustion
by radiation
which
to the combusion
chamber
in a convection
zone
of flare
by fan or induced
draft.
and controls.
TYPES 22.1.
.
.
This
tubes
which or floor,
or
vertical.
in the walls
zone is located Flue draft . Burners provide impingement in the floor . The leaving . . A small There either creating
either
directly
or are driven
by an induced
so as to flame located
temperature arrangement 1.
across
An alternative as shown
rows
is bxners
of the furnace
bank
connection
contains
which
the
flue
gas
is obliged pressure
to pass. to prevent gas system to a short hot gas leakage. and this has to be made
stack
is maintained flue
is a pressure
up
or by natural
bou).mcy
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No : 4.28
Date furnace furnaces a radiation burners (see Figure are vertical zone. in the bottom The convection rows of horizontal is vertically above and the radiation bank tubes. the convection is located 1) and contain radiation
SW35
These solely
and convection
zones
or
The
are located
can be
vertical
or helicoIdal.
the radiation
Generally
the stack
bank
with
no fan.
2.3.
BURNERS
.
Two
types
of burner draft
are used
in furnaces,
induced
air
or natural
draft
burners
burners.
air burners can burn gas or fuel oil of steam oil simultaneously or independently. liquids. (Excess Excess If fuel air indicates air oil is
above
is supplied with
It
is therefore air 5 to 15 %.
capable
of
can operated
EXCESS
.
AIR the air system this determine excess air recommended See 2.3. kg of flue gas per kg of fuel fired remembering that air by the burner manufacturer and the type of
Determine burner
proposed. the
From contains
21 95 Vol of oxygen.
STACK This .
GAS TEMPERATURE by 2 factors fluid inlet : will determine the temperature of the gas leaving
temperature
bank. is to be avoider. the possibility exit if sulphur is present in the fuel the stack temperature This is would
of production of about
of corrosive 120 C.
sulphurous
acid.
in a minimum
temperature
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 5. EFFICIENCY 1 =
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL I
Revision
0 : 2/85
FURNACES Date
4.29
If
Hc = Hf =
flue being
at exit (net calorific steam if required. e.g. unburned fuel (2 % is a good is of the order figure). value + sensible heat in fuel and
air) + heat
enthalpy
of combustion
. .
and unaccounted,
is all radiant
of 50 to 55 96.
75 to 85 % efficient.
is lost in : air regulation bank by natural : : 3 - 15 mm-water 5 - 15 mm water buoyancy draft burners of hot stack gas. loss is required across the burner and . . Ducting Stack : : variable variable
Convection
Pressure
IS galned
using natural
operates
a low pressure
under negative
pressure.
safe dispersal.
OF TYPE a capacity
OF FURNACE of 60 x lo6 Kcal/hr diameter requires will also is about the cylindral furnace gives construction problems
Above
as the maximum
.
A cabin
furnace
as 27 m.
are horizontal then a withdrawal space for tube However for offshore applications the space required. the cabin furnace. a uniform heat release across the radiation
It is possible 15 m.
to obtain .
to obtain 25 m.
a uniform
across
the radiation
OTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
.PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
FURNACES
Oate : Z/85
9.
FURNACE sizing
D= D in m
Qa =
absorbed D+l
2.5 D
heat m m util
0
H
=
q
COrrCCTlO* IOUC
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUf?
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
: : m5
Page No :
Date
. 1 I
.5,
PUMPS
--_
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
PUMPS
Date. 2/85 5.1 I
I .O APPLICABILITY For both the feasibility selection study and fill and a pre-project study with the engineer will be required to
: Ii
a pump to provide
in a data sheet
the basis of a good cost and layout of pumps for the service
and number
in consideration,
requirements.
2.0OFtCRIPTlONANDGUfDELINENOTES
TYPES
.
OF PUMPS
I
Generally
there
are three
I.
Cam
2. Screw
3. Mixed
4. 5. Turbine . A pump
flow
3. Gear
4. Vane 5. Lobe chart is shown in Figure 1.
Peripheral
selection USAGE
pumps
(Process
Pumps) for low to medium can be met floor hydrocarbons, head requirements. multistage products, impellers. water, boiler feed.
I I
by using
space, quiet,
easy maintainance.
I
I
I
I
OTAL
1 TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Rotary
. Dumps
PROCESS
ENGINEERING PUMPS
DESIGN
MANUAL I
Revision
Page No :
Many liquids
proprietery
designs
. . . .
can handle
500 000 SSU at high pressures. animal oils, grease, ketchup glucose, ! viscose, paints, and tomato
requirements.
Reciprocating . . . Pumps pistons Overall Piston fluids. . . Plunger gritty Diaphram intermittent
virtually
any discharge
limit
of driver
power
and strength
of
and casings. is higher than centrifugal or double Flexibility Used for design is limited. low but service pressure cannot usage. light handle Suitable diaphram. driven duty gritty for No at or : can be single services. pumps
or foreign
Less expensive pressure, parts for toxic fluids. used for TEC LITERATURE heavy
plunger
pump
circulation.
AND
3 6
CHAPTER 14.
I. Karassik
Speeds up Selection
of a Pumping
12 1979
hydraulics 28 1980
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
PUMPS
Date z/S3
5.3
! i TEPfC
1. FLUID
.
Always
2. SUCTION
.
Evaluate
head - line loss vessel operating pressure take bara. static head above pump etc : for estimate centreline. 7. F I\ use gravity/lo.197
at LLL always
0.1 bar/100 3. NET POSITIVE . NPSH, always . Vapour pumped bubble INPSHA 4. DISCHARGE . . Dellvery Static SUCTION
available
is evaluated
NPSHR
is stated
by the vendor
pressure
of the fluid
beil,G at
to m head.
For a fluid
PRESSURE pressure - use maximum of delivery Pop of destination point above pump vessel or if a submerged discharge into a
9.
head h3 - height
A P discharge
a P exchangers,
based
of 0.5
10.
heaters,
A P from equipment etc - use allowable 0.7 - 1.0 bar if not available.
data
sheets.
Estimate
PUMPS 1 I! 1 . . ., . A P orifices - for flow meters valves use 0.2 - 0.4 bar. valve of 0.7 bar, or 20 % df dynamic friction losses
TEP/DPI EXP/SUR Date
P/85
5.4
P control
- use maximum
or 10 % of pumpAP.
TOTAL DISCHARGE
PRESSURE
P values.
5. DIFFERENTIAL . Discharge
6. FLOWRATE . . . Normal Design Design Use flowrate flowrate margin 10 % for feed pumps or transfer 20 % for reflux 7. POWER Note REQUIREMENTS the term calculations. horsepower - theoretical
-
is maximum is normal
operating margin.
flow
+ design
: although metric
is still
used power
requirements
are given
in kW for
. .
.
Hydraulic
fluid HP/
KW
KW
Brake-horsepower Operating
(BHP)
hydraulic input
pump
operating
load
nm motor power
. . 8.
Connected Note
load - electrical
motor
size Kw
1 450 rpm or 2 900 rpm (shut off pressure) pressure pump AP (calculate at HLL and p maxi)
MAXIMUM .
MINIMUM
FLOW
use 30 % of normal
flow.
10.
PUMP .
purpose package.
only
Figure
the weights
of a
Indicate
pressure,
elevations
and system
FLUID
PUMPED
: Liquid
c9dM 36 l-04
s22 o-822
PUMP TYPE : c~rqaiCu<*c 2z?oo rp Speed : C bara kg/m3 Viscosity at P, T Specific gravity 15 4 Normal flow Q Design margin Design flow (1) 1 I DISCHARGE : : : f 3.2 0 .eoe 151 2-s 189
SUCTION
PRESSURE bara bar bar bar bar bar bar bar PRESS PRESSURE bara bara bar m 8 I. bara
, Min. Origin Pressure= Static head Q LLL = (m x sg x O-0981) - A P suction ,line ,- , PUMP NET SUCTION POSITIVE PRESSURE SUCTION
[ -03 I z[ Delivery pressure 345-G._ I Static head <-&I o-251 I AP control valve(s) 0.10 I AP exchanger(s) I AP orifice(s) I \* I 2 F line loss C&~-C> I Other
I i I I 1 I I
I
I I I I
0.4 0.5
f
1
I
I
m Static heado LLL .z :L :,. <.r/ m - Line loss + vapour pressure correction m TOTAL MAXIMUM AVAILABLE SUCTION NPSH PRESSURE : \( z$$s m
1 I I St!5 I l,a4
I.
I , TOT I DISCHARGE
t I t i
I
I
i-91
I DIFFERENTIAL
i ,
I I
(2);
I
Vessel PSV setting Static head at HLL baral bar I 3.5 O- S
I 14.0 L
I
I43 I I t I 322
I I
i 375
t I
I 3 I f
4 i
kW
DISCHARGE
PRESSURE
net bara
N&S:
:, S;uA cr
lo 000 as*93
I (Fig 2 for 377 I 1 5l.q; Estimated motor size kW I I Design operating load 4/fm kW I (Fig 3 for ?rn) I I I Estimated weight kg I
PROCESS CALdJLATlON SHEET
I
1 400
I
5 I
f I 51 I
I PUUP
IT
TOTAL
TEP.DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN MANUAL
Date : 2/8S
Pegs No :
FIG.
SEWERAL
4m
OF
APPLICATIOW
FOR
OIFFFREHT
PUUP
TVPEL
FLOW
(Mtn~
FIG. 2
ESTIMATION
OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
EFFICIENCY s
60 70
60
so
40
30
20
CAPACITY rn3/ h
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING P!JtlpS
DESIGN
MANUAL
AI DAgn
Condiuoru -BHP 0 0.51 0.75 1.01
2.01 Il.01 6.01 1.01 12.1 16.1 20.1 26.2 3b.9 b3.6 52.3 65.1 17.1 113 137 IX3 221 27b 319 365 610 656
12 13 7: 79 13 10
/I
t6 16 90 91 91 90 90 90 91 91.5 90 19
7s 10 II :t
tJ 86::
w.1
b1.S j2.2 65.2 17.0 114 136 112 227 273 )I: 364 co9 bSS )us
13 86 11 90 90.3 91 It 91.3 93
19 19-J I% 91 92-S 93 93 93 93
9b
91 92 92 92 a9 93 93 t: 91 90
Notes2
(1)
Applies 10 k
proof)
GRy
WEIGHT
ESTIMATE
FOR CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
PACKAGE
HORSE
POWER
TOTAL
TEPIDP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
Date
: 2f85
7,
COMPRESSORS
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision :
Page No :
TE
COMPRESSORS
Date : 2/85
7.1
..
-1. APPLICABILITY For both feasibility selection, and pre-project discharge studies the
engineer
will
be
required
to
evaluare
temperature,
temperature
here.
and power
accurate
to estimate
it is important
the
type
of
GUIDELINE
OF COMPRESSORS types used in the oil and gas processing (volumetric) . . chart centrifugal axial 1.. (volumetric) selection USE compressors compressors and service the gas lift are widely used in the oil and gas industry ratios. For example for re-injection : of field gas to ! for small industries are :
is shown in Figure
Low capacity/high
gas compression
2.2.2.
Rotary The . . . .
compressors types of rotary compressors : (ROOTS type) higher are used where sometimes used . Screw compressors machines. with a relatively or for / is generally than reciprocating a high flow rate in low of small flow most frequently employed in the petroleum
industry
6.
to medium
2.2.3.
compressors weight
have compressors
used
become
very
popular Initial
offering
more I
and essentially
w\y
c0:
.j
-.
I r
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 2.2.4. Axial These 23. DISCHARGE . Discharge limit. . is usually . temperature . 2.4. Normally DESIGN If the flow separator possible 5. WEIGHT
PROCESS
Page No :
COMPRESSORS Date : 2l85 L compressors machines pressure are particularly useful being where plants. p very high remain gas flow relative1 a 73
moderate i of
increase
is required.
! of
either upstream
for
reasons
of
ga
condensation
or compressor
equipment)
mechanical
compressor
the maximum
gas outlet
temperature
to be allowec
160 to 190 C. used in gas and oil extraction C. temperatures within the above limits industries the discharge
For centrifugal
compressor is limited
to 170/180
intercoolers
MARGINS is constant, a margin of no margin, but if. the flow separators. is coming,
to take
from into
a productiol
account the
in order
ldl
AND SIZE and size we recommend oil console, could a very to ask the itself. cabinet control manufacturer and sometimes in estimating estimation. : as vendor catalogues
detaj
f0
For weight
only the size and weight also the seal and lube The use of vendors
urn
of the compressor
As the compressor
catalogues
be misleading
Figure weight .
4 could
be used for
preliminary package
compression
including
gas turbine
+ compressor)
ely for
. . 6.
12. 14
xe JlY
6.3. 6.4.
ity
rOTAL
rEP/DP/EXP/SUR--------------------
PROCESS
ENGINEERING cokPYEsso3.s
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
Date ----------I
:2/a
7.3
II .-) -----------------------B-w-3 E
S hX -h
--.--e----w--------------------
X .E
A4% --
i=T
.-.-
__._._--------------------------.--------mm------------------
II .I :E
zu -!-
m----e---
-----------
-----------
---2 -u m
C C
_______----------------------.-
..
OPERATlNC CONDITIONS Pl = 6 P2 = Y;;; C K 2 PRESSURE
>
7.G
RATIO
PZ/Pl
= 2.33
Tl=
46
=3lq
MW=
32.34. AT 7-73
KG/M3
GAS PROPERTIES
2. 3.
POLYTROPIC AVERAGE
If = S=
= = r
O.%O 1-l s
366 q3 cc6 c
I
2 T2 k-c)
4. DISCHARGE
K c. OK /
TZ
5. DETERMINE 2 AVG SUCT DISCH AVG
GHP=2*R+W4~*(T2-Tl)
MW l
\c=iQ
KW
R = 8.314
KJ/KGMOLE
(I-
7.
CALC
SHAFT
HORSEPOWER + l/7
PS = GHP
* (1 - F/100)
PS
\6S5
KW
TM .96 -97
.98
8.
ESTIMATE
DRIVER
9.
ESTIMATED
PACKAGE
COMPRESSOR-DRIVER-LUBE NOTES :
PROCESS
CALCULATION
SHkET
ITEM :. EK*PLc MO :
OPERATING
7.5
46
= 719 = = L co oco It400
C K kg/hr
m3/h
rMW =
St.%-
w v STEP
kg/m3
NOTES K
bar i
1. GAS PROPERTIES
2. AVERAGE
d = MCp/MCp
- 1.99
3. CALCULATE =
4. DETERIL!INE
OVERALL
5. CALCULATE GHP =
GAS HORSEPOWER RxWx ,MW x3600x SHAFT x I I1 x (T2 - T1) GHP = 23e&
kW
R = 8.314 klkgmole
6. CALCULATE
HORSEPOWER
PS
kW
7g
POWER PO PO = 1.15 x PS
30%
f = 0.96 to r).97
=3qso
i+-=o
NOTES
C,~.LCULATlON
SHEET ITEM :
NO :
Exlu?_
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL I
Revision
: 0
Page No :
-w-w---ROTART CWCnLsoRs
-------w-q ;
(VOLUYETRIC)
: i : I I I . CL*lIIIfUQALfIYs
I
I / I I 1m
An0
l LOVLRS
SUCIION TYPES
f LOW
( u)w[
FIG.
CEWERAL
RANGES
OF
APPLICATION
FOR
DIFFERENT
CDYPRESSOR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
CWPRESSORS
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: ~/es
c
7.a
Page No :
0.79
r
--py -.= .:
FOR PACKAGE
1 So
.-::..
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
be 2f8S
No :
Date
8,
EXPANDERS
. ,
PROCESS
ENGINEERING EXPANDERS
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision Date
bf85
For-both
study
the engineer
will
be required
to fill
in
horsepower. by computer. ;
conditions
horsepower
systems NOTES
using a COLLIER
2, DESCRIPTION .
device It removes
which
is designed from
energy
Ij t
compressor.
\,
could be used for : pressure control let down . . C2 recovery ethylene processing, etc... I I / See Figure 1. I / /
recovery principal.
.
.
expander
efficiency energy
is the I :
ratio
of the
actual
energy
removed
to
the
maximum
theoretical = 1 Expander -
on Figure
HB HA HBl HA
efficiency
depends
maSs flow rate inlet inlet pressure temperature a value content gas must of 80-85
gas composition
at the outlet
,Maximum
figure
horsepower
should
not however
as a limit.
.
.
Turbo
expanders
can be used in series. by the variation of the design flow rate See Figure 3 ior an
Efficiency
is affected
estimation.
I AC I I
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SlJR
PROCESS
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
Date
2/85
8.2
USEFUL II
LITERATURE
to turbo
expanders
PROCESSING
APRIL
1970
Turbo natural
expander
applications
in
JOURNAL
TECHNOLOGY
processors
Jan. 23, 1978 page 63... HYDROCARBON Page 89... PROCESSING Dec. 1974
cycles
DOCUMENTATION MAFI-TRENCH..;
I.e. : ROTOFLOW,
.. t
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR PRESSURE
PROCESS
ENGINEERING EXPANDE-SS
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
(\
Page No :
Date
: 2/nS
8.3
FIGURE
PA
PB
f3l
PA inlet pressure PB outlet prasure TBl Outlet theoretical temperature TA TB HB,
HB Outlet
FIGURE
3 AS A RATE
FIGURE
85 i:: 82 81 80 79 78 PERCENT APROXIMATE PLANT FLOW RATE MMSCFD OF DESIGN FLOW RATE
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
Date
2J82
i
9,
FLARE
SYSTEMS
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 1. APPLICABILITY For the feasibility Required
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
FLARE
DESIGN
SYSTEM
MANUAL
Revision
Date
: 2,85
design ;
of the
flare
system
is not I , I 8 I
needed. .
.
for either
of number Design
and levels
of flare
relieving
. . .
KO drum
I of flare stack required, and type of tip required I I requirements consult the CFP I l3LOUDOUN SYSTEXS. depends specification on project). and design
detailed
GUIDE
AND
relief
valve/rupture
disc downstream
piping
Blowdown
system
valve, relief
downstream and
piping
depressuring
Flare
system
a system the
Vent system
release
hydrocarbons
combustion Design pressure the pressure used to design 1.0.) a safety equal device is adjusted to open under the vessel and calculate the J
pressure
Usually
to the Design
increase device.
in vessel
pressure
Normal
accumulation
is 10 % but 20 %
is allowed
for external
details
how to determine
and levels
of tne required
flare
system
for
or preproject
of irems
of
guidelines.
piping unit
iipment
and
can be protected
when
against
overpressure
capacity
most
economically
by consir
~g it a~ a single
calculating
the relieving
TOTAL iI
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGlNEERlNG
FLARE
DESIGN
SYSTEM
MANUAL
Revision :
Page NO :
Date
:2/8S
9-2
Block
valves
should
not
be present
in the
system
isolate
a unit valve.
from
its
relieving point- Special cases may warrant a car-sealed such arrangements should be avoided if possible . Interconnecting system economical . ln specifying the design pressure of the individual items should piping not should be of adequate a size that size two
open or locked
However
subjecr
10 plugging.
q-he
be of such
systems
would
be
more
and safety
valve
setting
there
are two approaches Set the design to protect the items pressure of each link item independently. of items as it avoids having an Then specify safety valve
settings Study
system
the operating
abnormal
hydrocarbon exchange
may be bypassed
in higher
than
temperatures . Failure Production of cooling medium can cause excessive downstream temperatures especially piping offshore. systems from
or beneficial to the
of equipment
temperature
headers.
be given to the following 0C must be kept This apart could from warm moist gases to prevent plug up the extent of low
gases
below
of ice within
systems may
the flarelines.
be economically
desirable
temperature -
By segregatrng the flows from high and low pressure sources into systems greater use of the high pressure drops can be achieved severe backpressures on the low pressure of some systems may warrant It may their
The other
molecular streams.
composltion e g moist
resistant
streams
from a system
be cheaper
to fabricate
than fabricate
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Determination analysis. 1. Does the facility LP compression If so, consider section 2. Does gas exist be segregated consider 3. 4. Identify
PROCESS
ENGINEERING FLARE
DESIGN SYSTEM
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
Date
: 2/85
9.3
of the flare
system
and level
can be summarized
in the following
step by stel
contain
process flare
distinct if sufficient
pressure
levels
/ I / I
separation
limitation
that
on depressuring
I I I
sources
if need to pipe up separately vents etc... and consequently Locate 1 or ,2 exist pressure within its the
Is a vent system
required
for tank
breathers,
regeneration of each
I 1
the weak
5. Identify maximum links system them links Having headers will neither The largest total
the set pressures (MABP relief system, i.e. : the low design balanced flare
backpressure
10 % of set pressure).
installing pressure
or even
! I I II I I
the same. This may be more the configuration itself. For the studies of every relief
economical system,
two flare
determined
be required.
load and conditions. can usually off the in a flare be judged first design by inspection. Invariably, drum the or a of a plant but help to
sizing
system
separator flow
or compression higher
or equipment
do not dictate
and subheaders.
A certain
a full plant
risk analysis. flaring back-up loads may be minimised equipment. by using ESD isolation valves or
/ / I I
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 4. HEADER In order information 4-l. Design Length
PROCESS
ENGINEERING FLARE
DESIGN SYSTEM
MANUAL I
Revision
Page NJ
9.4
. I Date :2/85 I
SIZING to estimate
: STACK
AND TIP CHOICE flareline and header sizes based on .backpressures, 3 pieces of
the main :
temperature or height
,MW of stack
of flareboom
to be used. TEMPERATURE from AND MW section. 10 in Flare be dictated sufficient sterile area loads Design Manual) of the vertical For non resulting stack, for or similar MANUAL
been determined
TO BE USED
The choice plant stack by the occupied in a short a further type high discussion Offshore vertical vertical economics, location pressure lengths, 4.3. For onshore with
by the location to use a remote will round still the stack. result DESIGN in a tall
under design. areas it -is usually tip. The on the designated could For cases where flare tip a conventional limitation this figure height. sonic areas, stack pipeflare height of the stack be determined
radiation
in height
10 in FLARE
of each tip type). is somewhat decision depth. (2-5 radiation STACK complex 45 these and tip mounted is more specif its
sonic
in order support
reduce
structure
- FLARE
or stack thermal
flare)
on the platform
vertical feasibility
of wind
conditions
program of radiation
can be determined
OESlGN
MANUAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
FLARE
SYSTEM
Recommended
Radiation
levels
are given
below :
Condition
I I
1 I
I I
I I I
I I
Exposure period
I I
I
Areas where personnel may be i located from which escape is I possible and shelter is ; attainable
I I
I I I I I I I
Areas where personnel may be located and expected to perform their duties continuously
I I I i
I f I
Infinite
2000
f I I i
I
1 minute
I I I I I I I I 1
I
>
I Areas where equipment is i located and personnei are not I normally present during operation, but if present im1 ; mediate shelter is available
I
I
I I I I I I I i I I
i
i
I I I I
I I
)I I
5 seconds
i
I _I 0 I
I
I
5000
I
I I i The above ( Helideck figures are maximum ft2). the following
t I I t
I
I I allowable
1000 radiation
I I
I
intensities
inclusive
of
solar
radiation It should
recommended
values
of F - Fraction
of heat I :
radiated a)
and math
numbers
at the tin.
Pioe flare Low MW gas F = Ethane Propane F= F = 0.2 0.25 0.3 Velocities max at design normal relief
= 0.5 M
continuous
0.2 M
I i
b) Indair/Coanda All gases c) ,ttardair Having calculated flare F F = = 0.1 0.05 . length IMach 1 I
the flare
the design
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 4.4. HEADER The major SIZING criteria Flare safety governing must the sizing of the enough header Fe backpressure excessive and gas levels.
velocity.
headers
be both large
to prevent
backpressure
gas velocity
procedure weak tolerable the link with respect to MABP on safety values. (this should have
1) Identify pressure
the levels
of relief).
upstream
in the system. P across the flare tip for the relief design flow. For sonic type
2) Calculate
will be 2.0 to 5.0 barg depending Flare Fluid tip seal seal of piping headers 0.5 - 2.0 0.2 - 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 from
on load. psi psi psi (0.034 - 0.14 bar) (0.014 - 0.034 bar) (0.034 - 0.07 bar) flare KO drum.
tips use :
Molecular 3) Estimate (Allow 4) Calculate the equivalent generous margins, length flare
the tip
to the
and rarely*straight).
of the relief
1 ! . I .. . I : I Ii I 1 I: I
K = CP/CV T=K
This will give a first The stack diameter IN STACK VELOCITY 5) Using equation
estimate should
of required
relief
flow. LIMIT
the estimated
TO 0.85 IM;AT DESlCN FLOW. Ifi I D calculate the A P from tip to flare for isothermal u; P2 V2 ( f L bar (a) m/s vol m3/kg a degree of trial and error d = = = flow : fL d moody pipe id +
KO drum.
The Conison
is recommended
6
Where : 1 2 P lJ
V
=Pf
39.4
tin
x 10
-5
conditions
friction length
equivalent
This calculation
as ul = f (p1)
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING FLARE
DESIGN SYSTEM
MANUAL
Revision
Date
Page No :
9.7
: 2/85
drum
and decide
diamete pressure
the
satisfied
up the
header
ant
the weak
has been satisfied. and laterals can be estimated from the main line
backpressures :
above.
EXAMPLE
I
>
< l-2 b+
1. Flare 2. 3. System
is based on vent flow from be designed at point to point tip to drum for a design than
source
(2)
(1)
1
in system
flow
from
source
(I)
not
giving
2
1
(3) (L = 100 m) to give Pl < 1.2 barg. (1) to (3) with pressure drop available.
I -
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING FLARE
DESIGN MANUAL
SYSTEM
Revision
Page NO :
Date
: Z/85
9.8
I
NOTE : 1) Laterals ---> sub headers progresses ---> headers , duration isothermal pressures to with results, account reliefs only. flow is must increase in diameter
as the system 2) . 3) Max velocity When assumed a temp occured. 5. FLARE KO DRUM KO drum SIZING is provided at
to the tip.
calculating
A P for
will points
systems accurate
A T vs d P profile
I I I
A flare
the liquid
part
of the flare
vapours
in
c\rder to : -
liquid
accumulation
to minimize
rain) emerging
valuable
materials.
i I I I
5.1.
DESIGN -
CONSIDERATIONS knock out drums are generally required LLP for each level drum immediately temperature upstream in the drum drums. of inlet does not of flare system
separate installed
LP KO drum,
cold line
vapour
to a warm
KO DRUMS eliminators
BE HORIZONTAL
be installed.
I
1
pressure
of
drum
is
Heating residual
coils liquids.
should Typical
be installed is to maintain
in flare a T min
KO
drums
to
prevent
freezing
of
= 4C
LIQUID
DROPLET
(offshore)
150
400
FLARES
600
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 5.2. DRUM Based method
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
FLARE
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
SYSTEM
Dare
: 2,85
9.9
SIZING
on
the above
design
KO drum
can be sized
using
the
outlined
in section
For a flare drum large nozzles highter concern. An LCHH wellhead 6.0. 6-l. RELIEF diameter
be kept flow
part
of the If a
as much
arrangement weight
maximise offshore
normally
be installed
in the flare
to initiate
shut in offshore). SIZING (For more detail see API 520, 521) -
DEVICE
GENERAL - Safety valves are limitation than an equivalent that safety rupture valve and cannot be relied either termed balanced or conventional depending upon the
backpressure - Rupture
It is recommended
exists
backpressure
off
to the relief
. superimposed
discharge
or
static by another
is
the
pressure
on venting
the to
in the system
flare - For conventional superimposed allowed 6.3. LIQUID for without RELIEF for sizing liquid-relief valves is : valves or flowing the
is ,Maximum 10 %.
Allowable capacity.
Backpressure
(MABP)
for either be
For balanced
relief
valves
up to 40 % can
a reduction
in the valve
The formula
A =
gpm
ins
27.2 Kp.
K,.
K,
PROCESS
ENGlNEERtNG
FLARE
DESIGN
SYSTEM
4; *
9 ,/-
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Where :
the
A I
gpm
=
=
Effective Flowrate, Specific Capacity Relieving Capacity Viscosity RELIEF for sizing W c K pl
discharge gravity
area,
ins2
U.S. gallons/min at flowing factor minus factor factor temperature (from constant (from (from figure figure figure 6.5) 6.4) 6.3.) back pressure correction pressure correction correction
c Kp Pd K, K, 6.4.
= = = = = VAPOR
The formula
vapor relief
is : Ti!
A=
Kb
r-
1M
Where :
h
w T c
= = = =
Relief Inlet
flow, lbs/h vapor temperature, (from pressure, correction weight figure psia. factor of discharge R
i
6.1, 6.2) (0.975
Compressibility
factor
K PI = Kb M
unless vendor
data
or 1.2 for fire .plus 14.7 psia = = Capacity Molecular of the vapour DUE TO FIRE F = 0.1406 CK discharge
surface
i:
6.5.
RELIEF
If tc
A=
As
&
A
?f )e
effective exposed
area of valve
ins2 ft2
A,
area of vessel
6.6.
STEAM
RELIEF
U ir\s 1 Ksh
A= 50 PI
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
I
=
ENGINEERING FLARE
DESIGN SYSTEM
MANUAL I I
Revision
0 I
Page No :
Date
: 2/85
9.11
PI
Ksh
6.7.
Set pressure
x 1.03. or 1.1.
vessels)
- superheat
correction
VALVE
factor ORIFICE
STANDARD
RELIEF table
may be used
for estimating
discharge
areas calculated
as in paragraphs
Normal
size
Designation
0.110 0.196 0.307 0.503 0.785 1.287 1.838 2.853 3.600 4.340 6.379 11.045 16.000 26.000
lD2 lE2 1 l/2 F2+ 2C3 2H3 , 253 or 3J4* 3K4 or 3K6 3L4 or 4L6 CM6
4N6
N P
Q
4P6
648
R -r
Avoid .
l *
flanges flange
Avoid
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SlJR . REFERENCES 7.1. DESIGN
PROCESS
ENGINEERING FLARE
DEStGN SYSTEM
MANUAL
Revision : Date
Page No :
: 2f85
1
9.12 of platforn
1984 - TEP/DP/EXP AP1 i4c API Veritas Petroleum designs. I4E : T&hnical Directorate . Notes fixed offshore installations evaluations
: Guidelines
for safety
0.99
0.91
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
a.91
0.90
0.19
011
no
259 x7 301 124 311 350 MI 170 379 311 396 a3 409 416 A?2 411 UI 470 419 SlO Y6 574 597 bI9 617 670 697
II5 341 157 170 315 39s 405 41s 421 411 uo 445 4Sl 447 452 465 47s 49J $12 z: 591 2 470 410 492 III S10 551 SI? 2: c17 665 690 7,) 415 425 415 UJ 450 4% 461 470 475 4IO 415 496 R si, 570 I91 620 660 U? 440 4sO 415 463 470 47s 410 415 490 49s :z 513 it: NJ 608 630 670 653 z $70 597 620 640 Z 466 47J 460 417 492 497 2: SI? 510 J20 510
z
467 472 471 iI 490 497 ii:
492 492 493 49s 497 JO0 $05 510 JI6 J13 173 iii 516 590 JSO $11 3; 593 602 b10 625 6II 661 6II 710 721 743 757 710 7VJ
J9S :F: JIO 510 110 JII 315 II6 590 91 5% E (46 610 611 6X :9 uo 705 7:s 744 759 771 795 II
.I
. .
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
FLP.RE ANQ
DESIGN
RELIEF
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
9.13
Date
:2/8S
TOTAL 1
TiP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
FLARE
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
0.6
0.4
R=
REYNOLDS
NUMBER
v.
GIGE
BACK
PCIESJURE
PSG ps,c
0
I 100
IO
IS 20 PERCENT
25 30 OvERPRESSuRE
35
rg
45
50
~JOTF: The above curve rcprcxnts a compromise of the values recommcndcd by a number of rcl~cf.valve manufaclurcfr. This curve may k used when the mate of the valve is not known. When the make IS known. the manufacturer should bc consulted for the corrcct,on factor. Figure
NOTE: The above cent overprcssurc. change in orifice pressure. Above change in overprenure.
curve show that up to and including 3 per capacity is rllcc~cd by tbc change m lift. th dinhrrre cocficicnt. and the change in over 2S prcenr. capacity is rffccrcd only by th at low ovcrprc~~ure~ of less than tend IO pcrccnl Foctorr and IO chatter: Ihcrc should be avotdcc Due to Over
6.4 -v
ariable
or
Constant
Siting
.Focror
I(.
Balanced
(Liquids
on
Valves
.C opacity pressure
Valves ir.
Correction
for Liquid Relief
Safety-Retie
Service
--.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
FLARE
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
0 I
I I Date
: 2/85
Page No :
AfJD RELIEF
9.15
0.80
0.60 , 0.50. 0 5
%
I,.
I . 50
IO
GAGE BACK
I5
20
2s
BACK
30
PRESSURE,
35
PSlG .
40
x ,oo
4s
PREWJRE
ore: The above curies represent a compromise of the valuer recommended urcd when the make of valve or the actual critical-flow pressure point mown the manufacturer should be consulted for the correcrion faCfOr. TheA curves are for set pressures of SO pounds per square inch gage and )w pressure for a given set pressure. For subcritical-tlow back pressures IUS~ be consulted for the values of Ke igvre d.6a-VariobIe pars or Constant Gases) Back-Pressure Sizing Factor K.
for
the
above. bclo~
SO pounds
Bolonccd
They
for
Beii~ws
Safety-Relief
Valves
(Vo-
and
0.8
0.6
0.4
,.
0.2 I 0
0 IO Q/O ABSOLUTE
1 20
BACK
30
PRESSURE
40
= SET
SO
BACK PRESSURE
60
70
PRESSURE, + OVERPRESSURE.
80
PSIA
90
PSIA loo
4 100
= loo
F igurt
C*6LC
onstonc Only)
Bock
Pressure
Sixing
FOCIO~
K+.
For
Conventional
Safety-Relief
Valves
(Vapors
ond
Cares
Tb~r apPendi ptocnac ca~mplcr 01 Ihe Iwo methods IoI win# 1 the ctark baud on Ihe tlltc~~ of IadibIion. The IWO melhods arc the simple apptoach prtunlcd in Section 4 rnd Ihc mole tpcc~fic apptorch usin) Brauc~owki rnd Sommtre melhod. HeiRhI and lo. cation should alu, be contidcrcd. bated on tar dirpruon il Ihc flame I) eatinguishcd (ICC 4 4.1.4).
d - O.lJY7 d - 0.95 fool (inside diwnclcr) In metric unw. this ~rrnsla~ec IO: diameter) LENOTH d - 0 0~25 d - 0.29 meIer (inside A.P.2 CALCULATION OF FLAME
A.2
In Iha r~amplc. Ihe basic dalr MC aa lullows~ The matercal llowtn~ II hydrwtbon vapor, 7he flow MC. W. IS IUU.WU pounds per hour (12.6 kilo~lrmc per c(c. ond). The wcagc molcculw wqhl ol Ihc rrpoo. M. it 46 I. The llovint ~emptrr~ure. r, II 760 dcgwes Rm~hc (300 F) 1422 ktlrinc (I49 C)]. The hcaI of combuwon is 2I.w) ttrilish Ihrrmal uniIt pee pwnd (5 x IO kilujoulcs pc, kilqtam). Tbc ratio 01 the spccilic herIt m the gas. h. is I, I. The llowinl pte$su~e II Ihe llare lap is I4 1 podnds pet yurrc mch rbsalulc (101 ,I kiloprurls abroluIc). Ihc dcqn wind vclocily is 20 mdtr pe, hour (ZY 5 ICCI per ucond) (52.2 kilomeIc,s pc, hour (rpptuaimalrly ll 9 mc~e,c pa wcond)] A.2.l CALCULATION numbo I). OF FLARE is dcwminrd OlAUETEtt II follu~ (UC
Tbc heal IibetaIcd. Q. In British Ihrrmal units pef hour (kilowalls). II calculrIed as fallows (we Fiauw 6A and 66): Q-(100,~)(21,5oU) - 2.15 x IO BrtiIish In mwic unilt. Ihr#mll IO: units pa hour
lhis ~~rntlatcc
Q - (I2 6)(50 x IO) - 6 3 x IO LilowaIIt From Figures 6A and 6D. lhc ft~mc fern (52 mclcrc) (see Finwe A.1). A.2.2 CALCUtAllON CAUSED BY WIND CALCULATION) The vrpor IcngIh. L. II I70
r --------I)----Fbutr
A-l-Obnm4bnrl Mrrmur lot siring II follows:
-4
Math
In WI,,C um~r. Ihl, ~rantlr~cc IO:
i%$ F G ., lot In mewic flow - 333.9 rc~ual unils. cubic feel per wcond IO:
$~
The llwnr dlrionion uusrd by wind wlociIy Ilied us lollowr (ICC Figure 7):
- 0 2. Ihc ll.,c
I, c.lculalcd
!i ID
..
rne~ct,
per tccond
fl~rr tip CIII rclaily. U,. may be delrrmined I( (ICC A.3.2 lot ~no~hrr melhod ol calculaainl Mow yyjl -i FOI Moth
u-$eig
P 2. -. : . .
0
pa
second
s w
77 lo 5 t;; oz ..
zy .-0.12
ZAy - (O.S3)(52)
- 11.6 nw,era IAl - (0.72) (II) In mcltic unilt. - 37.4 ,LlC
4)
- 21.600 - 6084
- 19,Slb II - I40 feet t/ - I40 - H(60) - I IO IceI
II t n - 119
II-I/
1391.2 - lf162.2
II - 40 8 mcten
IO: H t HAy
- 40.1 - H(27.6)
- 11 melcri
AZ.4
OF REOUIRED
FLARE
For the basis of the calculalionr in rhlc section. r&r lo 4.4.1.3. Rtfcc IO Figure A-l for dimcnrional refer. cnces. lhc dcrign buis is II follows: The fraction of hcrr rathated. F. is 0.3. The hemI libcrrtcd (we A.2.2), Q. As 2.15 * IO British rhcwnrl uoirc per hour (6.3 x Id kilurrlts) The marlmum rllorrblc radiation. K. II 150 kcl (4J.7 mclcn) from Ihe flwc slack Is 2000 Britl#h thermal units per hour per square fool (6.3 kilowtta per squam mclcr). In rqurtion (I) from Secllon 4, wsume t - 1.0. The disrwxc from the flame unlcr IO the Srrdc.kvcl boundary (that is. the object being considered). D. ir lhcn crlculaled II lollow
II - 42.8 - H(I8 - 33.1 mtltrr AI Mach - 0 5. If ii calculated tl - II + CIAy R-R-HAS EAy IAs - 90.1 Ied - I22 4 feel
In melric
unils,
thir Irrnslalo
lo:
(kc
A.2.1.)
RHOH(l22)
- 89 feel
D I R + ,,I MOJ - 69 i II
- 48.9 melcn
The physkal rrrrngcmcnl shown in Figure A.1 ir ihe buir of the followinS calculations. Al Mach - 0.2. the flare srrck hcilhr. II. is CIIN. lad .s fulluw
H"-25.600-7921 - 17.679
If - I12 feel
XAy
ti
In mcrric units.
IA,
II' - II * HAy
R-R-H&
this rranslaro
II - It + Hby R-R-Hbr
(fee A.2.1.)
R - I50 - H(144.3) 14
CAy - 2; 6 mcltrr
Lb - 11 4 nILlen (kc A 1.1 )
7a
Table 1 INTRODUCTION
of Contents . 1 2 2 ; 4 5 8 9
.......................................
2 BASIS OF THE STUDY ................................. 2.1 GAS COMPOSITIONS ............................... 2.2 COLD VENT ........ ................................................. 2.3 H2S CONCENTRATION MONITORING
il
5 OPERATING EXPERIENCE
1 INTRODUCTION The Welton Gathering Centre process plant is provided with an incinerator for disposal of excess associated gases and relief gases. During upsets on the incinerator e.g. fan failure or a plant initiated trip, the incinerator is isolated and the gases are disposed of through a cold vent via a bursting disc arrangement (see Fig 1). The gases routed to th e cold vent contain high levels of HZS and adequate dilution of this component with air is therefore required during dispersion for safe disposal. The option of replacing the existing incinerator with a new and larger one, means that the cold vent would still be required. Dispersion calculations were therefore carried out by Group Environmental Services (GES), London to confirm that safe disposal of the vented gases could be achieved. Detail6 presented of the atmospheric dispersion below. The following areas study and results are covered :are li I
/
Ii
! 1;
1 / i
basis of the study results of the dispersion modelling. discussions of results operating experience with the cold conclusions and recommendations
1:
vent
I I,
i I
II
j/
2 BASIS
OF THK STUDY calculations were performed by Group Services (GES) in London. The basis of 1 is given in the sections following. , these
GAS COWOSITIONS of the be wide gases that could ranging because be vented :to the
I
1
the Welton G.C. receives crude from a number of wells at varying flows and varying H2S content. Hence the amount and composition of the gases normally produced varies; - the relief gas composition which could superimpose normal flows vary depending on the relief scenario. Accurate prediction of the relief flow and composition not always possible. on is
I 1,
Ii
Ii
I! / f
II \! !
Therefore for the dispersion calculations reported here, a number of vented gas data compositions were prepared from two sources (Table 1) :* . - these were extracted 1) TLC Oriainal Desian C!mDosltuul from the Incinerator Work Pack 18, Vol. 1. They were based on the design wellfluid (C-site) and still represent the sourest gases that could be obtained from Gathering Plant HP/relief header. Calculations for the following cases were carried out gas and HZS flows, Gas I; a) Case 1 - Highest Gas A; b) Case 2 - Lowest H2S concentration, Gas E and c) Case 3 - Lowest H2S flou6, flow, Gas B. d) Case 4 - Lowest total II) a preu revised s&ign ca6e~ - these are based on the Welton Upgrading design material balance and represent condition6 in the plant when production from C site is diluted by production from the less Bour The combined.HP, LP and acid wells (A and B sites). gas stream compositions were used for the dispersion calculations. The following ca6es were considered :of normal flows in the a) Case 1 - based on the total gas headers; flow based on 300 BOPD; b) Case 2 - startup to Case 2 but with twice the H2S c) Case 3 - similar This can be considered as starting up concentration. 2
-I I I 1
with production from C-site. d) Case 4 - based on normal fire relief flow in the gas 2.2 COLD VENT
with
The cold vent is a 16 inch pipe erected vertically with Detail dimensions 6 inch top section acting as a nozzle. of the cold vent as used in this dispersion study are shown in Fig 2. Process gas is normally isolated from the cold vent by means of four bursting discs - two in use in series and two spare, as shown in Fig 1. Should these rupture, a common alarm signal is produced in the control room and the incinerator is tripped which in turn causes a general plant shutdown. Thus the duration and quantities. of the emissions is minimised. 2.3 HZS CONCENTRATION locations during MONITORING were selected dispersion above were of for monitoring gases from the
i .t
: !I
the cold be
a) At positions in the plant manned, of which the following Crude stripper Amine contactor Crude tanks Incinerator b) At grade level Gathering Centre areas. c) At farm the Barfields The tower
could
:I
. !I
- 14.9 m - 13.6 m - 9.O'm - 12.5 m locations fence, car vicinity are within the Welton park and workshop and in particular, in Table 1.
r
;s
j I 1
near
:I
: 1
co-ordinates
receptors
shown
3 RESULTS Details extract results quoted quoted of the results are given in a GES memo, Ref. 2 ; an of the results is given in this section'. The of H2S concentrations at various locations are in mg/m3. To convert these figures to ppmv then the figures should be multiplied by a factor of 0.7121.
Tables 2 - 9 show the maximum ground level concentrations for a range of weather condition6 and the cases specified. The wind has been arbitrarily set to SW, so the location of the point of the maximum ground level concentration is of no significance, but the distance from source is of use. at the seven sites Table 10 - 17 shows concentration specified for the same range of weather conditions and the However, in these tables, the wind same eight cases. direction has been deliberately chosen to place the Thus each specified site directly downwind of the vent. concentration represents the worst possible condition at each site. The result presented in the Tables 2 - 17 are the 3 minute average concentrations at the receptors. To extrapolate the 3 minute average concentration to longer time average concentrations, the following can be applied :,
cx =
where
Cp * ( 3 / TX ) **0.2 Cx is Cp is TX is concentration the 3 minute the new tim,e average for time TX average concentration for average concentrations.
Thus, for a 15 minute average concentrations Similarly, for 0.72. factor is 0.36.
average concentrations, the 3 minute have to be multiplied by a factor oi an 8 hour average concentration, the -:
For time average concentrations of less than 3 minute, the However as a guide, a above correlation does not apply. similar approximation to that made for odour nuisance investigations (where the 5 second average concentrations to convert the 3 minute Thus, are relevant) can be used. averages to 5 second averages, the results in weather category A should be multiplied by 10, and the remaining weather categories should be multiplied by 5.
4 DISCUSSIONS
This Section diScU66e6 the interpretation of the results given in the above section. It must be stressed that the interpretation of the results and inferences made here concerning the H2S level with respect to safety, occupational health and nuisance6 are mainly those of the author. Advice from Group Safety and Occupational Health was obtained verbally and is incorporated.
The following observations are made on the results :-
a) The odour threshold for H2S is d.00066 mg/m3 for 5 sec. average time. Tables 2 - 9 shows that the 3 minute average ground level concentrations (1/5th of 5 second averages for most weather categories) exceed the odour threshold. The use of the cold vent would thus result in odorous emission which would be perceived at fairly remote locations e.g. the Barfields farm, when the wind is blowing in that direction. It is noted that there are no evidence emissions due to H2S at low level are complaints relating the two may still that odorous a health hazard, be received. but
b) The cold vent facility is provided with two bursting disc installed back to back in the duty line with a parallel spare set provided. Should these rupture, an alarm signal is produced and the incinerator.is shutdown. The latter also causes a general plant shutdown thereby minimising the amounts of emissions. The release of H2S containing gases through the cold vent is therefore restricted to the HP/Relief header depressuring,or the depressuring of the separators in the HP gas blowthrough scenario. It is not possible to quantify these periods. c) Tables 10 - 17 show the 3 min average the seven particular receptors specified; odour threshold is exceeded. concentrations in all cases at the
the concentrations are adjusted to give 8 hr. time interval averages by multiplying by a factor of 0.36 then in some case6 the Long Term Exposure Limit of 14 mg/m3 is exceeded. This occurs mainly at elevated receptors and in particular the crude stripper and the amine contactor/regenerator. the 3 min average 15 min average value Term Exposure Limit receptors.
If
If
is converted to give the by 0.72, then the Short also exceeded at the same
It is concluded that if cold venting were proposed as a normal operation then it would not be acceptable to BP or to environmental authorities. However, it is noted that the original design intentions were that the discharge would be of limited duration and of low probability. d) In assessing the safety implications of the discharge, the instantaneous level of HZS perceived is relevant. It is noted that the closest approximation of this is the 3 min average concentrations which shows that at elevated levels, and in particular the top of the amine contactor/regenerator concentrations in excess of 42 mg/m3 are predicted. towers, the HZS would cause eye and respiratory At these levels, tract irritation. This is unpleasant and would be a signal for evacuating the area. It is noted that if the 5 sec. average concentration (5 times the 3 min average concentrations in most cases) are considered, then levels in excess of 140 mg/m3 are predicted. These could cause a loss of the sense of smell and result in a loss of signal for evacuating from the However, the levels are below 700 mg/m3 affected areas. which would cause a loss of consciousness within 15 mins of exposure. It should also be noted that such duration for exposures are unlikely as explained in b) above. ' It must be noted that the effects of H2S depends on a number of variables and above limits are only for guidance. It is noted that people who are regularly exposed to even very low concentrations eventually become unable to detect the gas by smell. e) The models used for the dispersion calculations lose their validity at distances less than 10 metres of the In this area, it is also noted that the mechanism source. for dispersion is different and low flow emissions have greater impact on the resultant ground level concentrations especially if the gaseous emissions are denser than air as Within this 10 meter area of the in this particular case. Gathering Centre is the location of the pig receivers and wax traps which may well be manned in event of the cold vent operating. _ f) Analysis of the results given in Tables 2 - 10 shows that the dilutions resulting from cold vent dispersion increase as the flow of the emission decrease (see Fig 3) but is generally less affected by the concentration of the Low flOW6 would result during pollutant in the emissions. plant startup when plant upsets generally arise and
reduction of H2S content in using less sour wells would venting during this period.
up
The concentrations of the hydrocarbons at the various g) receptors after dispersion has not been calculated; this be roughly estimated from the dilutions imparted on the pollutant during dispersion. Estimated hydrocarbon concentration for two receptors ha6 been calculated for Original Design Case 1 and shown below. Amine contactor, maximum H2S concentration is i) which corresponds to a dilution of 249. Therefore, concentration of hydrocarbon is 0.40 %. ii) Incinerator, which corresponds concentration of maximum H2S concentration to a dilution of 6636. hydrocarbon is 0.02 %. is 1.9 Therefore, 50.7
can
mg/m3 max
mg/m3 max
It will be seen that in both case6 the concentration6 predicted are below the Lower Flammability Level assumed (methane) for this purpose.
2 %
5 OPRRATING
RXPERIENCE the Welton Gathering Centre plant with the use of graphite burst& low bursting pressure. These may caused by pulsation of gases in the was resolved by reducing pulsation installation of a bursting disc of has proved reliable.
i P
During commissioning of problems were experienced discs which ruptured at have been due to fatigue HP/relief header. This from the burner and the composite material which
After commissioning, the cold vent ha6 operated several times mainly as a result of instrument failure on the However the production through the plant was incinerator. below 50 % of the full capacity. With the recent modification6 to the incinerator, it has been possible to increase the flow through the Gathering Centre. This increase has resulted in the header pressures being close to the bursting disc pressure. This could increase the frequency of operation of the cold vent resulting from surge6 through the plant. If the existing incinerator is replaced by a new incinerator in the next Phase of the Welton Upgrading then the design of the incinerator and the setting of the bursting disc should be such that frequency of rupture due to surges is' eliminated.
6 CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOHWQiDATIONS
a) The study has concentrated on the dispersion of HZS based on a number of the Original Design and the Welton Upgrading gas compositions. It has been predicted that emissions would be odorous at ground level at short and long distances from the cold vent. b) At elevated areas, for example, the top of the amine contactor/regenerator towers, the predicted levels of HZS are higher than the Short Term Exposure limit. It is therefore recommended that access to the elevated areas close to the cold vent be restricted. Adequate warnings should be displayed at access points of the elevated areas and DA sets must be immediately available. c) The cold vent is located close to the incinerator and the pig receiving areas. These areas are likely to- be manned during operation of the cold vent. An audible alarm which is activated from a bursting disc failure has.therefore been installed to provide warning to personnel. Regular testing should establish that this alarm, located near incinerator control panel, provides adequate alarm near the pig I receiving area. d) The plant licence was based on utilising the cold vent on The result6 of this study show that failure of incinerator. the emissions would be odorous and high concentrations of HZS are predicted at elevated areas'near the cold vent. It is therefore important that if operations are changed such that the design intention of utilising the cold vent is changed, then appropriate BP,authorities should be consulted. e) Due to the higher GOR's and plant surges, it is possible that increased pressures close to the bursting disc pressures are experienced as a result of the higher gas flows. This would increase the frequency of operation of the cold vent and represents a further constraint to the maximum allowable plant throughput. a number of options for. f) For the Welton Upgrading work, provision of additional gas disposal capacity are being Due to the potential hazardous nature of the investigated. it is recommended that preference cold vent emissions, should be given to solutions which remove the need to use a Such a route is provided if a ground flare is cold vent. selected to burnbgases on incinerator failure.
11
r1L
/i
g) In view of the complex nature of the safety and health hazard of HZS, it is recommended that an interpretation of - the GES dispersion results reported here should be obtained Any changes perceived from the original from HTH, Dyce. intentions of the using the cold vent should be similarly addressed. s c.t. J. Caven-Atack A.A. Croll M. Broadribb J.A. Lewis E.A. Mullin/R.W. 1058/97
Bride=
10
iij ..--.
z ..~
un , OIU - --1--1- ..
Nl
n3naMddv
0-n
I
ISSUE *ROJECl
Q-1
sficy
tlESCRIPIlON
h4
DRN. UC-Jr =ack Pr;loak CKD. ENC.
A
:Nt
bxuoba
SCAlE
f-s
(WPS)
@ Kaldair
Limited
DflG. No. E
-c
Figure
----.
2 0 t A >
[
,--
-- .-
r-
(swosnou)
SZH ~0
stdounila
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Revision
PageNo:
Date
2/8 4
. .
10,
TOlAh
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
1. APPLICABILITY .
_ PROCESS
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
OESIGN LINE
MANUAL
AND
UTILITY
SXZING
estimate estimate
of the line size will be required. < of the line size will be required. in the process unit. abaques AFTP can be used :
. . .
of this guide is to size only the lines and pre-project de charges de charges : studies
For the both the feasibiiity . . Pour Pour le calcul le calcul des pertes des pertes
des liquides
depends pipeline
on this chapter.
SIZING
CRITERIA
LINES
SIZING
CRITERIA
LINE
SIZING
CRITERIA with :
V2 criteria
a stated
= PP m=
w = WI = WV =
W WI, WV P F WI + WV = total
pl P
= =
liquid
density
in kg/m3 in kg/m3
liquid
vapor density
vapor flow rate in kg/hr W m.v f $3600 4. of the line in m. . the apparent
and V = Vm =
m/s
0i = internal
diameter
density
and velocity
of the fluid.
io :
IUIHL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
r~uc;tss
DESlGN LINE
MANUAL SIZING
Revision
0 I
Page No
PROCESS
-1 ,
Date
to be checked
on the figure
1 for horizontal
.
.
lines slug and plug flow regimes lines slug flow regime Fig. should
should
be avoided.
l
CALCULATIONS FLUID (GAS OR LIQUID) could be used with the correction of the line diameter
MONOPHASIS 5.1.1.
ABAQUES
AFTP
a. Calculate
Re = @i,Pv = 0i P v = = = r, line internal fluid density velocity diameter in kg/m3 in mm = fluid dynamic viscosity in Cpo number
Pe
Re is a dimensionless
b. Determine
c.
Determine
f = friction
i
factor f v 4%
: 2
4 -+
d. ,.P=fxlOCx
PV 2gx10.2=
5.2.
FLUID exist to calculate the line, pressure ratio drop for two phases flow, anc
correlations
or horizontal
of vapor/liquid
and pressure
That is out of scope of this guide and we mention FLANIGAN POETTMAN/CARPENTER EATON . BEGGS/BRILL TAITEL/DUCKLER : LOCKHART/MARTINELLE
only some
quick
methods
for an estimation
are as follows
TOTAL
TEPIDP/EXf/SUR
PRO&S
ENGINEERiNC&SIGN
I
diameter.
Method
PROCESS
Revision
Page IJo :
Date
2/8
10.3
X2.1.
ABAQUE
AFTP Takin
for
gas
could
be used
with
the
of
the viscosity
lir
as defined
viscosity factors.
5.2.2.
It is the same
and the fluid
and V = Vm as defined
on g
5.2-j.
A more section
detailed
method
Lockhart
cvartinelli
method
is g iven
I1 .O PIPELINES.
6. NOTES .
.
on Table
diametar
estimation
high pressure.
thickness Design
allowable
Y c
= =
coefficient
external
values
steels
P s E
=
=
0e =
corrosion
longitudial
5, E and estimation.
e=
Y are not
so the following
formular
could
be used for
P&f K
+c
c K
= =
corrosion carbon
allowance
steel
in mm
and low temperature
43 for carbon
steel steel
on Table
0e =
54 for 3.5 % Ni and stainless 10 use the thickness account given by the schedule in elevation
diameters
upto about
3.
A P do not forget
to take into
the change
for liquid
and tw
phase flow.
TOTAL
I I
1 PROCESS
ENGINEERING DESIGN
PMICESS
LINE
MANUAL I
1
Revision :
0 I
AND UTILITY
SIZING
Page
10.4
NO
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: 2/05
-------------------_----
.-
--------m-m-
Y) -------VI
22
22
-I: . ! , -
ir 00 . -4. ------------
*Q) -II.
?- . aa 00 Y33-------q
m c;
.*a
?00 c-1-
: / -
.Ov\ . -rr\ wo . 3m v\ 4
?-rr\
wo $6
,-
---------
-----------------------
E 2 3;
-
TABLE
1
VAPpR AND STEAM LINES
I I
/
MAXIMUM
V2
1 Pv=ysd;:;;:it;$;3J
I ,
MAXIMUM
I
1 , I
vELz;lTy
/
1 VAPOR I I LINES .
I
I
. , I 6 000 7 500 10 000 I5 000
I I
I f
I
I 1
, )
I
AP must be considered with service
.
.
.
Discontinuous anti-surge I
bar g < 50 bar g < 80 bar g bar g eg: compressor b& g < 80 bar g bar g
I 1
1 i and be compatible , ) the corresponding
I
operation . - P < 50 . 50 < P . P > 80 suction discharge , IO 000 15 000 25 000 i T;ore a compatible with
I I
I I
I -
I
, STEAM
I I f -
P<lObarg
Short line L < 200 m Long line L > 200 m .ShortlineL<200m * Long line L > 200 m
I I I I I
I I
I
0.25 0.5
.
42 42 30 30
lO<P<30barg
/ , - P > 30 bar g
I
!
. .
I I
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
/ Revision
Page NO :/
Date
: 2185
10.6
7. REFERENCESANDUSEFULLITERATURE
. .
LUDWIG Flow of fluids Gas liquid CRANE I Research results by A.E. DUKLER
l -
flow in pipelines
May 1969
Pup1 by A.G.A.,
.
HOUSTON
manual by 0. BAKER, and J.K. H.W. WELCHEN, October 1970,
Gas liquid
FLANIGAN
Proposed pipelines
data
two
phase, (1949)
two
component
flow
in
BEGCS TULSA
and BRILL, I
1975 university
of
ABAQUES
AFTP:
. .
Pour
de charges de charges
dans dans
les les
I*
.
PEPITE
I I
CHEMICAL W. WAYNE
CALCULATOR
Two
phase pressure
drop computed
I I I
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
I7
TE
8Ucer. rt81k NW.
0. OII nd Gas
10. 1956,
Jourp. 156.)
: ) i I
.. I I I I 1 / ! .A i 0x
0.4 Q6Od LO
OSHINOWO FOR 00.0 Qs - Vapor flow rate. Ft3 /See Gl - Liquid flow rate. Ff3 /See . 0 - Pipe inside diameter. inches p 1Liquid densicy. Lh/Ft 3 u 1 -Liquid p 1: Liquid surfra tension, dyne/cm viscosity centipoiro -
- CHARLES VERTICAL
MAP -
FIGURE
I I I I illli
II I I111111 I
BUBBLE QUIET SLUG OISFERSEO SLUG FROTHY SLUG FROTH ANNULAR
I 1.0
40:
7 -f
f .
TOTAL 1
,
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DEStGN
MANUAL
Hevtslon
Page
No
I
3 - Relative roughness
Date
: 2185
10 -0
Figure
IOUfi6.) : ,
of pipe .
..
.oalos
.CCICJO~ .umi .aJaM
.ooGQo6t
I I 3 DOOOOS~2 Ill
1
11
1lllllll I I
III
I,,
4 56
8 10 Pipe Dtamekr,
to
in
30 40X160 Inches - d
EOlOO
200 300
y?-$q,.
Revision : f TEPIDPIEiPISUR , , L=
SXZXNG
Date
: 2/85
II
Page No :
10.9
I- TOTAL
(1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
I-
PROCESS
IJtblCiN
MHNUHL
nc.,o~II
rage I
NO
I
IN :w
Date
: 2/h
IO. 10
TABLE I
I.1
DIXENSIONS -iW.
WI-I-Ii
TOLERANCE
. s f
17. I4 II.%
1.:) 2.11
I i
I 1
2.11 2.77 1 ;
mom 3.71 I
1 I
_i 1 b.?S
! I
1.1 I X.77
s.m 3.3)
1 j 1.0
.. ,,a-
a2.16
l .a>
>.0t 5.n ?.OI
*.70
IO.10 II.07 lb.01
I IllI 21'
l .26
SO.JI 71.0?
_ i
I
7.01
V.J2
Notes
1) 2) 3)
For me For
schedule
follovrnq
00 >
10 0 < 14' 4re nor used normally diameters are not common : l/8', 3/a-. 30' line drametcrs increase in 2 incrcmnts
I l/4-,
2 l/2-,
3 112',5-
4 : : ,~, v. . ,, _,, _ 1
TOTAL
(._ TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING PIPING
DESIGN CLASS
MANUAL
Revision
Page No : 10.11
Date
. Z/85 .
I.
APPLICABILITY The purpose when the feasibility of this chapter is to determine class studies. (From DD-SP-TCS112 PIPING MATERIALS CLASSES) document the piping does not class used as shcwn This is generally on a PID line the case for , , I 1
piping
material
exist.
2. CLASS 2.1.
PRINCIPLES OF NU,MBER
shall the
consist valve
letter fittings
series
and 3 of in * I.
representing
material
the composition
and flanges
network
150 . . . . . . . . . . .
l
give
the
letters
Series Symbol
2500
I
Trying
lA~BlC;D~EiFtCIH~J~
2.3.
the main
material
galvanized,
Hastelloy,
(Cast-iron,
cement-asbestos
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PIPING CLASS
Date : 2/85
10.12
RATINGS C is extracted FLANGES ratings from ANSI B 16-5 FITTINGS). 2500 the following is used 5000 PSI, 1977 (AMERICAN NATIONAL
temperature mainly
and wellhead).
I
nd a
FIG. C ond flanged fittings from ANSI B16.51977
kin
Prasruro-tcmperoturc
ratings
for
steel
flonger
.28.9
to 37 B
-20
to 100
275
027
ra2 538
E
900 950 loo0
3U
E
so :: E 375 325
--_
525 520 510 iii
195 155 A2 E ::
z: 14s 110 62 45 30 5-z :: 1% 105 70 310 240 170 120 515 400 205 200
-4 I I I
ToTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 1. APPLICABILITY The purpose PID.
.
PROdESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
, I
SELECTION
OF TYPES
I of this chapter is to determine the types of valves used for designation t on tht 1
valves
functions, for
isolation
selection
of types
material
VALVES
class document
when it exists.
The main
types are :
. .
ball Plug
. .
gate butterfly I
2.1.
BALL
VALVE can be full bore or reduced bore uses flare system : upstream and downstream of PSV, rupture disc, flare line if I pig launcher and upstream pig receiver. bore. I
Ball valves I
2.1.1.
Full
.
required.
. .
downstream
I I
onhydrocarbon
equipments. for hydrocarbon. lines if the pressure larger than 2. drop is critical. I
.
.
.
2.1.2.
except
water
for diameter
Reduced
.
Block
2.2.
PLUG Plug
VALVE USES . valves have the same use as reduced valves can be assimilated of the two. and lighter
I bore ball valves when used for high pressure to reduced ball valves, generally, plug valves,
0:
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
tHUCkSS
tNtiINtERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
SELECTION
OF TYPES
OF VALVES
Date
: 2l8S
10.14
I
I tht I
t3.
.
GATE
VALVE valves
USES
l
Gate greater
except
upstream
for downstream of pig launcher ant a physical space required by a gate vdve is
. .
Tight
shut off for ball or plug valves is superior service with solid particles
. . 2.4.
purposes. < 2
lines for low diameters VALVE lines USES for service, utility
or sea water,
generally
for diameters
larger
I 3. CONTROL e if I VALVES , globe butterfly special USED used in most of cases except networks, at very and high P as defined suction lines by for . 3.1. GLOBE . VALVE
valve
or on water
compressor
3.2,
USED
at compressor USED
suction
3.3.
SPECIAL Special . .
VALVES valves
are defined
by instrument
group
for very high A P the angle valve could for compreSsor anti-surge
be used be used.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
A P THROUGH
-ENGINEERING .
DESIGN
AND
MANUAL
FITTINGS
Revision
Page No :
VALVES
Date
2m
1. APPLICABILITY The purpose This may consideration. required. The pressure 2. drop calculations
VALVES
A P THROUGH.
2.1. I TYPE I 1 I K VALVES
OPEN I ! 0.15 I A P = K .PV2 1.962x105 1 bar = 1.02 Kg/cm2 density in kg/m3 v : fluid velocity in m/s I GATE VALVE I I 5 f I 0.1 I GLOBE VALVE I , PLUG COCK NALINE 1 I 2.4 I CHECK VALVE i I
A P in kg/cm2
P 2.2. BALL VALVE ball valve with BALL reduced VALVE bore : This PRODUCTS : fluid
A P depends is given
on the valve
vendor.
as an example.
some
values For
of
drop
coefficient refer
K for
fit. .., DE
encountered PERTES
in cylindrical
conduits.
further
information,
to MEMENTO
DE CHARGE
by I.E. IDELCIK,
EYROLLES
PARIS.
A P in kg/cm2
P v 3.1. ELBOWS
: :
fluid fluid
density velocity
in kg/m3 in m/s
AP=K
.@ 1.962x105
1.5
I 1 1
I f 1
I I ;
90 4s friction
1 I ,
PROCESS/UTILITY
TOTAL
AP 'I%RmVALVES AND FITTINGS
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: 2/85
lcl,ld
I*0
0.45
180
030
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR A
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Pabe No : 10.17
T
TE
A P THROUGH VALVES
: 2/85
s, +5a > s,
TOTAL I
TEPIDPIEXPISUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
---
.i
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
* Page No :
! TE
I
ResistanceCoefficient,
The resistance coefficient is calculated K-fL by the formula:
Date
: 2/8s
10 -19
0
Valves of the friction factor. f. for various pipe sizes are listed in table l-17. Values for L/D and C for fully opened valves were calculated from theoretical considerations. Valves of C. for partially open valves were extrapolared from ten result for representative sizes of ball valves. Chart 1 * 18 provides graphic represenration of valve position versus the percent of full open area.
hcla FUl~(f-l
0190 017s 0164 OISO 0140 013s 0110 0125 0123 .-0110 . 0117 0116
FrLprn Fanor tn
0115 0113 0112 .OllO .' 0107 010s 0104 0103 0!02
Calculated Cameron
Table I-3 Values of L/D for Full Opening Ball Valves in Full Open Position
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
pflUl;tS
CNbINCCnINla
a.
Table l-5 Calculated Values of L/D for Reduced Opening Cameron Ball Valves in Full Open Position
l
Table I-6 Calculokd Values of L/D for Venturi Opening Cameron Ball Valves in Full Open Position I
I
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 1. APPLICABILITY The purpose control valves
PROCESS
ENGINEERING CONTROL
DESIGN VALVE
MANUAL
Revision Date
: :
0 Z/85
PageNo: 10.21
1
!
SIZING
,,
some
formulae
and
to estimate to estimate
the size and the number the capability . of the contra people.
o-
for one
service, sizing
, .i
valves in case of revamping. 2. CONTROL These characteristics 2.1. QUICK the seat application 2.2. Linear trim provides throughout
VALVES
should
be done by instrument
CHARACTERISTICS
by the opening,
design linear,
trim.
The three
fundamental
1 ;L ,1
percentage.
implies, lesser
a, large
opening opens
lifted
f roar
, . .
as the stem
most
common
if for simple
with no throttling
equal
increases
in stem
travel.
is linear
witr I * .
its travel.
PERCENTAGE equal large percentage increase increases provide toward in rate a very small the fully of flow opening open for position. equal
increments of stem a wid
I .
As a result,
rangeability 3. CONTROL
.
VALVE
practice should
I
I : iS; , i 1 1
.. 1~
flow is smalier
than or equal
if applicable, valve.
the opening
be larger
close to or smaller the main . vendor 4. FORMULAE The valve The For a flow rate in their
a smaller
be installed
depends
on the valve
characteristics
it is given b
area is characterized
by the
coefficient gallons
the gas (see hereafter). Cv coefficient a restriction formulae given is the number
and
of U.S.
and
through
drop through
to be used
may be necessary
by manufacturers
for
a better
C-V
.-
,.
TOTAL
TEPIDP/EXP/SUR 4.1.
PROCESS
DESIGN SIZING
MANUAL 1.
Ravision
0 .
Page NO : 10.27
Date
:2/u
LIQUID
I
flow -PZ<Cf?A sg PI - P2 Ps
I I bl I I
B - Critical -PZ>Cf<.*Ps
flow
I 1.16 Q J CC sg
Cv = 1.16 Q
A Ps
and depends on tf cf < 1
L bI roll,
Cf Pv
= = = =
critical fluid
(given
by manufacturers by increase
motj
; PI P2
type of valve and the action in bar in bar in bar upstream downstream
of valve
of variable)
I a L uitt
APS = Pl - Pv
in bar conditions (water = 1 at 15C) temp. at upstream
fluid
Q
sg
at flowing
ring
.
.
4.2.
flow
lum I : iY ,
I I I
0 - Critical PI-P2>,0JCf2Pl
flow
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING CONTROt
DESIGN VALVE
MAhiUAL
Revision
Page No : c
SIUNC Dare
2/u
1 O-23
SATURATED I
STEAM
cv =
J (Pl
HEATED STEA&M I 83.7 (1 + 0.00126 cv _ 72.4 (1 + 0.00126 Tos) W i cv= Cf PI &PI - P2) (PI + P2) f Cg, PI, G T z
W
Tos) W
= = = = =
(air = 1.0)
steam weight
Tos 4.3.
superheat
FLOW maximum
P = P 1 - P2 = 0.5 Cf2 P 1
A - Without
liquid
51.8 W
vaporization
I I
B - With
vaporlzatlon
cv =
JP
(dl + d2)
and unit
as 5 4.1. in kg/m3
w x 103
Wlv dlv upstream upstream upstream liquid vapor flow in kg/hr density in kg/m3 in kg/m3 flow in kg/hr
upstream liquid
vapor density
--
1 UTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PHUCtSS
tNbINtERING VALVES
DESIGN AND
MANUAL FITTINGS
Revision :
Page
NO
A P THROUGH
,Date
: 2/85
10.24
d2 G downstream d2 =
mixture
density
in kg/m3 . It
w x 103 w21 w2v -+d21 d2v downstream downstream downstream downstream liquid liquid flow in kgjhr density
in kg/m3 in kg/m3
use Cg instead
of Cv
Cl = valve coefficient
(given
by catalogue)
5.0.
REFERENCES Vendors
LITERATURE
GPSA chapter
--
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGfNEERlNG
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No : Z/85
Date
. +-
11,
PIPELINES
-/
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXPlSUR
Revision
Page No.
PIPELINES
Oate :
2/85
11.1
TEP
1. APPLICABILITY For both feasibility be performed and preproject using PETITE studies, long pipeline
A P and AT calculations
will
or RESEAU-
It may be necessary,however
to make an
by hand. Details are given below on how to proceed on this. PRESSURE DROP FORMULAE
GAS TRANSMISSION There exist many methods of calculating are : American Colebrook Below is given the Panhandle A for use : 1.8539 CO.4604 X x 1 2.6182 E; d X 1 Where Pl P2 G
TS
Gas Association
Panhandle .4 and 0
TxL
x 0.301s
ps
T Lm
-2
q d z E
= Upstream pressure = Downstream pressure = Specific gravity of gas = Base temperature = Base pressure = Gas flowing temp = Pipeline length = Flowrate at Ts, Ps base = PIPELINE DIAMETER = Average gas compressibility = Efficiency (0.92 for a clean line)
bar (a) bar (a) K (271 K or 298 K) bara(1.01325 bar) K km m3/d (at Ts, Ps) cm
The formula does not take into account significant, can be added to the A P calculated 2.2. LIQUID FLOW IN PIPELINES : F ,M2 bar/km
profile
which,
if
P
= Mass
flow
= D CP = =
roughness
TOTAL
TEPIDPIEXPISUR vi11 an Re = 35.368
x
Page No. :
2/8S
11.2
F F Ln
= 64/Re = (S/Re)lZ [
for Re + l/(A+B)
< 3/z 16
2030
x D with : A = 2.457 [ B=
l
1
factor F :
I2
BE
CAREFUL MOODY
between
F and FANNING
F = l/4 F
2.3.
TWO PHASE Estimating the flow estimate stable. Given BAKER or process below method. lines. is of 2-phase
HORIZONTAL flow A
as an
characteristics
and equilibrium
the phase
is fairly
based
for both
METHOD
, *
AP
2 PHASE flow
= regime
OP
HORIZ
AP
VERT
and adjust
Pipeline
0 if required
APC
APL
( APL/A
AP
2 PHASE
APvert factor
viscosity .(-.
For convenience
. r
11.3
OPERATING
DATA LIQUID
kg/h kg/m3 CP C D A cm m2
= IOQOO3 = 1E = O.OlLA
= :;o 3co zp 1 So J f r i:
I-l I I I II / jI( I I / I-
FL0
WING
= 3L
= .b.cI, = 2.13 PIPELINE Vertical LENGTH change L
PIPELINE INTERNAL
A h
m m
= 103J = - :LO o
I t
NOTES
1
I I
= 3ci.63
I
I I
wg
I BY = 7.087 x w Ax r -7----FDlxDg FROM
REGIME
BAKER
CHART
3;s7c:;f
ire PJCIO.7 i
2.
CALCULATE
I
I
1 Fricilon I Re =
Apgas
I APL
3. Re=
6.254
x f x Wg2 Dg x DJ
1 1 CALCULATE
I
I
ApLIQ
35.368 x WI VI x D
APL=6.254xfxw12 DI x 05
\-.
I I APL I
=-&ar/km
PROCESS
CALCULATION ITEM :
NO. JOB
SHEET
Sheet
I of 2 I
PooPmIP/EXP/SUR
CJiK
HO.
REV
I 1t
LIY
ya I
-.
c
. I I.
1 I.4 I I I II
4.
AVERAGE v, =
I.
5. CALCULATE
) 6. CALCULATE I I 7.
TYPE
LOADING WI x 0.205 7
FACTOR
WS ) wsJ??,O
I I i
ws =
I
FOR
PH
I
FLOW
CALCULATE
OF FL& i
PH FACTOR
HORIZON-t-AL --
BUBBLE
STRATIFIED
I :w
SLUG
------t-WAVE
I I+,.~. I IA Pa
rt vt pc , ,.tSt
-a-In FH + 01111
Ftl
VC=
lntix
aul
-- LVVJ
ht.-
---
FLOW
TYPE
= WAVE
IpcD
APa-,=
bar/km SECTION
f I
t 1
f
I I
I
I
8.
CALCULATE
i i FRN x0 .
PH FACTOR
IC.2 V21D
FOR
VERTICAL
Vinmh.Om
VERTICAL SECTION
Cm
n
0.19
(X)
(FRNl
PH,
I.510 I 1 I
t I 9. I
lI
CALCULATE : : &P
TOTAL
TWO PHASEAP AP2 aPzv x h)/lOOO = 4,~~ =~PG 1.5-i x PH2 x PH$ =
q
I
I _. I
1.3AQ
o.?i?
bar/km bar/km
f 1 1 I
= (bp2H
bar
I
PROCESS CALCULATION SHEET
I
Sheet 2 of 2
ITEM
NO I08 NO
REV
TOTAL
TEPIDPIEXPISUR 3. TEMPERATURE For detailed the program to a small segments PROFILE and accurate PEPITE programmable used. should be remembered assuming should to within AT
Page
No.
2/85
Il.5
and
AP calculations
in 2 phase lines buried, method lines. presented the greater The procedure
be used. The hand calculation 10 % for both gas and liquid calculator and increases
11.7 is accurate
in reliability
The following
when designing
isothermal
PI P2 . AP Tl
1
AP.
If the pipeline is constant with regard to material, insulation route a fixed thermal conductivity (k) can be assumed. For gas pipehnes the internal
the
and burial
depth
along
its I
I---l II I . I I 1.
film
resistivity
is neghgible
- ignore
it.
For all steel pipelines Small flowing length. ambient For oil and small medium. pipelines medium. For large
resistivity
j I
reach ground/sea
in a relatively is required
short to reach
1
j 2.
gas pipelines the asymptotic temperature largely Ta is that of the surrounding on the Joule-Thompson in cold surroundings effect. or vice : I ,
I I
I3.5 I I I I-l 4. I
epoxy wrapped,
concrete
coated
resting
heat b .
of U = IO - 15 kcal/hm2C 6
is a good estimate
5-r-r
Medium
: C kcal/hmC = I3 = I. /,q
ii
, *:
D h PI
/ I
/ *
Total pipeline length No of segments Length per segment Total elevation change Pipeline diameter Pipeline diameter Burial depth to centre Inlet pressure Exit pressure Total pipeline initial Temperature FLUID JOULE THOMSON (see fig. I, page 11.8) STEP
Volumetric floum3/h Density (av) kg/m3 M Mass flow kg/h Cp Specific heat kcal/kg GAS FLOW Volumetric flow Molecular mass ,M Mass flowrate Cp Specific heat = rc F/1000 psi ( I I I I I
= =
C 1
. aF2 Tl
1
m3/d (std)= 00 O*CJ = 15 = -locJ;.s kg/h kcal/kgC = 0.6 x 0.00805) = C.L;C/bar I NOTES Coverinq
k kcalThmC
COEFFICIENT I
I I I
I 1. Calculate heat
VALUE I factor s 1
= 3.33
~(&~
Y 0.f 17 -l-
transfer
I
. I
I
I
/:
1
= 5 kcal/hmC
0.30 1.49
I I I I I i
I
) 2. Calculate I ,
leqth
I
heat flow ratio (liquid per unit a I I a I I =113-q ,o-c.n- 1
I
I I
a = s/MCp
or gas) temperatureTa
I
I
I I 3. Calculate
Asymptotic
f
I
Ta =Tg - (1 AP + L\ y/jCp)/aL
- ..*
1 Ta =41\ C
/
I
i L is segment
1 j= 426.5 w
length kcal
I
I
/ . I 4. Calculate
I
T2 = (Tl
-1-2
I
I
1 I I I I I I I
SHEET
Sheet 1
I I
I I I I of 2 ---
f . . I I Repeat steps 3 + 4 for each segment ) See sheet 2 for stepwise spreadsheet
I
/
TEP~DI~~I~IP,ExP~u~I
CALCULATION
BURIED
PIPELINE
I JO8 TJrLf
AT
;-%AflPl
CALCULATION
C
ITEM
NO. 106 NO
Br
CHK
OATL
RfV
t;
11.7
TEPK
ITERATIVE
CALCULATION
LOG
FOR
A BURIED
PIPELINE
AT.
e I
1 SEGMENT N l I I LENGTH m I
4.
L
4
I ELEVATION
I
I [
PI
I I
I
Tl 1 Ta
I
I I I T2
I
l I P2
I
I
I
+m -
I
1 bar al
I
C
I I
*. :
I
I C
I
I
C l bar al
4.
*
4.
4.
.,
S
U c
I I ( ! I :
c S
E C lo
I 1
i : I B
I
ETJ
TEPtDOPmIPIEXPc5UR 9r CHK OATE ~08r;r~f. LxnrWt
PROCESS
CALCULATlON
SHEET
Sheet Z of 2
J 1
BURIED
PIPELINE
A,T
CALCULATION
IrEM:
NO. JO1 : No. : IREVI
4. LITERATURE 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. LUDWIG CAMPBEL KATZ, CRANE Equations
INFORMATIONS 2 12 chapter 7
VOL I ChaDter
OF GAS ENGINEERING
buried
pipeline
temperatures
G.King
Two phase
A P computed
R. Soliman
Hydrocarbon
kcal/h.m.
x o $jl
-3
1.19
6-s I
h2
Specific > 1n
heats -1-m
-m--w 7
GLOBAL ENGINEERING
LIMITED
iLlEN XJBJECT PROJECT
SHEO .
JOB
No.Na..
__...
-.
..._
___.___
- .
-_
._ .._
._ _
SHEETNo.-
APPD
BY
DATE
~%u,cJ~
: ;
. -A
..
SHEET
JOB
No.-
No..&
CHKD
BY
7 4
,
..
,.
.,f i
jr
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESlGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No : 2/85
Date
ly-
12.
PACKAGE
UNITS
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR c
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
DEHYDRATION TEP
1. APPLICABILITY
will will
dehydration Limits
phase to acceptable
transportation.
vendor.
However
of design
using tri-erhylen;
2. GENERAL (English .
DEHYDRATION units
this section
to 6 to 10 lb of HZ0 per MMSCF lines, and reduce corrosion. at low points and reduce
iMethods
in usage are : (Alumina, silica gel, mole glycol) 3. injection see 4.0) elsewhere absorption in literature. liquids is gib,n iI sieve)
methods
of the advantages
and disadvantages
Tri-ethylene flowsheets
glycol
is the
preferred glycol
glycol
(most
widely
used)
absorption
liquid.
ExampIt
are given in Fig. 1 & 2. operating to prevent temp problems of 38 C (10( due to the *
In order glycol
of 50 C (50 F) is recommended
Glycol
to 0.012
gal/M,MCF
(0.0016
m3/MMm3)
due to solubilit) ,
vapourisation,
eNo:
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGlNEERING
DESIGN
:-.
MANUAL
Revision
0 f
Page No :
DEHYDRATION
Date 2185
12.2
Glycol
foams
of light
by good feet
gas exit
(or packing
is usually
an excess of either
is
prov:ded
in the design.
Recommended
efficiencies
caps 33
Use 24 tray spacing. should not be above 400 F (204 Limit heat pump capacity. in the glycol feed maintain the inlet temperature Cl at atmospheric pressure
aim
temperatures glycol
to prevent
degredation.
for 6000. Provide To prevent at lo-15 Regenerator but maximise circulation SIZING
hydrocarbon
F (5.5 - 8 Cl above the gas exit. still column should run at 220 F (104 C) at top to prevent loss of glycol
water
Clycol
3.
rates should
PRELIMINARY
CALCULATIONS be performed for estimating on data to estimate from by the vendor on request. The vessel sizes, circulation rates the BS+B design guide. The size : temp and pressure Fig. 7
An exact sizing of a TEC unit will normally CFP inhouse program GLYCOL also exists and ,n ir utility consumptions. hand method water These are based following can be used however content of inlet
gas to contactor
kgfiMMm3. total water maSs in feed gas to contactor gas using required F, C. in contactor. circulation rate. % exit dew point (add 10 F) contingency).
for exit
depression of water
to be removed glycol
TEG circulated
to determine
reboiler
capacity.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
-Page No
i
8
T
TEF 5.
DEHYDRATION
Date
: 2185
12.3
3.
of trays diameter.
required
in contactor t
9. Evaluate tower.
2 vessels)
include
integral
KC pot
in base c
weight
A more detailed
4. METHANOL
method
can be found
in CAMPBELL
VOL II.
INJECTION
INHIBITIOl\i) ,is gas transmission as defined possible to hydrate in previous point lines the product of the is normall\r ior If th,. source. points. at the recovery receivin are no
i
unit
sections.
On some oc of water
is not
is below of inhibitors
is requires
This is acheived
.
inhibitors
is normal,
then recycled.
Methanol limitations.
- 10 C due to viscositv
Predict w=
rate
for hydrate
d:M 100 Ki + d M
C hydrate
1. Predict 2. Estimate 3. d =
hydrate Tl-T2
formation
temp
min flowing
temperature
The
amount
of inhibitor Adjust
must
to depress glycol
point
accordingly.
I (O-Z- i pot 1
,
use vapour
w NO
,iOTAL 1
i I i
Revision
0 I
Page No :
Date
: 2/85
12.4
-I
5. SOLID Solid
BED DEHYDRATION bed dehydration Solid is used when lower units. residual water around conc$ntrations the - 40 C mark are required rhar
. i i
can be acheived
water.
by glycol
3ase c
bed dehydration
desifgn requirements
when compared
: facilities always used molecular medium : KgH20/100 Bauxite Alumina Gels .Mole&ar Sieve degredated 4-6 4-7 7-v 9-12 by heavy oils, amines, most expensive glycols corrosion prior inhibitors to entering Kg bed cheapest sieve dehydration to acheive 1 ppm H20 or less.
Available
dessicant
quirec
:eivin .re no
i
Beds
It is essential
or scrubber
icositb
Bed life is usually Gas flow through ensures the water the bed. Figures
the media
molecular is usually
Regeneration media,
. - Tl I 6.
Table
USEFUL 6.1.
int
satio-
(0.2, i
-L PDI I L 4
installations Sept 21 1981 Sept 28 1981 tales TEG for natural ga!
D. CRAMER C. SIMMONS Cutting glycol costs II Correlation eases! absorber-equilibrum dehydrationW. BEHR 0 + VJNOV 7 1983
-,
TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page NC
Date
: z/es
12.5 A
PER
CENY
UYCOL
ST WEIGuY
.
w--e
----
Fig. (Cam&d/
1
and
Flow
sheet
for
dicthylenc
glycol
dehydrotmn
plant.
Iavrmce,
Fig.
(Campbd/
Aor and
*heat Laur.nc*.
for
nictttylm~
glycd
dehydrocior,
plod.
--
Id u I.
rd.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
---
..
_..._
.._ . .._
..
FIG.
SIZING OF ABSORBERS
FLOWING
PRESibRi:-PSIG
_.
I TOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DEhYDRATION
DESIGN
MANUAL I
nevtslon
u I
rdge
NO
Date
: z/t35
1 L.
RAYS
OR PACKING
f ICUAE REOUIRED
6 FOR
CLYCOL
DEHV
ORATORS
I I 1 P / .-.. Y--. C ..._-. -_. .y:. . 3, . -Sk f:!::. -7 -... -_. .-. 7..: \ (: , : g : ! ! > , I ! :--.. i . ..I.: v .: ...... F . .._ I ..,.Ix-- I !j
01 01234S678 CLYCOL
T O WATER
CIRCULATION
RATE
GALTEWLEHfo
, , ,
w Lo lo A)
11J 40
-10
20
bo
40
loo
-__
ToTAt
TEP/oP/EX~/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
i I
Revision
: O
Page No
T
7-E 1.
2.
3. F14JU a
Basic CharacccrLsclcs Of ?iolccular Sieves.
r I
GAS TO et OnlEo
DRY GA1 I
nECTCLIWC RECYCLED GAS CO~P~EssOw
No
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
GASSWEETENINC
12.10 gas contain disulfide gaseous for safety acid components, mainly carbon dioxide (CS2) and mercapians. or liquefied, or process This the gas nfeeds to be created An other to improve details aspect oil recovery. methods are GuidelInes to In reasons. section of gas of the CO2 injection process. their services. of this section, but can be found in the advantages
DESIGN
MANUAL
Page No :
1. APPLICABILITY Generally natural gas, or associated sulfide (COS), carbon product, components with
this case CO2 is extracted for gas sweetening on which system sizing Ii terature
different
and disadvantages.
to select
specific
method
is beyond
the scope
is required.
The specification
of treated
content
PROCESSES are available absorption absorption conversion using catalyst utilised process is the most ABSORPTION the chemical reaction are : Aqueous 56 normally solvent and releases absorbe them the acid components by heating present in : solld bed adsorption cryogenic fractionation
In this type of process, the feed gas by chemical The main chemical
at low pressure.
solvents
The Alkanolamines . . . . MEA (Monoethanolam DCA (RI (Diglycolamlne), &IDEA DIPA (Methyldiethanolamlne) (Diisopropanolamine), salt solutions (ADIP) as potassium carbonare K2CO3 Ine) (FLUOR ECONAMINE)
or alkaline
Alkanolamines
. close
cannot
because
: It to extract
at high
the absorbed
ac
by decomposition. processes.
of these
widely
used. Generally
15 56 weight a) Advantages
solution
is utilized.
- high reactivity - good chemical b) Disadvantages - irreversible - irreversible - ineffectiveness - high utility - no selectivity c) Fields of utilization use : MEA acid pressure - need of reclaimer degradation degradation into stability
cost
(no
available
licensing
fees)
corrosion
products by oxygen
by sulfur (Direct
such as COS, CS2 for the solvent mercaptans high vaporisation solution H2S and CO2 losses the circulating between air must be avoided) for removing requirements to purify for absorption
- general
from
MEA unit is around 3.1.2. DEA PROCESS The second the MEA
most
I widely
used gas treating
process
with
a tendancy
to replace I
processes
exist, reclaimer.
Flow diagram
le NO 12.11
3 ac
ally a
to SNEA-DEA
process)
The DEA
is used to treat
gases containing
COS, CS2, RSH (up to a total H2S treated content of the treated
requirements
can be acheived.
The CO2
volume.
Performance
processes flow (see figure 2) high acid gas conrent (above 25 % mole), DEA
1. Split
n to I acid .. 0-l
flow rate can be reduced. Investment cost increases (more equipment, conlplex columns, increased regenerator 2. SNEA - DE.4 orocess
significantly height).
I lace I
SNEA
company
has developed
a process
using
a higher
concentratior
of DEA (above 30 % weight). The process most stringent licenser claim to give in one step, a treated for gases containing gas matching the
(4 ppm by volume).
TOTAL
TEPIDPiEXPISJ R
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
1
I
TE 12.13 ;
GASSWCETENINC
Date
: Z/81
3.1.3.DICLYCOLA~IINE The DEA. Although refered to compare a) Advantages low solution in rhe KO as the with DGX process
(DGA) has
PRXESS a limited
(FLUOR number of
LIE?,
an I
domaine,
the
process process
was
developed advantages
by FLUOR and
and
EC\3NA&IINE are :
disadvantage:
rate
due
to the
concentration
(same
abs
tio
Disadvantages needs high high cooling solubility solvent of rhe solutron hydrocarbons during and the absorption are pnase dissolved
aromatics
cost.
cl
of selectron &MEA, The DCA reacts both is applicable and above C02/H2S 15 PSIC. with CO2 to gases ratios and with between CS2 acid and gas 300/l a reclaimer content and 0.1/l from at I is I
process
5% volume pressures
3.1.4.DlPA This
PROCESS process has been developed selective by SHELL absorption under the ADIP trademark of Co2. I ,. name. I
by the
of H2 in presence
is characterized
by its
selectivity
for
Hz5
in presence
are
proposed
by process
licensers
i I
CARBIDE:
UCARSOL
e No
I) TOTAL 1
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL I
Revision
: PageNo: I
Date 12.13
T
: 2185
12.14
3.1.6.HOT
POTASSIUM
CARBONATE to each
PROCESS process
(see figure
.
3)
to increase the
An activator
4 an
licenser
reactivity L BENFIELD
i
is added t
and
- CATACARB I
Irage!
the
process
tio
I t. ! I I
regenerator a) Advantages -
(1 IO/l lSC)
by COS and CS2 which are hydrolysed stability with air absorption - no need for a reclaimer - low heat requirements - selective CO2 absorption (ClAMMARCO) (isothermal)
b) Disadvantages
er is fron 1 at
licensing
content
of treated
gas
absorption
c) Fields 1:
high
CO2
content.
it difficult
of 4 ppm volume.
cost wise than an amine MATERIALS generally but still utilized subject
process.
in steel
the cladding
chemical Monel
units tube: b;
and trays.
can be stainless,
to corrosion.
shall be avoided.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
page NO : 12.15
CASSWEETENINC;
Dare : 2/85
Generally corrosive. When following intern&, 3.2. PHYSICAL In this type contact High the
solutions
treating
gas with
high
CO2/H2S t
ratlo
ratio :
is high, amine/amine
stainless tubes.
steel
will
be preferred expansion
for
the ,: value im
exchanger
tubes,
ABSORPTION of process, them the solvent by simple extracts expansion favour the acid components at low pressure. the physical solvents. absorption. processes Table 2 lists by simple physical
I ; I.
the ,
and disadvantages
of physical
These
are applicable I ,
in the case of high acid gas partial for sweetening at low or medium
5 bars also).
Can be considered
processes WATER
Can be used as prrmary by addition Because a large considered 3.2.2. SELEXOL of trays
in the top section. water Corrosion wash should prcblems be used mainly for this
on gases a IAitc,
process
should
be I I
I I
developed
by NORTON
CHEMICAL
with large acid gas content. has been applied for sweetemng ranging of gases conraining from up to 65 % of CO;
can reach
0,02 % CO2
H2S or CO2 it can also dehydrate. (COS, mercaptans) are also eliminated.
rTOTAL 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGlNEERlNG
DESlGN
MANUAL
Revision
LASSWEETENING
Date
:2/M
12-16
norf
3.2.3.
FLUOR
up to 50 %
gas. or potassium
that
with
MEA
carbonate. I - can be used to treat a finishing gas containing douwstream H2S and CO2. H2S content would
treatment
to obtain
.ing I
- as the solubility I 3.2.5. :ed i - developed High be gas (cooling i I I I 3.2.6. - major equipped injection. ESTASOLVAN Developed process stringent, 3.3. PHYSIC0 3.3.1. for process to remove RECTISOL PROCESS
by LURGI,
solution
of methanol
as solvent.
selectivity
for C02,
used on synthesis
gas or on precooled
by an external
disadvantage with
by F. UHDE additional
CMBH
H2S extraction.
- CHE.MICAL SULFINOL
- this process has been developed - ir. loIves a physical (DIPA alkanolaminel
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
GAS SWEETENINC
Date
:2/85
of CO2 and H2.S. Amine solvent during regenerarion t H2S absorption and other of rhe treated tendency
rht or
1i 1 / ; *
i
sulfur
absorption,
heavy
processes, solution
SULFINOL
SULFINOL
SOLID 3.4.1.
SIEVES used for gas sweerening treatment to remove mercaptanf for LPC as in molecular treatment
absorption
capacity
for
C02.
They
preferentially sieve life SPONGE is reduced PROCESS as absorption process or as a conversion process I oxide has to product be regenerated occurs with air. or replaced. I for gases with high CO2 and H2S content
3.4.2.
IRON -
could mainly
process, combustion
of the fouled
4. CRITERIA
there studied final
FOR SELECTION
is no multipurpose accordir3gly selection is done
OF ABSORPTION PROCESSES
process for gas sweetening, each case is specific criterial from short list and shall be
gas specifications
re No -
TOTAL
lEP/DP/EXP/SUR
1
GAS SWEETENING
Date
0 I
h2.17
: 218s
12.18
chemical influence ias or ound: .rbon: parea 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. physical pressure chemical selection processes
ability
to absorb acid gases with a low for regeneration At than high for is berter on gas pressure.
They require
be used
preselection
of sweetening
as definitive. 5) 6)
(NO CO2 IN THE GAS) (see figure situation with natural (H2S AND gases.
G as
4.4.
CO2 IN THE GAS) (see figure in this case. and DIPA seem
8)
the chemical
to be adapted
for this
I xess I Iced.
(1)
Natural
conditioning N. MADDOX
(volume
by
ROBERT I II be I fsses I
by JOHN
M. CAMPBELL.
TOTAL (
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
: 0
Date
: 2/9sJ
UEA FLOW
PROCESS OIAGRAU
SWEETGAS A
51 r-=I. r- 0
STILL.
= 20
L..P. _
0. 0I
/
REFLux
PUMP
..-
= 20 -7
I
FLASH TAN*
El
i h
L RICH MEA/ LEAN EXCMAnGEA
05(
STEAM El
)
YEA STILL PEBOILER
SOlJR cG--
SPLIT .~MINE
STREAM PROCESS
I,
PROCESS ENGINEERING
? t TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
DESIGN MANUAL
. ) r;rnz .
a8j
beNo:
iJ
13,
UTILITIES
TOTBb:
i PROCESS ENGINEERING
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
page No : 13.1
UTILITIES
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR Date
: 2/85
1. APPLICABILITY For both feasibility estimate of utility and pre-project requirements studies the engineer will be required rgquired. : to make ar
both in consumptions
WATER TREAT,vlENT UTILITY liND INSTRUbIENT t\lR INERT GAS GENERATORS WATER SYSTE.LlS FUELS 2. WATER TREATMENT The following details : the common used effluent water treatment equipment given in order
a settling
to remove
any floating .
.
Effluent
quality
around 150 microns globules and 150 ppm oil. Either circular or rectangular in design. , (CPI) ,
Large bulky items, cannot be used offshore. Simple, cheap very common in onshore use. (TPS), Corrugated
Plate Interceptor
Widely used both offshore and onshore. Uses plate packs, usually at 4s mounted oil + water within in a tank and relies on gravity
settling
between,
the spaces between the plates. down to 60 micron oil globules and 50-200 ppm. if upstream settling tank is not installed. I ! 8
Effluent
quality
. .
Can have problems with hrgh solids content TPS units are u;ually units air flotation settler used as the first
treatment
stage offshore.
Flotation .
DESIGN MANUAL I
Revision
0 I
Page No : 13.2
Date
?/85
. .
Effluent
quality
better than 40 ppm. Vendors usually guarantee and onshore. Usually installed
downstream f
Filtration .
Filtration
(fibre socks, mesh, stainless steel cage). water standards. re-injection where high quality, low solids level is treatment unless very low residual solids
effluent
enforced
. .
compact but heavy due to media bed weight. is required to prevent fouling up of main bed units.
Effluent
in effluent 40 iv-n
30 wm
20 wm
Process drains, produced water, deck (site) drains (see figure . Produced water may need degassing before treatment. small it may be possible to handle it in the TPS unit. . Deck or site drains normally TPS unit. . Process drains are normally manually initiated
If the deck
dralnage is small or produced water flow is small can combine both streams through one
to the return
oil stop
tank. These drains are generally . Always oil-water try to use gravity separation
water free. Pumping can cause emulsions and make fast flowing lines and turbulent pipe
harder.
arrangements.
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR 3. UTILITY Compressed utility . . .
&ES
ENGINEERING
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision : Date
Page NO 13.3
UTILITIES : 2185
AND INSTRUMENT
AIR (see-figure
for instrumenr
tools, cleaning,
etc. :
For turbine/engine
17-25 bar supply will be required. air, compressor discharge around 9 bar is adequate.
and utility
: use 0.6 scfm (0.017 m3/min) air) 0.8 scfm (0.022 m3/min) capacity for design.
is intermittent
and difficult
capacity
air must be dried before use. Dew point of air is dependant on minimum in location of unit. Generally
air
as low as -60C. . Size air receivers during this period. . . For long air transmission An estimate of compressor headers in cold climates intermediate KO puts may be required. to give lo- 15 minutes of instrument air assuming the compressor gee
air receiver
(N2, CO21 plants for purging and inerting of equipment. in use are : For small*
in all
requirements
N2 bottles can be used in racks, this however is not feasible for large units ant must be supplied. The main types of generator . - cryogenic distillation of air on sieve - oxygen absorbtion - gas combustion -
so gas generators
capacity
TEp/DP/EXP/SUR
UTILITIES
Date
: 2/85
13.4
Cryogenic
distillation
is used only
for large
volume
plants. Not used offshore. . Gas combustion produces a N2, CO2 mixture for inerting
requirements, .
specifically
LNC
much these days except for onshore large volumes. . Pressure swing absorbtion mounted existing production . units plant air is the must common supplied for with supply. Air
and purging purposes. Not used c for N2 generation. compressor, is 4-5 times inert Skid gas
dedicated
or can use
5. WATER SYSTEMS Seawater Used for cooling sanitation Seawater seawater purposes both onshore and offshore. Can also be used as wash water,
water and feed to potable water units. is also used for fire cooling circuit water systems but is usually a separate connected to the fire water system. The
is normally
supply only. Always coarse filter the seawater before circulating to the plant. This removes any
debris or marine life. Treat with chlorine at l-2 ppm concentration - maintain a residual Cl level in the
water exit at 0.3-0.5 ppm. Seawater exit temperatures to outfall canals or drain caissons should not be above 4OC
water
systems
are preferred
for
small
cooling
duties
3-4
For large duties and number of units where the cost of corrosion consider using a closed loop cooling medium system.
is
Common
used is
TEG in water. medium/seawater exchangers consider using titanium or similar weight plate
ideal- offshore
due to reduced
and space
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision : Date
Potable water Depending on location of plant potable water can be made in sit% or supplied by tanker
from a mains supply. method of water supply is evaporative TDS (Total distillation. Dissolved
most common
distilled
popular now are Reverse Osmosis units (RO) which are lighter than evaporative drinking units. water distillation. Water quality TDS for is 500-1000) operating costs
Health is
of RO un
: for a 100 gph (0.38 m3/h) unit. Distillation unit unit (EO) 3.5 kw kw kw
and easy to
I
Evaporative
NO) . 5 (VC) 15
at ambient
temperature
.l
Average membrane life is 3 years. on 50-60 gallons per day per man (0.2 rn3). units
Consumption Storage
: estimate
10 days for onshore remote areas . Potable water can be dosed with hypochlorite at 0.4-0.5 ppm to inhibit bacterial growth.
Before discharging
to river,
must
be treated
Limits
are
imposed
on BOD
bacteria
count and TDS. < 200 per 100 ml < 150 ppm < 100 mg/l > 0.5 mg/l < 1.0 mg/l I I !
are :
TOTAL
-5 -TEP/DP/EXP/SUR . Sewage sewage. . tker Ion. ved <. Diesel ess Jth is I . . Used for
AUOW
Revision
Page No :
Date
Z/85
13.6
is treated
by physical
artrition,
airation
and
chlorine
dosing
to 30-40
ppm
rav,
Provide
15-29 30-50
time person
for
action for
to reduce sewage,
show%r,
wastes.
Use upper
hot unsociable
climates.
6. FUELS
Pumps
motors
and
air
compressors,
cranes,
and
equipment
individual
day
tanks
sized
on providing
fuel
for
24 hr
operation. I . [Main diesel tank (for feed to day tanks) supply should periods. Can be centrifuged offshore poor supply to remove where quality residual longer can water storage lead to hold IO-12 days supply. This is dependant
of plant
5 &iicrons.
is especially seawater
supply
problems. use platform atmospheric legs venting tanks space for with offshore vacuum-PSV storage. vent. Use crane
storage
I/
Gas .
pedestrals,
or inter-deck
Fuel Always
fuel
7. 1,
(generally
quality
required
filters) FG
- do not temperature
treatment Minimum
ed I
it\aintain IO be 5C.
en I . . Common Size margin. . FG used gas straight for flare off purge scrubber and pilots, overheads. etc., does not need to be filtered to 10 microns - use fuel supply gas pressures supply on are 15-20 bar (some design jet duty engines of all need users 35 bar). operating. Allow + 10%
maximum
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
UTILITIES
DESIGN MANUAL
recess IF
water
and deck
diain
water
treatment
1 Compressed r
Air System
lge NC
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Revision :
Date
: 2/85
Page No :
13.8
EST,MATE
OF WEIGHT
AND
INSTRUMENT
A4R
UNITS
1600 3
.:.-.
:-
::.
-.
J:.-.:;
_:..
..:-.._- ., .:l
; y.;
: 1 ..z
2:. /:. r
.. :
-. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-;;~~~
, ,.
-.
z;zi:---;
..
.. i
I -i
;:..
.-:
.:..
;=;-:.:..E:. z-.-::-+yr:.-:....~:::;:::L::~-.~:.:~
-0 200 300 do0 CAPACITY so0 Nm3/h (0C 600 + 1 bwrl 700 600, 900 1000
Layout plan
0, lcsidurl in ptodoct
wnltnl
Technical data
Small plank Rudy.fotoptnlion plant8 in one unil Fully fwdoo. md pctformmu.lcslrd. No ituullttioo vott No wditq watt tcquitrd. Mu 0,Y mnmnl ~yu~uc ptyc j;S bu * catuumplion -I IS 9
ill produL-4
pnyy
,
.pptorLW
_-_-----~J;$o$FI qunur)
qqfh_---.
i 1
I: 10
---
.--_..
DWN SO
DHN c Ptocz,s ptcctutr bat DHN 110 W
OS : 0 ~-----G
: 05 I
ii _._-__ II
.-_- ---.--_-. -. _ . _. _-
SO-.
E K
1: . lo II
:i -_______ 2
:; . __ ho
. . ..-.._____.
_.-
3 0, residual wolcol
la ptodltd Laqc plants: Rudyktaprntion ,.tinlmd ilUUJllOO
II0
plmu WOtt ;,,;uo$td qurnlity from
w
fuoclion.tzsttd
UO
unik
---.-
.-.._
---.---
TYQc
drriyvtiun ---
Mu 0,Y
COlCl, in ptoducl ~A!!2 05
ptrrw~;S
bat
DHN 400
I I
05 : 0% :
:z NO 410
$10 610 910 Ill0 Ill0
111 III
E 190 410 .
loo
I: IS . . . ---------A-
11
:I ;: ml II -. ..-._ - .--.-.-.510 510 :: 610 (I 41
_
DWN
700
ii :: 11
I
DHH
1600
450
lwl
_.._-._.
.-.-..
_ __.__
-.
.-_
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
DESIGN
MANUAL
Hcvtsron :
Page No :
Date
: 2185
.
P
i.
..
15,
DATA
TO?AL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
Date
Physical properties of hydrocarbons Compressibility factors of natural gas Pseudo critical pressure VS. MW Critical constants for gases and fluids Critical temperature VS. normal boiling point Characterised boiling points of petroleum Fractions Molecular mass, BP, and densities of fractions DENSITY Relative Relative density density of petroleum of petroleum fractions fractions VS T
VS MABP
VAPOUR PRESSURES Low temperature vapour pressures ,High temperature vapour pressures True vapour pressures of petroleum Hydrate formation pressures
SPECIFIC HEATS Specific heats of hydrocarbon vapours at 1 ATM . Heat capacity correction factorsSpecific heat capacity ratios at I ATlM Specific heat capacity of hydrocarbon liquids THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Thermal conductivity of natural gases Thermal conductivity ratio for gases Thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon liquids LATENT HEATS OF VAPOURISATlON Latent heats of various liquids Latent heats of hydrocarbons Heat of combusion of liquid petroleum
36 37 38 39
40 41
fractions
42 43 44 45
46 47
48
SURFACE TENSIONS - MISCELLANEOUS Surface tensions of hydrocarbons Dew points of natural gases Solubility of natural gas in water and brine Solubility of methane in water Solubility of natural gas in water i Solubility of water in hydrocarbons Temperature drops for expanding gas Temperature drops for expanding gas Physical properties of gas trearing chemicals Physical properties of water Physical properties of air
L .
-iUIAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
~HuL;~S~ tNUlNttHlNG
DESiGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
Date
15- lo
-I
:i
P
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
The relation of Degrees Baumb or h.P.1. to Specific Grawry IJ expressed by the following formulas:
For liguds
Degrees A.P.I. = y
C= For lrqolds heavier than
C=
145
C = F = K= R =
G = Specific Gravity = ratio of the weight of a given volume of oil at 60 Fahrenheit to the weight of the same volume of water et 60 Fahrenheir To determine the resulting ferent gravltla: D= gravity by mixing oils of dif-
M
k
mdt + ndz mtn Gravity of oil of of oil of denrity density of mixture dl density dz denrity of m oil of n oil
D = Density or Spktic m = Volume proportion n = Volume proponion dt = Specific Gravity or Q = Specific Gravity or
USEFUL NON
h dr d
C
MASSE
:.
I
8. . mmc qnmmc
al u 0 ; I
1 ne mCtnqu
I I
Accduaum
of grrviry
nton
IUJ
roTAL
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA SECTION
DESiGN MANUAL
Revision
P8g8
No :
Date
: 2/85
15 -
MASS
son (short1 I I 1 ton
wm9l
1,000
000
E-03
2.2O4
622
E+OO
3.527
397
E to1
~ .102311
E-03
9.842064
E-O4
l.OOO
OOO E-06
2.204
622
E -03
3.527
397
E -02
.102311
E-O6
9.842064
E-07
1 ocx3000E+03
.OOOOOOE+06
2.204
622
E ~33
3.527
397
E+O4
I.102311
EMO
9.842064
E-01
I.535
924
E +Q2
4.5?5
924
E -04
1.600
000
E +Ol
5.000
OMJ E -04
4.464
286
E-Or
2.834
952
E-02
2.834
952
E +Ol I
2.834
952
E-M
6.2SO
00
E -02
3.12SOOOE-05
2.790
178E-O!
n ton
E+oI
3.071
847E+OS
9.071
647E-01
2.OOOOOUEfo3
3.200OOOE+04
a.928
570
E -0
l.O16Op7E+O3
l.o16047E+06
l.O16047E+OO
2.240OOOE+O3
3,584C0OE+O4
l.ImmoE+oo
4 : . r
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP!SUR L
PROCESS
ENGINEERING :
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
DATA SECXON
Date
: 2/85
15 -
o4RE.4
CCnllmttRorrC art
Icn
1.000000E-04
I I
!
'.ooooooi-06
.55ow3E-01
076391
E-03
.ooo000E+o2
4.046856E+03
l.OOooOOEG
i
I
4.046856E+Ol
!
/ 2.4 71 on 1 E -02 1.550003E-05 6,272639E+05
!
I .o76 4.3% 3g E03
4.~60%E+o7
000 E foe 1 I
cqurrt
tnch
6.451
600 E -04
6.451
600
EG
1.5%
22s E -07
6.944
444 E -03
rlprrt
toor
9.290
304 E -02
9.290
304 E co2
9.290
304 E-w
2.2%6&o
E-05
I.440
oca E+O2
-1
LENGTH t
LONGIJEUR
e 0 - .tn :I
3.937OO8E+ol A
m I
cm
u
l.OWoOOE+06
fC111
3.280840E+00
mtlt !I
6.213712Eeo4;
nr1rt
l.M)OOOOE+10
tnllmttre
1.omocaE-02
.O@JO@JEW
.OOOOOOEW8
3.937008E-O
3.28084OE-02
6.213
II L in c LL
I-
.Imeron I
~cptrom
Ich (pow)
1.0000ooE-06
l.OOOOOOE-O*
l.oOooOoE+04
3.937oOSE-05
3.280840E-06
,
l.OOOWOE-or 1 3.937008E-09 3.280&40E-10
6.213712E-10
.000000E-IO
I.OOOOOOE-08
6.213
712E-14 I
M
2.YOOOO
E-02
2.54OOOQ
E+Oo
2540000E+CM
t.SoOOOOE+o0
8.33J
333 E-02
fCJOC (pttd)
3B48000E-01
3,O480OOE+01
3.048OOOE+oS
3,0a8OOOE+o9
1.200OoOEWl
kil0g -
EM3
1,609
344 E+oS
1.609344
Ei09
1.609344
E+13
6.336OOoEW4
5.28ooOO
E+03
I
pm
VELOCITY
pour P PO1 -
. -
I-----TEP.DP/EXP/SUR
TOTAL
.
Date _.
: 2/85 ilSIS *
Revision : 0
-I
VOLUMETRIC
-I
FLOW
mlmn
wm
tl/h
Bblld
1.104
on
E-01
DENSITY
MaSSE VOLUMlaUE
m kg
hdm
dcm
Ibh
Iid
mund
wr wb~c fco1
II
1.19B X4 EM2
1.1s aj4
5.787
037 E-04
E-01
4.329
0011 E-03
7.460~19E+CG
I I
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
-yzr-jq;
PROCESS ENGINEERING PRESSiRE .
DESlGN MANUAL
.i
TOTAL
I
PROCESS ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUAL .y - TE?/DP/EXP/SUR
DATA SECTION
I
Revision : 0
Date
1 Page No :
: 2/85
VISCOSITY
(Kinematic)
.
jCOSlTE
tr:/ll L
DIFFUSIVITE ml= 6 I
l.ooooooEc06
1.076
391
E+Ol
3.a75co8 E 44
3.875 I ma E -32
rntinok#r
1.OGoOooE-06 I
1 I
1.076
391
E-05
9.290304
E-02
9.290
300
E +cM
3.600
OW
E 43 -
2.580
640
E -05
2.560
640
E +Ol
2.777
778
E -04
.365666t-0,
1,556565t-0
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGlNEERtNG
DATA SECTION
DESIGN
MANUAL
Date
: 2/85
15 - 8
i w
SPECIFIC
HEAT
CAPACITY
!
THERhlAL CONDUCTIVITY
HEAT
TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT
Tom& 1
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGlNEERlNG
DATA SZCTION
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
Date
: 2/8S
15 -
HEAT CAPACITY/ENTROPY
ENrROPlEl CAPACITE THERMIQUE
I
J/K l&d/K . I i
BCd- F
m:
cy.,
-z
K-l
it I .i.lW WOE+03
5.861422 EMI 2.390 051 E-W
i
I I
1.706
071
E-03
1 j
I
l.ao
7.138
2ooi-00
913 E-01
I t I I I I I . I I ! I
*,mr ,w.u .,,
I.
,.
POWER/HEATFLOWRATE
t of rrfriq.
15,665,fO
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
. .
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
..-
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
DATA SECTION
Date
: 2/8S
Page No :
'5 -I()
TEP -
PSEUDO-CRITICALS
1 Mer
True
vapour
: - actual
vapour
pressure
of a crude
oil
at the actual
temperature Reid
vapour
2 3 A 5
7 c
reference
vapour
pressure
of an oil ..
af a controlled
temperature
Molal
average
of 100 F (used as a basis for product specification). boiling point : - equal boiling to the sum of the mole fracrion of each
J 11 12 13 10 15 16 17
18
~J=I lsoc kc .1-H 24.4 3.4 Net 2.3. n-n 2M 344 3-51 22. 2.4. 33. Tnc no Our
Isoc
point R, temperature
19 20 21
point
: VABP : - average -
22 23
24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 y
n-N, n.Dr Crc Mer Cvc Mer Erht Proc 1-h err-; .-an mb
Mean
average
kding
point
curve is used
ro correct
Cubic average
corrected
form of VABP.
factor
when defining
for
-.
--
TOlTib
TEP/D?/EXP/SUR
s5
PHYSICAL
1
Page No :
CONSTANTS
2.
OF HYOROCARBONS(27)
-I==
SreNottNo
Commund
2 3 0 5
16.O43 30.070 ~.W? 58.124 58.124 12.151 72.151 72.151 86.170 86.178 86.178 86.118 86.178
-161.52(2E -88.58 -42.07 -0.49 -11.81 EE 9.50 68.74 60.26 63.27 49.73 57.98 98.42 90.05 91.85 93.48 79.19 80.49 86.06 80.88 125.67 103.11 9924 150.82 174.16 49.25 71.81 80.73 loo.93 -103.77m -47.72 -6.23 3.72 -!gY 2946 10.85 -4.41 36.07 -84.8@ 80.09 110.63 136.20 144.43 139.12
:5 ow.1 6000.b 1341. 377. 528. 115.66 151.3 289. 3728 50.68 :3::: 55.34 1230 1722 16.16 15.27 26.32 24.04 2093 25.40 4.143 8.417 12.96 1.40 0.473: 73.91 33.85 24.63 12.213 1596: 451.9 337.6 365.8 452.3 141.65 269. 43a. 12377 2436 7 895 2.07 2.05 253 2.65 185 1.47 36.43 17.70
-182.4?* -182EO4 -187.684 -138.36 -159.60 3368. 3361. 3199. -95.32 -153.66 -99870 -128.54 -90.582 -llE2? -118.6O -123.81 -119.24 "%3:, A -56.76 -91200 -10736 -53.49 -29.64 -93.866 -142.46 6.554 -126.59 -169.1S4 -18525d 45;:" -105.55 -140.35.--165.22 -136.19 -108.91 -145.95 -8O.ed 5.533 -94 99 1 -94975 -25.18~ 47.87 13.26 -30.61 -96.035 -97.68
-114
190.55 305.43 369.82 425.16 406 13 469.6 460.39 433.75 5074 497.45 sm.4 400.73 499.93 540.2 530.31 535.13 p,::z '519.73 536.36 531 11 568.76 599.99 543.89 594.56 617.4 511.6 532.73 553.5 572.12 282.35 3m.85 419.53 435.56 426.63 417.90 4M.78 lM4.1 425. '4&d .I ma.33 562.16 591.80 617.20 6P.33 611.05 616.23 6476 631.1 512.W 513.92 132.9213: 300 19(X 373.5 430.6 405.6 132 412) 33.2 154 71331 126.1 417 6473 5.2(321 324 -.._-_ 7 .-
o.w6 17 O.OO492 o.ocd 6.0 o.w4 33 0.004 52 0.004 21 O.ooO 24 0.004 20 0.004 29 0.03426 0.001126 o.oDa17 0.004 15 o.OO431 0.0% 20 o.OO403 o.oDp 15 0.004 15 o.ooo 17 o.ooo 13 0.003 97 o.ma 0.004 o.ma 0.004 O.ooO 0.003 0.063 0.003 0.003 O.ooO 0.004 0.004 0.004 O.tXX O.OCM o.ca IO.009 o.ooa (0.004 31 22 10 27 24 71 79 68 75 67 30 28 17 24 26 22 05) 09 061
3012. 3010. 3 124. 3127 2736. 27w. 2814. 2891. 2773. 2 137. 2945. 2954.
5061.
16 17 18 :: 21 z! 23 I: f ': it E % 33 34 F Jlj 3Q
40 41
::
loo.205 100.2O5 im.205 im.205 I 00.205 too.205 too.205 i m.205 I14232 114232 !14.232 128.259 142286 70.135 84.162 84.162 96.189 Z&O54 42.oBl 56.108 56.lO6 56.108 1PJnIJm 13&JIJolene 138UI~lJne
IsoofCM ACIWICM
2 486. - --. 2486. f Z: 2099. 4 5O2. 3 785. 4 074. 3472. 5001. 4 600. 4 023. 4 220. 4-07 (4 5O2.1 4 330. 13850.) 6139.
4896. 4 106.
Exz 54.092 22% A 26.038 78.114 92.141 106.168 106.166 106.166 106.168 104.152 lM.195 ZU.0
E:
62
43 44 45 46 47 46 t 49 I 50 I
Bcnzcrr
Tolucne Etnvlbtnrcnc o.xvlcnc m.xvh?nJ LB-Xvlcne Swmt lSOO~OOYItlCI-lltN Jlconol JkOnOl monoxmx Groan OIORKIC ~v0eqtn wlftae Sulfw at0~m Ammoma AM Hrdrcqtn O.vpen Nttr~pen Cnwlnt WJ1.r Mtlnvl ElhVl CJrWn
:z::
152:41 649 70.29 -19149 -xl.51* -60.31 -10.02 -33.33(x1 -194.2121 -252.87" - 182.962" -195.80(31 -a.03 100.00 -268.93(32 -65.00 ---.
o.ow 34 0.00328 o.m3 43 0.033 53 0.00346 0.003 46 0.00354 0.003 54 0.00356 0.003 38 0.00357 0.0036a 0.003 6a 0.00362 0.003 62 0.003 32(331 x2(331 0.002 14133) o.OcJ2 14l33) 0.002 07
O.OrJl 0.00190 90
51
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 55 ISO 61
C~H,O :0
32.O42 46.069 28.010 44.010 34.076 64059 17031 28.9W 2.016 31.999 28.013 70.906 18.015 am3 36461
62
63 64 .
Utlwm
uvdmqtn cnmrtat
-.--
- .
0.001 0.003
0014 _o.w222
75 18
36(321
PROCESS ENGINEEEICS
DATA
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision :
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
SECTION
I PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Date
: z/es
OF HYDROCARBONSl27)
I
-: -I z+= g4
oea1 ga: i442.1' 231.3 272.3 2 % 206.8 204.6 195.5' 182.1 180.5 183.5 179.4 182.6 -EC 1 706 1625 1.652 1616 1.622 1.600 1.624 TX5 I.602 1.578 1.593 1.566 1.606 1.595 1.564 1.613 1.613 1.651 1.603 1.578 Tizi 1.573 1.599 1.590 1 s95 1.133 1.258 1211 1.324 -1.514 1.480 1.483 1.366 1.528 1.547 1.519 1.446 I.426 1.492 1.659 1.014 1.085 1.169 .I.218 1.163 1.157 1.133 1.219 Tz? 1.389 t 040 0.63X 0.996( 0.606; 2.019 1005 la.20 0.916e 1000 0476C I a62 5.192 0 799
LOAl
l3w.)' 357.P. $$' 563.2' 631.0 624.4 596. 7h 6633 657.7 6688 653.9 666.2 688.0 662.8 691.5 702.6 676.0 677.1 697.4 694.4 706.7 697.7 6s6.0 721.7 733.9 750.2 753.4 783.1 773.7
300.1' 356.6' 506.7' 583.1' 562.1' 629.9 623.3 595.6' 662.7 656.6 667.7 652.8 665.1 686.9 681.7 690.4 701.5 676.9 676.0 696.3 693.3 705.6 696.6 694.9 720.6 732.8 749.1 752.3 782.0 772.6 521.5' 6ocl.j 626.d 608.9' 599.4"
CLOSI 0.08404
0.00684h 0.099ah 0.103 t4
0 .WT?dh
0.002 0.002 llrn lQh 0.001 57 0.00162 0.W16?h O.Wl 35 O.Wlag 0.001 3s O.Wl40 o.w13!5 0.001 24 O.Wl22 O.Wl 24 0.001 26 i%E o:w1 O-Ml ii 17 24
0.0126 0.0978 0.1541 0.2015 O.lsao 0.252* 02286 0.1967 zsii 0.2704 0.2741 02333 0.2475 0.3494 0.3x3 0.3239 0.3107 02876 0.3o31 02631 0.2509 0481 0.3564 0.3o41 0.4452 a.49@ 0.1945 0.2308 0.2038 0.2364 0.0869 0.1443 0.1949 0.2033 0.2126 0.2026 0.2334 0.2s40 0.1971 0.1567 0.r893 0.2095 0.2633 0.3031 0.3113 0.3257 0.3214 0.1997 0.3260 0.5608 0.6608 On442 0.2667 0.0920 0.2546 0.2976 0/19w .-I.0200 0.0372 0.0737 0.3434 00.1232
0.5539 i 374
1.0382 1.5225 ;:z 0.7862 0.5362 o.afxa 0.4068
2.076
2.366(41 2.366141 w 2.317 2.231 2.205 2.170 2.148 2.146 2109 2.183 2.137 2.150 2.161 2.193 2.099 2.088 2.191 2.138 2.oa9 2.164 2.179 1.763 1.843 1.811 1.839 2.443 2.237 2.24lf 2.23a 2.296 2.241f43 2.262 2.124 2.171 : :::51.721 1.741 1.696 1.708 1.724 1.732 2.rSd 2.340 2.o806l 1.3!59(36 469X30 L 4 191 -
3807
5 IS
4 *
I" ;: 2 n 2 3 3 2 2 3 -f
v E
P,
0.1103
iillS 0.120sh
Z.ogrc
2.4911 2.a9r I 2.9753 f-;:g 29753 29753
0.3277 0.3277
0.6644 0.6583 0.6694 0.6545 06668 0 6686 0.6635 0.6921 0.7032 0.6787 0.6777 0.6980 0.6950 0.7073 0.6984 0.6966 0.7224 0.7346 0.7508 0.7511 0.7836 0.7744 0.5231h 06019h 0.6277h 0.610Sh 0.6clOh 06462 0.6576h 0.626d 0.6866 0.675' o.aixci 08723 00721 0 8850 0.6691 0.6661 0.9115
..2 13 14 1s 16 I? 18 19 20 i 2\
0.131 0.129 0.1456 0.146B 0.144 0.1426 0.147 0.148 0.143 0.144 0.161 0.163 0.164 0.177 0.1939 009349 0.111 0.107 0.126
8 4
0.8521
a
0 7 3 6 7 1 7 7 5 9 h
s.os96 3.45% 3.4596 3.45% E$ 3.45% 7.4596 39439 3.9439 39439-_ -.4.4282 4.9125
0.2360
0.236o 0236o 0.2360 0.2360 0.2m 02360 02360
162.4 161.1 163,2 165.8 ;Ei:: 164.6 163.9 lrg.3 144.4 144.1 133.0 122.0 2s2.9 211.7 220.0 186.3 293.6' 253.4' 264.9 257.1' 253.1' 217.7 207.2 274.2 238.1 2676 223.7 194.0 196.9 193.4 192.7 206.7 170.4
1 1,. 18 :P 2 5 23 I 2' 2 2 I 2
O.ool 12 0.001 17 0.001 17 0.001 I3 o.wo 99 0.001 26 0.001 28 0.00122 O.ool 13 o.GM 0.00209"
0.783t
0.949t 0.9844
0.9703 0.9660 0.9661 0.9608 0.9ar IO.9591 IO.9651 0.949t 0.9925 0.92+ 0.903' s 0.9938
20,.
3 5 3: i' i 34
522.6*
601 4h 627.1h 610.0h 600.Sh 645.f 657. 627.0h 686.0
3
626:y 684.9 883.1 870.5 070.5 883.1 067.2 864.2 909.5 aw.9 19r1.9 790.4 020.0" 787.24 395. 616.6"
0.001 76&
O.WlO~
.--.19372 19372 19372 ::2: 18676 2.3519 o.esso 2.6989 3.1812 3.6655 3.6655 3.6655 3.66% 359% 4.14% 1.1063 :*9z I:5195 1.1765 22117
0.W2 16h
0.001 60 0.001 76h o.w2oY O.WlS5 0.001 19 O.Wloa o.wo 97 o.ow 99 o.oou 97 o.ow 97 o.oo103 o.wo 97 cl.Wl 17 o.oo107 -
30
34
884 2 6716 671 3 880.2 868.3 865.3 910.6 866.0 796.0 791.5 768.6"(341 821.9hms, 789~.'(36 396. .'f361 617 +(fO, ess.71.oom(371
0.5619 0.4214 0.4214 0.4214 0.4214 0.3371 0.4371 0.4371 0.3471 0.9061 0.3027
o.&a2g
i
42 43 4 4 4 47' 40
7 9
i
3 7 4 0
a
5 5
09995
0.7379
05122 0.64~ I 0.5373 0.6939 0.3691 1.388 0.8163 1.73 0.7389 OE441 0.3335 1.312 5907 0.645 v-w-
iai.mfja)
o.ooo 0.006
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
I 1 k ( r ( i ) b
14 03
1.wo 5l-m -
I Revision : 0 Date
: 2/85
Page No :
I5 -
13
CONSTANTS
OF HYDROCARBONS(27)
?I t 3
;
-.05
-;5s ; = s ; 2 2 CC
97 I 89.V 976 ifs7 90.3 80.2 26.0 73.5 'Ia. 93.A 90.3 + I .p.: . I .w.' ::. Yd. 61.)' 92.3 05.5 24.8 73A 74 5 91.6 9.3f 0.0 42.4 52.0 65.0 92.6 83.1 80.8
tt-ab.nt
18ow
25394' 287lV 27621' 3Q709 I
9.5a
t6.70 2386 31.02 31.02
5.3
lA8.739
1 48.427
1.3A5
:2z
137746 137417 1.379 18 1.37157 1337759
38.18 38.18 39.18 rg.ja 453 45.34 45.34 45.3 52.50 52.50 ~~~ 52150 52.50 ~Z
2-Mccnvrhex4ne
3-Merhvlherrne
3.Echvlantme
22.bne?hvlmnIane
190.327
189.6M 189.803 189.885 169.690 216.374 215.797 215.732 242.398 268.36 131.114 156.757 156.03A 181.567 55.942 81.482
2 A.Dtmecnvtpenranc 3.3-~l~IhvlOWtWe
nOzIanc o~lsoeuIvl ISOOCIJfW n-Nonane n-Deane CvcloDencrm Mecnvlcyc*orxnrane Cvclohexrne MelhvltyclohexAne Emene (Erwkne)
205.431 205132 205.276 205.359 20A.662 204.836 204918 200.722 233286 232.709 232.6AA 261.109 289.066 1~0.so9 168.032 167.308 194.720 59.700 07.119 114.991 114.707 114.473 116271 142.860 109.755 107.555 134846
48.10o aos1 A8.082 08.101 47960 ag.wo 08.019 A7982 47.919 47.832 47.843 47.703 47.670 46955 46.025 46.606 46.525 a.081 47.927 47.843 47.769 47.788 47.5w 46.608 46.406
uo95 32809 33249 33 796 gg: 33488 33319 u 33372 33299 3448S 34985 %ffZ 36A97 35997
295.87
288.90
0.0 46.4 55.6 69.3 95.6 638 86.6 4.d 55.7 00. 84s' E;o
71
l 1B
30126 285.69 271.04 288.82 276X)6 38920 345.51 35595 317.03 4a2.77 43x68 390.60 016.10 40556
394.18
096
+0.d 91 3
83.0 74.0 7 l 0.0 9:: 100. 90.9 99 1
.l
3=r
-
107.455
107.191 106.957 106.755 133.465
104.118
10.0 9.3 -
101.917 127.330 u.098 13A.055 ls9.53n 185.S55 185.092 185.020 1850s 180.290 211.328 28.M)1 56.062 11.959 2Y.912
1.374 ,1.42s
61 36 26.25 26.25 33.41 Fz 35.79 4295 50.11 50.11 50.11 50.11 al.72 57.27
0.7
(12.1 11.5
'E r1b 2.5 1.Y 1.F FY 1.1 1.1' 1.1 0.08' 6.?2(51 3.26tSI 12.50~sI
83.32 360.14 33498 346.80 32.47 1.50032 1.49973 1.498 56 1.5079s 1.099 80 1.090 39 1.54969 1.494 00 1.330 20 1.363AS Loo0 36 1.00049 1.00061 1.0CC162 l.aKl36 l.ooo13 l.a302? l.MX)28 ,m,er 1.33347 l.oooO3 l.oooA2
a2 A3
a a Q . A? rg A
j , I
l 2.d
+0.3/ 97.9 loo. *2.6' -1.2' -0.2' 99'3
lI5.a 9.8
l A d
333.92
(35123) 31225 iO7597 BUO.SU 215.70 573.27" SA8.01
387.74 1366.
l 3. f
*3. 4
Stvrene
Isooroovlbenzene Metnvl
Elnvl
l 2 1'
Groan
1.16
14.32 2.39 7.16
36.50
16.95 74.20
4.300(51 15.MlSl
4 OOIS) -
AS.%
17 301
-I10.230 -m -m 0---
(
12.091 -z79 0 -
--
60 61 62 63 64
0 -
cn~or~~~
3.58 2.39 -
27w 7420 -
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEEA,ING
DATA SECTION
OESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
Date
: 2/85
IS
-14
i351 ml
cm
133 139) I401 (411 c42l 1431
Hwt. J. C.. Scr-wt. R 0. +llwnwdyn.mu Row* V.1u.q for G.J.w. .nd Lsqwd C.rbon Mono.:de from 70 w ja, K -,,h Rnwm (0 300 A~maghertc.Vac. Bw:Stmd. U.S. Tech. a%tr No 202 Yorwnbtr 30. 1% hm;. 5.; Anmcmne. 8.: dc fbuck. K M.. Ed.. Cubon Dm.,d.. In~rrn~oon~l Thtrmodrnmmtc T3bl.a of ch. fled SU,r3. Ptrc.mon Rn.: O.ford. 19%. Thhr ,M.,hwn Un.bndr.d C.. Dqu Brisk: .U.ch..on 6. Rducu: NcYork. 1974. Dean. J. W. A T.bul.uon of rhr Thcrmcdrn.mic Roprur of .Normd Hydrown fpm IaTrmpn.,um LO 300 K qnd from I 10 100 Atmo.vn.rn . Sat. Rur. Stand. US. 1-h. NOW 30. 120. N~.tmlmr 1951 .UcC.ny. R D.: We&r. L A. 7bmrmophy.ic~ Row.. of OxyKm front th. Frcr.,n6 Lnc to bQc*R for Re..um u) .WOV P.I.. N.r. 8~. Stand. US. Tech .%rr No. 364. July 1971. WM. L A. Nat. Bur. Stand. U.S. Rrm No. S710. I%& lhdnbtrr. N. v.. PO /WY V. N., Siorotow~.N~A. ~ T?wrmodyn.mc .nd Thtrmo hy.aa Fwmtn~t. of H~lwn : Atoma.ac Moue-. mama for sclcnok lhnd.1lon. 1971. I%* I.r.4 Toulouk:.o. Y. S.. .Sldt~U. T. ~ermophr.w.1 RowU~ of S4.tt.r. Vol. 6. SvtctBc Hrac. ?lon.mrtcrll~ bus& .nd G...s-: lFl/PI*nurn: ?I*York. 19io. Schbnrrr. W G.: 5.~. 8. H. lad. EM. Chrn. IS5L 44. 24% Todd. 5. S.: Olircr. C. 0.: Huffm.n. P. M. d. Am. Chum. Ser. IS47. 63. ISIS.
NOTES .
b c AM .m~r.ud liowd. Abwluu rJw. from -ewhu an .cuY~. llw .vv.rw rduw (mm weash, n .I, .n .horn 61 uun con. vcrwncc .nd comphanrr -ah ASTXIP Petmlman Mcvurcmml Tabln. In ,h. Un,,rd S,.,.. .nd Cm, Bn,.m. .II comm.rn.l -etsh,. .r. reqwred by I.u, b. -aqhu an .,I. All olher m. d.u .r. on .n l bwluw m... I-&h& ,n ..cuum# b..,.. AI ..,.a vr.ur, Imvl, vmnt,. Subhmwon p.an~
d t f
c
h S.ur.uon Avv.ttnl vr.un vduc .I .nd WC. IS-C.
PROCESS
ENGINEERING
DSS~GN
MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
TEP/CP/EXP/SUR
DATA SECTION
I
Date
: z/es
15 - 15
FACTORS GAS
: . ._ . .: :_
.-.. :
. -y -.... i: 1 .
.--.
1..-. \ , :
.-:... i .
.: : ...... -1 :. , . .1.-;-.-..--~.--i--:. : : ..:::: . . . . . . . ..I.........~... e1.,:,i., ;i, .:....-............... : : ! E--.A .:.:;:;.1.: . .. ._. _. i: i.... :. . . ... ...................-... .i . . ..--.._.__._......... .. . I-_,... .. ..fiI:fii^iii~~~i~~:~*~:=~ . . . . . . . . :: . I:::::: .. .; . . ! . . . . . . . ..-.m__......_.....
..:.:. . ~. . . .. . . . ..- . . .A.:- ,.. .. .. .. _......... :: : I :,iy. . I. ~~~~~~~~~~~~::..F. .--. g-.*;
l./+.
i . _,. . ... .. : .x
1 .::;;:..;x:-;
II
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA SECTION
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision :
Page No :
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: 2/85
is - 16
TEPID
SJOO
J500
mul
uxa
3500
loo0
2x0 10 10
JO
40 *blrcJa-
so-
60
70
80
90
loo
1 1 I
--
Revision :
Page NO :
Dare
: 2/85
I5
I7
. !.
! :;.;-I j i !, .i-
: :i i : I.:.,;
i .-Ii.../ ; :
: !
i,if:
.j
i.. . !.._ i. !:::.;.. i I o.wJ 0.850 1 .rYfY .,. .--_f i ;J$7zy 0.8~~
1 ::
.I:-:.. .I
.
i 220 , : 1: 1
:::i .:.:. :
: 1 6oo
580
300
Norm01
400
500
boiling
p&m.
PROCESS ENGINEE~IhjG
DATA
SECTION
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page No : .
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Date
: 2/85
IS
-18
I VAPC I t
Vapor I
I I
p fo
LlQUl I The
d
liquid
)ata
( 100 ,.. . . .. . . )-..: I.....,:,
6OOkon
,
.._~ ,
Hvdrocarbons" -,_ , i ,
~ ,
~ .._:: a..::
200
Mean
average
boiling
point.
%-In -.--
oC
llnn -vv
-. -
DESIGN MANUAL
ON
Revision : 0 Date
Page No :
: 2785
5-19
DENSITY 1
.
VAPOUR DENSITY
I p
I psia
I OR
I I I
bara K 0.08314
Kg/m3
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
LIQUID DENSITY The density --mponkt of a multi densities : Specific pravity
IP
- MW.P ZRT
L
I?. I
10.73 1
I Ibs/ft3
of a gas
=MWF:
MWa.ir MWair = 28.967
mixtures
can be estimated
TOtBL-,
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
TO
* 1 . !
Date
: 2/85
15
20
TEP/D;
Approximate
relative
density
of petroleum
fractions
FIG.
18
0.3
0
~~lllli!lY~
20 40 $0
No :
TEP/D;/EXP/SUR
Revision : 0
Date
: 2/85
Page No :
SECTION
IS-21
Relative
density
of petroleum
fractions
Example:
At 300C 0;
an oil with rel. den. at ISC and 101.325 kPa(absj of O.S6. and Kw 11.00; has a rei. den. of 0.636 at 7500 kPa(abs@). [(Mean avg. B.P.. C - 273.15) X 1.31 F&l. den. at 15C and 101.325 kPa(abs)
KW =
0.85
\ \ \
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
50
0.60
0.55 1 Oj 0.50 0 A5
I958
_~-~ TUTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA SECTION
DESIGN MAr:;iAL
Date : 2/85 Lz2 1
VISCOSITY UNITS : Dvnanlc Kinematic vlscositv viscositv : : 1 centipose I centistoke = = 0.01 dyne.sec/c.m2 C-01 cm2/s are : Engler charts are sited in literature
I
D?na~~~s;~;cositv _
Orner quoted units for kinematic Saybolt universal Saybolt furol VAPOUR VISCOSITY
.
&Iu: y: P/W-J;
.P=
p; = rr\bl: =
mixture
component component
ii)
p m y A exp (B/cl
7-h
lq
C =
2.4
O-29
LIQUID VISCOSiTY
.
. .
x; =
component
mol.frac
The viscosity
of crude oils with an API > 30 o (sg = 0.88) can be estimated using : . iOg = a - (O.O35)(API) centipoise r a C I
38 I 2.05
where
54 71 88 104
.
I I
Correlations
possess a general
7 Page NO :
No:
POTAh
TEP/D?/EXP/SUR
Revision :
Date
: 2/85
l5 -23
Tempemture.
(b)
dq F
VlSCOSITY
OF NATURAL
GASES
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision :
Date
: ~/ES
TEP/I
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
sqe)
edy
CJJnsSaJd
lode/\
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA SECTIOt-
tlJESlGN MANUAL .
Revision
Page No :
TEP/C?/EXP/SUR
Date
: Z/85
5-25
. .
1
0.9
0.8
, ;
temperature
OF
TOTIlL
TEP/DT/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA SECTION
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision :
PageNo :
Date
: 2/85
5-27
PROCESS ENGINEERIKG
DATA SECTION
DESIGN
MANUAL
Revision
Page NO
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
Date
: Z/ES
IS -2E 3
FIG.
16
TRUE
VAPOUR
PRESSl?ES
OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
AND
CRUDE
OIL
Revision
Page No :
TEP/lY/EXP/SUR
Date
: 2/85
-29
.
Permissible expansion of a 0.7 relalive density natural gas wlthout hydrate formation
7oco3 6OooO.
;!I loo01
;
2ooa 3ooo so00 Final pressure. 1OOW kPa (abs) 2oooo 30(
1000
lor pr.dMlng
hydde
tomutlon
7ocm, .---6oooo
Permitrlble natural
50000
: . ..l..:.j:;::1::::;:iiif:~iii:I:::i 4 . *. _. . .._ . . . . .
.,../r
.Y...
:Jm 2
.-j:: .: .-.. . -. . I
. ; -
! # ! i.
: : : i :
: I i j : :
.! / : i..
: t I ; :
.;:.i ! ; .I
i i i
. loal/
loo0
2Mx)
20000
FIG.
17
HYDRATE
FORMATION
OESICN MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
J5 -
DATA SECTION
Date
: 2/85
30
SPECIFIC
HEATS e-
(HEAT
CAPACITY)
: I
UNITS: BTU/LB KJ/KC VAPOUR MIXTURES . , Use figs 18, 19 in this iecfion Cp is a fuction of temperature and can be calculated using: .
w
F C
,I BTU/lb F I BTU/lb F
= =
I ,
Cp = A + BT + CT2 where A, 8, C are constants and T is in R (K) Values of A, 8, C are cited in Kern, or Perry. Cp can be corrected
. K =
for pressure if Pr and Tr are known using Figure heats 9 this should also be corrected cv for pressure if required. -_
ratio of specific
in this section or :
using
= = 2.96 - 1.34 C + T (0.00620 - 0.002349)
KJ/KC BTU/LB
C F
(T in Cl (T in F)
c =
gravity
CAMPBELL
(accuracy
TOTAL
i
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
Revision
Page NO :
Date
: 2/8S
I
15-31
FIG.
19
SPECIFlC BTU/LB/OF)
HEAT
OF HYDROCARBON
VAPOURS
AT I ATM
(NOTE
UNITS
ARE
PROCESS ENGINEERIF!G
DATA SECTION
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
TEP/DP/EXP/SUF?
Date
: 2/85
l-r
15-32
3 0 t ,:cc 60
Page No :
; .;I :CC
022
oc3 I..
534 I
zc6 i
2,: :
32 ;
c.3 !:
0.4 ! !
cs iIl;ln
0-e :o 1
2 :
:t ; ., :
j a
I . . . . , . , -,,, .A
! I I
I.4.i 1 I![
j ]
i I I: ( ] I;
;
,o
6.0.
I
I
. 5 00.
I II;: illll
Illill
I II
! 10
g 2.0/r--
tXiii! 2.gid
2.0
1.01
08 0.6
I /l/I I,
0.00
IAll 1,111
I Illi] ,,.,oO.l
ace 0.04
Lea ~reshre.
3 = f c
FIG.
19
HEAT MOLE/F)
CC
.
.,TION
-ssure)
FACTORS
(NOTE
UNITS
ARE
BTU/LB
--
-Revision :
-0
i
PageNo :
Date
: 2/85
15
-33
.
FIG. 20
Approxlmat*
of
rp.clllcg.ol
hydrocarbon
copoclty rotloa
gas..
TOTAL
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page NO :
SECTION
Dare
: 2/85
I5
-34
I i
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Therm
1 I-
k
tI ;
UNITS :
BTU/LB
1 STU/lb
1.1;SS Kcal/m.h.C
t r
I-
thermal k=
conductivities / (Cf + y)
can be estimated
accuracy
2 8 5%
P CP-
LIQUIDS .
.
Use fig 24 in this section or : Liquid hydrocarbon k mixtures can be estimated using :
0.0677 = sg
- 0.0003 (T - 32)
accuracy
2 12 96
% - specific T - F . SOLIDS See Perry of Kern for details of metals, earths and building
materials.
Date
: 2/8S
r5
-35
Thermal
Conductivity
of
Noturol
Gores
at
101.3250
kPo
; _
lobs)
; :
i --
I I
FIG.
22
,I
Z ; 3060L..-
,---I -L----
Thermal
conducti%ty
ratio
for
goscs
I
I I
,$ 0
078
FIG.
23
0010.
10
10
30
ro Molecular
50 Molt
60
70
80
90
100
THERMAL CARBON
CONDUCTlVlTlES LIQUIDS
OF HYDROFIG. 24
PROCESS ENGINEERIf!G
TEP/OP/EXP/SUR
DATA
SXTION
UNITS
BTU/LB Kcal/Kg
1 BTU/lb
= 0.5556 K&/Kg
11oc
44
= 2l.Tb
5oc
a01
use 50 BTU/lb
I I I I I I I I I I I
30(
12(
1oc
9: 8( 7!
6;
PROCESS ENGINEERING
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
DESIGN MANUAL :
*F
l C
LIOUID I RANGE
C 111
23s 133
lc-I
105-200 140.240
l c
x
5.6 7.0
Y
11.9 10.2
,CIfIC .CIO
.ceto* ,-0+3,.
10
1000
500
900 3--
I. I I I I. I I1 I II I( I I I I I
800-2 400
'",I Jlconol (I801 Ien.?*"* lutaoe (4) ,"lM. lutanc (430) 3l~l l ICMOI (-I) IUl~l alcohol (-180) IUl~l l lcmol lutyl alcmol (.s*c) btyl l lcmol (.lOlT) :arooll dlollde :mbon dlsulrtdo :Jrom ktr*Chlwl~ :hlWlM :nlorotam >Ichlorwm~lmr (4-l >lrnIh~l amIn 3lP~fVI >kln*nvt )Iph*nyl NgtwlyI orId* N$rmnyl OXIda
IlfWW
307 263 152 124 267 265 265 23s 2;: 26a 143 nr
242
168 521
itnyi l ICohOl Ethyl l ICWW EthTl muIn* Ernyl cnlorlbe Ethylon* Ethyl-a Emyl.ww Etnyl .mr Fwon 11 (Ccl-F) From 12(CCI-F) From 21 (CHCI-F)
Feeon 22 (CMCI)
Fwm Freon n.pt.nm n*m*nd urtnano Ycwvl nlnrl *ethyl delhyt hlh,l 4*wl,l Y,h,kno MlOmJ. MlW~~ Dc1m* PwI1anc Ponunc 113 (CCI-FCCIF) 114 (CCMCCIF) (-n) (-3) l IConOl l COhol amlm thlorld* CtllQlb IormolO cnlatd. omIti OIO. (-3) ,-j (dull alcohol
96
214 14s 267 2c 47 240 157 14) 214 216 % n6 187 181 Y
60
S
40
PIOOMU
Proo,l
(-ml
p-1
264
2% 344 lS8 121 271 176
30
F
0
ac-200 2ooJCO 10300 4070 70-200 IS175 17Odoo 150400 2OOd70 170-270 1-00 lb100 140-273 1oaoo la&200 176466 2oQjoo 125-200 lo-a2 22-160 lso400 50440 Jr0400 IO-1JO lb140 140.2S0 00-230 150-110 lb so lb-125 15-110 110-240 70-250 60-lS0 2O-220 SO960 4oGfSJ 4k2O0 lO&!70 SW40 10. SO IO-140 94ti40 100.200 lC.110 llbl20 lsa-Isa so-260 c- 25 25-12s 1650a (s-210 (WOO 16-262 l-70 ls-2s 2304so looGo lw-lW 1804OS lo-JSS
1.2 6.0 1-c 2.6 2.6 a.4 to 1.7 5.8 6.6 2.6 a.1 LS 1-c 1-s 2.7 '1.4 4.3 22 3.1 0.1 a.1
3.1 1.4 12.s 11.6 11.7 121 9.8 6.7 7.7 t-1 6-S 11.1 lJ.7 17.1 14.S lL7 11.2 6.6 16.2 16.2 12.1 1S.S
1s
- 20
0 - 30 20 19 18 ri 16 1s 14 - 60 - 70 - 80 Y " 10 9 8 7 6 S a 3 2.1 1'llII 0 0 "iiI 1 2 3 4 S X 6 I 7 11 I I I I 8 II I 9 10 250 300 3so 400 aso SW 550 600 700 200 -150 - 90 -100 - so - PO
6.2
4.0 a1 4.7 3-s Cl 1.0 4.0 2.1 1.6 3.6 J. a3 4.0 as a.5 a.4 a4 1.2 33 1.6 4.1 2.6 s.2 1.9 1.0 1.2 LA 1.0 3-J a.2 ca 21 a 32 7-3 20 IS 6.0 a0
14.5
.6 7.0 6.1 s.0 122 s.3 O-6 rt7 1t7 17.2 17.2 15.4 lL.1 11.7 12.7 13.5 11.1 6.1 1.1 4.7 6-S 11.1 11.2 11-J 13.7 6.2 12.3 11.6 12.: 12.7 11.0 a.I Cl 12.5 123 11.1 11-t 1.:
-S
20 18 3
Exemplc
: Pour -~4i20
Ioau
A 100-C 538
1, - t = 27S
k-l/kg
LATENT
HEATS
OF
VAPORIZATION
OF VARIOUS
LIOUIDS
FIG.
25
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
Page No :
1 I I TEP
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
SECTION
Date
: 2/13s
15-38
_(
Ii I
3 Y . 2 u Y
i= a
IL
IO -LLl
:;I
I Illli
i ill!
i!Ilii
PRESSURE
- ATM
LATENT *
HEAT
OF VAPOURISATION
FIG. 26
OF
HYDROCARBONS
--
DATA
SECTION
I.10
.U
60/600,:
20 ApI 30 GRAVITY 40 50
UJ.
,TA INC. z 70
l7,ooO 16.903
1 --. 60
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
DATA
SECTION
SURFACE
TENSIONS
UNITS :
Dynes/cm N/m
1 dyne/cm
= IO-3 N/m 3
.
.
[5
~Gq~,,.;,,,;
*.
temperature
in F
P =
pressure in psia
.): 3 I, I. I
I
TEP/D;/EXP/SUR
Revision :
Date
: 2/85
-1
I. I
I ,1 ~ 1
Page No :
5-41
Surfore
tension
of paraffin
hydrocorbonr
FIGJO
28
23
20
IJ
IO
PROCESS ENGINEERING
Tajyyyg l * .
DESIGN MANUAL
Revision
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR
DATA
SECTION
Date
: 2/bS
JO
.cl
20
60000
40000
II I.
-a
-ro
-30
-20
-IO
20
dJ
60
80
100
1210
Ia3
r*mpcrolu*r. C
.- ^
Revision :
Page
NO
-rEP/DP/EXP/SUR I
DATA
SZCTION
I Date
: 2/8S
5-43
I I I.
203
so0 &hbil;fy
ecloo
6om
:o.ooo
of noturoi
ond brine.
FIG.
38
Sdubility
of
methone
in
wotcr.
FIG.
31
SOLUBILITY
OF NATURAL
GAS IN WATER
T
Date,
: 2/85
EL44
Z
I EF
FIG,
SolubWty of wafer
33
In hydrocarbons
0.09 0.06
0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
I
35 40 45
.!..,..I~.
St t!y WS!!
fib
Or!glnaI
so
I
75 80
Temperature.
: ,i 1 -t a 1 I TEP/D?/EXP/SUR
PROCESS ENGINEERING
DATA SE?TION
DESIGN MANUAL I
Revision :
0 I
Page No :
Date
: z/es 1
/ZLQ I -
-70
-40
-32
-20
- 10
. 10
TEMPERATURE
DROPS
FOR EXPANDING
C;AS
Moletutor fter8mf.J
mot). point.
..
. .
.. C.. .
. ~. . . , . . . .. ...., ,.
, .
61 oe 170.5 10.5
105.14
I05 I4 311 -12.5 3771 403 1058 @ 15.6.C I.0572 1.391 0.109 510 e 101.3 LPO -t568 -1977 40 d l5.6.C
133.19 249 42
180 110 -78 v -.. __103 I @ YJ5.C -. 2 052 v 5-c 0 I90 e l5.C
lb9
18
107 09 742
49 2
lc .
....
12.4
1440 514 ll24 I.1258
CllllCOl contlonll Prrllurr. kP0 (Obl). . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , I~mp*rolw*. C.. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O.nllly @ 2OC. LO/ I.. ........ . ...,.... , .....,. ... ...,. @ 15.6.C 0 ?O*C .... , 01 LPo (obt). 1.546 Relof~~c drnbily. Ihcrmol lolard ?OC/?OC; LJ/(LQ**C) J/(~*tn~.*C/rn) rJ/ru
3173
441 1095
3770
109 999 @ 30.C
(30/10*C)
9.511 0.210
0 9av e 4512o.C
1.889 0 3OC
01 rcporirolmn.
6700973LPo
tin01 ol I~OCIIO~. LJ/~Q ol ocld go, H75 .................................. co2 ............................... Viacody. rnP0.c ............................. 24 I @ 20-c 150 0 20.C I90 mrrr
x WJlulwl)
-1465
1013 e 10v I95 *us, n rolutlorl)
-372 @ 75*c
198 0 45*c 06 0 54C 5 II I? 25-c lOlIP 45c 75@ ou7iy 7!l*c ll*c 25-c IOO~C
indea. COC.
t4J.
1O'C
. .
1.,776
I38 Oi~lh+ne
I.4598
45C
-..
151
lC .
., .
127
Gly~el
folmvlo
Molrcvlor
........ ....................................
moi1 . ~ I ~. , . . . . . I.. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . * . , . . . .
tlO(C7H4O)lH
C4lCBS0,
110.17 785 * 2?.6 SW0 545
CtllOlf 32 04 64 5 VI I IV54 240 700 0 IV!? 2 410 15. 091s 1103 I? 101 3 &PO 04QxJC IOC]
lC ....,..,...,..,. ,. .,
. . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . *.
,
t
Cfilicol tomlonl~ P~a,ru~r. LPo (obl) .. . .......... l.mprroiu~c. C . . . . . . . *. . ...... Damity R&lirr S~~IIG Ihwmol
lotrot
@ 2OC. denrity.
hg/m7
?O'C/2O'C
J/(t.m7**C/m) bJ/Lg
1696 ...... 372 ...... .*..,, I I I3 I.1155 ...... .. 1.311 .,.... . ..*.. . 0.207 @ I5
I163
I 2bB I 50? f?JIOC
OlPlf+37fJ*C 575 CJ 1fJo*c IO 3 v IOC 6l@ 5O.C 7 5 Q 100C I 4 e I5O.C 0 97 f? 3OOC I 481 * IOC I??
1.060
0.141 @ lS.b*C 416 e 101.3 LPO 47 9 e 1o*c
6C
0.249
@ I5.6.C
ol ropotitotion.
V~ctolily,
. . . . . . . . . . *. , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , *. . . .
20.9 3 2OC
lndrfi.
Nd, 2OC..
. , . . . . . . . . ..,.........,..
1.4316 I16
I 44?2 t43
I 455v 166
I 4595 17
I I?86 I4
COC. C
. . . . . . . . . . . . ..I..................
I rnPo.8 = I trdpoi,a
-
Revision
page No :
TEP/DP/EXP/SUR LP
VISCOSITY HIGH
OF
Date
: 2/8S i
5-47
STEAM
WATER
AH0 TEMPERATURE
-- _-
.-_._--_ -.-
_--_ IOU
-----. Loowoyx) WC
l o low Ix)0 sx Loo0 zsol
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF WATER
/ TmllB
i
1 TEP/OP/EXP/SUR
I
Revision
-48
.I
! I i
Prcuurr.
i i i :j ; j , 11 / 1/: I4
Viuosity
R-. lb/q : ua 4& -100.
l f Air*
lb ICC: P3w.: x lo-: Temp.. -so! 0 : so 426 4s; 443; 4lO! 4.55 , F ;looIsolaxr~?5o -
vlscmn
, xx 3.64 ! 395 JJY 33: 406 s 3% t 3.83 4.14 3.3 3.95 42: f 3.90 ; 4.0; 4 31 4M 420 43. 43.5 44: 4.15 4.-o : 4 75 : 5;o 4.95 : ,
605 662 i6Z 3.32. 6 I4 6.76
3.43
531 53 SST
ST2 3 ;: Sk SW x97
4644:5.1o:sJe
466 : 4.92 . 3.16 i s.44 5.00 S24 S.50 47 3n6 3113s 4.67 S.&l 5 IS 3JY 5.m 3.10 5J.4 5 i0 6.05 6.42 STb i f.16 5.90 S61 942: IO.11 In.79 i 31; s4; ; 3.70
4.m
45oo s.aw 6.000 3.alo 8.ow 9.m 10ooo
sJ5
910 9 M : 11.X. 12.62
IY
r.0 I 6.49 966 10%
66s
T-09 7.33 b.39 9.17 10.16 Ii.05 1x5
Ill : S6R 5.E SO? 6 I9 S.iS . S 91 4 6.06 su 6.06 6.12 62.5 643661 6.3S.642: 662 6.69 . 6.i1 6.66 6.99 bb: 626 5.89 9.46. 1010 6.99 6.95 732 ;;A& 6.03 5.36 0.Oi 063 bon w) 639, 6.63 9.X 7.02 ;z 532 5.90 91:
.<
I i
-.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AIR
I
aad
Cornpled bv P E L,lrr For ,ahk III 51 un#u l nd 1 (0 IUOD bra. it Vauerm~n ka;rrawcL&,. phrlacal Proprnlo of .\w and \sr Componcnu.
10 l301K.. 1%.
Rahmowch. -CcmUouor-
COK?OlfTION
OF
THE
ATMOS?RLII
l-be waqxdioa of dry air is -kably wasunt atI over the globe and throughour the a&x uopxpbuc The proportions by ~olwne of tie vanou5 compooeno UC gkn b&w (after h F. Fkne~. 1939. 1952).
ICP
XIU-
9 x10-e
6 xWLe