Lecture 2 Steel properties and ASD & LRFD principles

General Steel Properties: Structural steel used in buildings uses carbon steel. It is a mixture of mostly iron (98%+) and carbon (0.15% - 0.59%), as well as a percentage of other alloys used to enhance certain properties. Some of the alloys used include silicon, manganese, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus. Different steels exhibit stress-strain relationships as shown below:

As designers of structural steel, we are most interested in the following 3 properties: a) Modulus of elasticity = 29,000 KSI b) Yield stress = Fy c) Ultimate stress = Fu

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Typical structural shapes: (ref. AISC p. 1-3 thru 1-8) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) I shapes are categorized into 4 groups W, M, S, and HP Channels C and MC Angles L Structural Tees cut from I shapes, WT, MT and ST Hollow Structural Section HSS rectangular and round Steel pipe

Refer to AISC p. 1-10 thru 1-115 for dimensions and structural properties of the above-noted structural shapes and combination of shapes. Refer to AISC Table 2-3 (page 2-39) for a list of appropriate structural steel ASTM designations for various structural shapes. In general, the following ASTM designations are commonly used: ASTM Designation A36 A572 A992 A53 A500, Gr. B A500, Gr. B A588 Fy (KSI) 36 50 50 35 42 46 50 Fu (KSI) 58 65 65 60 58 58 70 Applicable structural shapes M, S, C, MC, L, plates HP W Pipe HSS round HSS rectangular Corrosion-resistant for all rolled shapes

Advantages of Steel-Framed Structures: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) High-strength Excellent quality control, predictability Ductility Speed of erection Lightweight Can be easily modified

Disadvantages of Steel-Framed Structures: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Fireproofing Corrosion Need for bracing Semi-skilled labor (ironworkers, welders) Subject to vibration Temperature effects - brittle below -600F - rapid reduction of E above 7000F

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Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) see AISC p. 2-6 and 16.1213 thru 217

The LRFD was developed in the 1980s as an alternative design method to the tried-and-true Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method. It is based on a limit state philosophy. A limit state is a term used to describe a condition in which the structure ceases to perform as intended. A strength limit state defines the safety against failure due to loading and a serviceability limit state is a functional requirement such as deflection, drift or vibration. In general, the LRFD method uses a statistical approach in determining factored loads that are compared against ultimate member strengths. In other words:

iQi < Rn
where: I =load factor Qi = working or service load (see IBC ch. 16) = reduction factor, see AISC p. 2-10 = 0.90 for limit-states involving yielding = 0.75 for limit-states involving rupture Rn = nominal resistance strength of member If plotted on a probability graph, 2 bell curves would emerge, one being the probability of loads and the other being the probability of a members strength being realized.

Probability of loads, Qi

Probability of member strength, Rn

Overlap = failure

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LRFD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-8 The following 6 load factors are used to obtain the most severe factored loads: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 1.4D 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E)

where: D = service dead loads L = service floor live load Lr = service roof live load S = snow load R = rainwater load W = wind load E = earthquake load Example 1 GIVEN: A flat roof is framed with 24-0 long W18x40 beams spaced 8-0 o.c. The service applied roof dead load is 25 PSF and the applied service roof live load = 20 PSF (per IBC ch. 16). The service wind load on the flat roof is -8 PSF (uplift). wu W18x40 W18x40 W18x40

24-0 24-0

Beam Loading F.B.D Roof Framing Plan

REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum LRFD factored uniform load on the beam, wu.

8-0 Typ.

2) Determine the maximum LRFD factored moment on the beam, Mu.

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Step 1 Determine D, Lr and W in terms of PLF: D = DL(Trib. Width) + Beam wt. = 25 PSF(8 ft) + 40 PLF = 240 PLF Lr = LL(Trib. Width) = 20 PSF(8 ft) = 160 PLF W = -8 PSF(8 ft) = -64 PLF Step 2 Determine maximum FACTORED uniform load, wu: 1) 1.4D 1.4(240 PLF) = 336 PLF 2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2(240 PLF) + 0.5(160 PLF) = 368 PLF 3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W) 1.2(240 PLF) + 1.6(160 PLF) = 544 PLF USE 4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2(240 PLF) + 1.6(-64 PLF) + 0.5(160 PLF) = 266 PLF 5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 1.2(240 PLF) = 288 PLF 6) 0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E) 0.9(240 PLF) + 1.6(-64) = 114 PLF OR 318 PLF Step 3 Determine maximum FACTORED moment on beam, Mu: wu L2 Mu = 8 = (544 PLF )(24'0" ) 2 8

= 39,168 ft-lb Mu = 39.2 kip-ft

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Allowable Stress Design (ASD) See AISC p. 2-7 and 16.1-216 thru 217
The Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method is based on the concept that the stress levels in a component do not exceed established specific allowable stresses under service loads. For any single component, there may be several different allowable stress limits that must be checked. The basic design equation for ASD is as follows:

Qi

Rn

where: I =load factor Qi = working or service load (see IBC ch. 16) Rn = nominal resistance strength of member = safety factor, see AISC p. 2-10 = 1.67 for limit-states involving yielding = 2.00 for limit-states involving rupture 1.5 =

ASD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-9 The following 7 load factors are used to obtain the most severe loads: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) D D+L D+(Lr or S or R) D+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) D+(W or 0.7E) D+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) 0.6D+(W or 0.7E)

where: D = service dead loads L = service floor live load Lr = service roof live load S = snow load R = rainwater load W = wind load E = earthquake load

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Example 2 GIVEN: Similar to Example 1, a flat roof is framed with 24-0 long W18x40 beams spaced 8-0 o.c. The service applied roof dead load is 25 PSF and the applied service roof live load = 20 PSF (per IBC ch. 16). The service wind load on the flat roof is -8 PSF (uplift).

W18x40

W18x40

W18x40

24-0

8-0 Typ.

Roof Framing Plan

REQUIRED: 1) Determine the maximum ASD service uniform load on the beam, w. 2) Determine the maximum ASD service moment on the beam, Mmax. Step 1 Determine D, Lr and W in terms of PLF: D = DL(Trib. Width) + Beam wt. = 25 PSF(8 ft) + 40 PLF = 240 PLF Lr = LL(Trib. Width) = 20 PSF(8 ft) = 160 PLF W = -8 PSF(8 ft) = -64 PLF Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE uniform load, w: 1) D 240 PLF 2) D+L 240 PLF + 0 = 240 PLF 3) D+(Lr or S or R) 240 PLF + 160 PLF = 400 PLF USE

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4) D+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) 240 PLF + 0 + 0.75(160 PLF) = 360 PLF 5) D+(W or 0.7E) 240 PLF + (-64 PLF) = 176 PLF 240 PLF (-64 PLF) = 304 PLF 6) D+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R) 240 PLF + 0.75(-64 PLF) + 0 + 0.75(160 PLF) = 312 PLF 7) 0.6D+(W or 0.7E) 0.6(240 PLF) + (-64 PLF) = 80 PLF 0.6(240 PLF) (-64 PLF) = 208 PLF Step 3 Determine maximum SERVICE moment on beam, Mmax: Mmax = wL2 8

(400 PLF )(24'0" ) 2 = 8 = 28,800 ft-lb Mmax = 28.8 kip-ft

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