Biofuels Good Bad

UMKC SDI 2008 Ethanol/Biofuels
Winfrey/Dietrich Good/Bad
ETHANOL & BIOFUELS GOOD/BAD

ETHANOL & BIOFUELS GOOD/BAD.......................................................................................................................1
ETHANOL AFF..............................................................................................................................................................2
ETHANOL SOLVES WARMING..................................................................................................................................3
ETHANOL SOLVES OIL..............................................................................................................................................4
ETHANOL –A2 FOOD PRICES...................................................................................................................................5
POLITICS- ETHANOL PX POPULAR.........................................................................................................................6
ETHANOL SUBSIDES SOLVE....................................................................................................................................7
ETHANOL A2: USES MORE ENERGY......................................................................................................................8
SUGARCANE ETHANOL SOLVES ............................................................................................................................9
US CAN DO SUGAR ETHANOL ..............................................................................................................................10
CELLULOSIC SUBSIDIES SOLVES.........................................................................................................................11
CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SUPERIOR......................................................................................................................12
CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SOLVES ECON...............................................................................................................13
CELLULOSIC SOLVES OIL.......................................................................................................................................14
CELLULOSE ETHANOL AVOIDS FOOD PRICE DA.............................................................................................15
ETHANOL NEG...........................................................................................................................................................16
ENVIRONMENT TURN.............................................................................................................................................17
ENVIRONMENT TURN EXT- BIODIVERSITY.......................................................................................................20
ETHANOL HURTS ENVIRONMENT........................................................................................................................21
......................................................................................................................................................................................21
ETHANOL SUBSIDIES BAD.....................................................................................................................................22
ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL..................................................................................................................................23
ETHANOL- NO SOLVENCY OIL DEPENDENCE...................................................................................................25
FOOD PRICES TURN.................................................................................................................................................26
ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES.....................................................................................................................28
FOOD PRICE IX- WAR...............................................................................................................................................33
FOOD PRICE IX- MID EAST.....................................................................................................................................34
STATES SOLVENCY...................................................................................................................................................35
BIOFUELS AFF...........................................................................................................................................................37
INCENTIVES SOLVE FOR BIOFUELS.....................................................................................................................38
BIOFUELS SOLVES....................................................................................................................................................40
BIOFUELS SOLVE WARMING................................................................................................................................41
BIOFUELS SOLVE ECONOMY.................................................................................................................................42
BIOFUELS SOLVE GROUNDWATER......................................................................................................................43
VEGETABLE OIL SOLVES ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................................................44
VEGETABLE OIL SOLVE OIL DEPENDENCE.......................................................................................................46
BIOFUELS NEG..........................................................................................................................................................47
INHERENCY...............................................................................................................................................................48
BIOFUELS HURT ENVIRONMENT.........................................................................................................................50
NO SOLVENCY OIL DEPENDENCE........................................................................................................................52
NO SOLVENCY BIODIESEL INCENTIVES.............................................................................................................53
STATES SOLVE...........................................................................................................................................................54
SPENDING LINK........................................................................................................................................................55
ETHANOL AFF
ETHANOL SOLVES WARMING

ETHANOL AND OTHER BIOFUELS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS
AND AIR POLLUTION
Rene de Vera 2008 (Enrique, * AB 1997, Stanford University; JD Candidate 2008, The University of Chicago,
“The WTO and Biofuels: The Possibility of Unilateral Sustainability Requirements” 8 Chi. J. Int'l L. 661 Winter
ln)kw
Biofuels consist primarily of two different types: biodiesel and ethanol. Biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative to
petroleum fuel that is made from renewable resources, such as palm oil or soybean oil. It can be used as an additive
to petroleum fuels or used by itself in unmodified diesel engines. The use of biodiesel might lead to a
substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, a major contributor to ozone and smog,
and results in a substantial reduction in carbon mon-oxide and particulate matter (of about
48 and 47 percent, respectively) when compared to emissions from normal diesel fuel. A 1998 study
sponsored by the US Department of Energy and the US Department of Agriculture concluded that biodiesel
reduces net carbon dioxide emissions, a leading source of global warming, by 78 percent
compared to petro-leum diesel. n8
Like biodiesel, ethanol can also be used as an alternative fuel or as an additive to petroleum-derived fuel used in
conventional gasoline engines. Currently, ethanol is made primarily from corn or sugar, although any biomass
contain-ing sugar, starch, or a combination of the two can be converted into ethanol. Ethanol burns without
particulate emis-sions and produces less carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide than
gasoline. n9 According to a report issued by Argonne National Laboratories, ethanol use can reduce total
greenhouse gas [*664] emissions by up to 87 percent. n10 Since the carbon dioxide produced during
ethanol combustion is largely offset by the carbon dioxide that was absorbed during the growth of the plants used to
make ethanol, on balance ethanol greatly reduces carbon dioxide emissions relative to gasoline. n11
ETHANOL SOLVES ENVIRONMENT AND OIL DEPENDENCE

Malloy, 07. (Gerry, Special to the Star columnist. Is ethanol the true magic elixir?; Everyone is jumping on the
bandwagon of this alternative, renewable energy source but is interest warranted? The Toronto Star. April 21, 2007.
Date accessed: 6/24/08. ln)kw
Why is ethanol being embraced so enthusiastically as an alternative fuel? Two reasons are cited
by proponents: From an environmental perspective, it has a potentially lower carbon footprint, which
has huge benefits in terms of its impact on climate change.
It can be produced from domestically grown feedstocks such as corn, which reduces energy
dependence on foreign oil - a big deal south of the border - and gives farmers an economic
boost.
ETHANOL SOLVES WARMING

The Dominion Post, 06. (Honda's flexible Civic. October 7, 2006. Date accessed: 6/24/08. ln)
Bio-ethanol fuel, as used in Brazil and other countries, is made from plant sources such as sugarcane. Because
plants absorb CO2 via photosynthesis, the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere
from burning bioethanol fuel does not increase atmospheric CO2. This makes bio-ethanol
fuel an effective means to combat global warming as well as an alternative to petrol.
ETHANOL SOLVES OIL
ETHANOL SOLVES OIL DEPENDENCE AND HELPS THE ECONOMY

Schmidt, 07. (Michael, columnist. 37 governors seek more for ethanol; propose aggressive infrastructure plan.
Inside Energy with Federal Lands. January 15, 2007. Date accessed: 6/25/08. ln)KW
Thirty-seven governors are asking President Bush and congressional leaders to support raising the renewable fuels
standard targets, provide new financial incentives and establish an aggressive "regional marketing strategy"
for infrastructure to help ethanol capture 20% of the gasoline market within 20 years. Doing so, they said in a
report last week, would cut U.S. oil demand by 10 billion barrels, saving more than $50 billion
a year, while generating $110 billion for the economy and creating 2.4 million jobs.
.
ETHANOL –A2 FOOD PRICES

ETHANOL IS NOT CAUSING HIGH FOOD PRICES
The Washington Post, 07. (Editorial. Giving Ethanol a Bad Rap. WashingtonPost.com. December 18, 2007.
date accessed: 6/25/08. ln)kw
While it is true that increased ethanol production requires more corn, U.S. farmers planted
and harvested a record crop this year to meet the demand generated by ethanol
biorefineries, increased exports and domestic consumers.
Additionally, a recent analysis by the market research firm Informa Economics found that just 4 percent
of the fluctuation in food prices can be attributed to the price of corn. The report noted
that costs such as energy, labor, packaging and marketing -- the portion of final food costs
not including grains or other raw materials -- play the most significant role.
POLITICS- ETHANOL PX POPULAR

ETHANOL IS POLITICALLY POPULAR AND HAS SUPPORT OF AUTO INDUSTRY
Wald, 07. (Matthew L staff writer. Challenging Gasoline: Diesel, Ethanol, Hydrogen. The New York Times.
October 24, 2007. Date accessed: 6/25/08. ln)
The United States consumes about 140 billion gallons of liquid transportation fuel a year, about 6 billion from
ethanol. Half of all gasoline contains some ethanol, which ordinary cars can burn at a concentration of up to 10
percent. About six million cars can now use any mixture of ethanol and gasoline, up to 85 percent ethanol, known as
E85. Domestic carmakers view ethanol as a way to cut gasoline consumption and to avoid
making major changes in their production.
Ethanol has strong political support. ''I'd rather be paying farmers than the people
overseas for the energy that fuels this country,'' President Bush told auto workers at a speech
at a Ford plant in Claycomo, Mo., this year. From a driver's viewpoint, ethanol may perform well in the engine.
ETHANOL SUBSIDES SOLVE

THE US ETHANOL MARKET IS THREATENED BY FOREIGN ETHANOL-
INCREASING SUBSIDIES SAVES THE US ETHANOL MARKET
Looper & Ball, 2007 (Don Looper and Aaron Ball are members of Looper Reed & McGraw, P.C., “FEATURE:
FEEL THE HEAT: BIOFUELS ARE A HOT INVESTMENT, BUT DON'T GET BURNED...” 44 Houston Lawyer
22 January/February, 2007 ln)kw
Imports also threaten United States ethanol production. Lower production costs and
government subsidies make foreign ethanol prices significantly lower. Most imported
ethanol is subject to a 54-cent-per-gallon tariff designed to offset United States ethanol tax
incentives. Some importers can avoid the tariff, however, by importing through free trade
zones such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative or "CBI" countries. n45 If tariffs were eliminated or
reduced, as President Bush has proposed, foreign-produced sugarcane-based ethanol could be sold for less than
domestic corn-based ethanol.
ETHANOL A2: USES MORE ENERGY

SEVERAL STUDIES CONCLUDE ETHANOL PRODUCES MORE ENERGY THAN IT
CONSUMES AND DISPLACES LIQUID FUELS
Geyer, Chong, & Hxue 2007 (L. Leon Geyer, Professor, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and
Applied Economics, Phillip Chong, Research Assistant, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, Bill Hxue, Research Associate, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics;
"Twenty-Seventh Annual American Agricultural Law Association: Agricultural Law Symposium & Meeting:
ARTICLE: Ethanol, Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profile and Overview" 12 Drake J. Agric. L. 61 Spring 07
ln)KW
The core question surrounding corn based ethanol is whether production consumes more
energy then it creates. n77 The controversy and uncertainty surrounding this question is in part a function of
ethanol's complexity and "variations in data and assumptions used among different studies." n78
In June 2004, the U.S. Department of Agriculture updated its 2002 analysis of the issue and determined that
the net energy balance of ethanol production was 1.67 to 1. (For every 100 BTUs [British Thermal
Units] of energy used to make ethanol, 167 BTUs of ethanol is produced). In 2002, USDA had concluded that the
ratio was 1.35 to 1. n79
Furthermore, a 2002 Michigan State University study "found that ethanol produced from
corn provided 56 percent more energy than is consumed during production (1.56 to 1)." n80
Douglas Tiffany of the University of Minnesota attributed ethanol's energy balance to corn's
"storage of solar en-ergy in starch molecules." n81 In addition to the positive energy balance, Tiffany
reported that:
Corn-derived ethanol results in a six-fold displacement of liquid fuels. This means that
every gallon of ethanol produced requires only one-sixth of a gallon of liquid fuels. This is
due to the fact that corn production and ethanol processing utilize coal for electrical energy
and natural gas for fertilizer production. n82
DISCREPANCIES IN ETHANOL STUDIES ARE A RESULT OF DIFFERENT

ACCOUNTING METHODS- THE SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS SAYS ETHANOL HAS A
POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE
ln)KW
The discrepancy that exists between the arguments for a positive and negative balance of energy can be found
within the accounted inputs of ethanol production. Pimentel states that those who argue for a positive
energy balance omit some energy inputs. n86 Similarly, the United States Department of
Agriculture states that those who argue for a negative energy balance "overestimate the
amount of energy needed to grow corn and convert corn to ethanol." n87 Ul-timately, the
consensus within the scientific community supports the findings of USDA.
SUGARCANE ETHANOL SOLVES

SUGARCANE ETHANOL SOLVES PROBLEMS OF CORN ETHANOL- IT IS GOOD
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND IS FAR MORE EFFICIENT
Reguly, 08 (Eric, feature columnist. It's time to kill corn subsidies and go Brazilian. The Globe and Mail
(Canada). May 12, 2008. Date accessed: 6/23/08. ln.)kw
Sugarcane ethanol is inexpensive to produce. It requires no irrigation and only small
amounts (relative to corn) of fertilizers and pesticides. It grows year round. The factories where
sugarcane is turned into ethanol are clever little contraptions. The waste material is burned to produce steam, which
spins a turbine to make electricity. About 3 per cent of Brazil's electricity comes from the ethanol factories. The
figure is expected to rise to as much as 15 per cent by 2015.
Where sugarcane shines is in efficiency. One hectare yields 7,500 litres of ethanol. One
hectare of corn produces about 4,000 litres, according to the United States Department of Agriculture.
The Brazilian sugarcane association, known as Unica, claims one unit of energy is required to produce
nine units of sugarcane ethanol. The ratio for corn is far worse, at one to two. Did we mention
Brazilian ethanol gets no subsidies?
SUGAR ETHANOL SOLVES ENVIRONMENT AND IS EFFICIENT

Hollman, 08 (Kelly, Investment Analyst. PE Goes Sweet on Brazil: Country's ethanol producers are attracting
plenty of foreign investor capital. Investment Dealers Digest. May 5, 2008. Date accessed: 6/26/08. ln)
The environmental appeal of sugar cane is one draw for investors. Industry observers say
sugar cane ethanol produces lower greenhouse gas emissions than corn ethanol and fossil
fuels, plus it has a higher energy density than corn-based ethanol. Additionally, it takes one unit of
fossil fuel to make 1.8 liters of corn ethanol, whereas that one unit of fossil fuel will produce eight units of sugar-
based ethanol.
An additional attraction is the strong market and prevalence of ethanol usage in Brazil, which began using the fuel in
the 1970s when oil prices soared. Just about every gas station in Brazil now sells ethanol, often at
lower prices than gasoline, making it an attractive alternative fuel for cost-conscious as well
as environmentally-concerned consumers.
"Cars running on ethanol generate less pollution and there's certainly a price incentive [for
consumers] because you use spend less money by using ethanol," says Pedro Seraphim, an attorney
at Brazilian law firm TozziniFreire who is working on several ethanol-related assignments and has advised Brazilian
ethanol-focused special purpose acquisition company Infinity Bio-Energy, a SPAC formed by Connecticut private
investor group Kidd & Co. in 2006. Infinity received a $75 million equity investment from San Diego, Calif.-based
private equity firm Ranch Capital in October 2007.
US CAN DO SUGAR ETHANOL

US HAS CAPABILITY TO USE SUGARCANE ETHANOL
Kraus, 07. (Clifford, Business Columnist. Seeing Sugar's Future in Fuel. The New York Times. October 18, 2007.
Date accessed: 6/26/08. ln)
But the American sugar industry believes that with new technology, the pulp left over after
juice is pressed from cane could eventually become a fuel source for cars.
The proposal under consideration in Washington ''could be a bridge for greater things for sugar,'' said Anthony Joe
Judice, 61, who works fields along the muddy waters of Bayou Teche, near St. Martinville. ''It's like an engagement
to a future marriage.''
The sugar ethanol provision has won approval in the House. With the support of Senator Tom
Harkin, Democrat of Iowa and chairman of the Agriculture Committee, it may get through the Senate despite
opposition from the administration and the food industry.
The measure would be grafted onto an existing sugar policy so complex that even many farmers
have trouble understanding it. The government limits the supply of sugar through production
quotas and import restrictions, and it uses financial mechanisms to set an effective price
floor.
The system does not cost taxpayers money directly, a point of pride for the industry. But it costs
consumers money in the form of higher sugar prices. The system has been subjected to withering criticism for
decades, but the sugar lobby has clout on Capitol Hill. Sugar producers donated $2.7 million in campaign
contributions to House and Senate incumbents in 2006, more than any other group of food growers, according to the
Center for Responsive Politics, a Washington group.
The new farm bill would retain much of the existing system, which sugar producers defend on the
ground that virtually every country with a domestic sugar industry has strong protections. But it would add
more guarantees, including one that would assure American producers 85 percent of the
market no matter how much sugar comes in from abroad.
CELLULOSIC SUBSIDIES SOLVES

CELLULOSE ETHANOL IS THE ONLY WAY TO PRODUCE ENOUGH ETHANOL TO
HAVE AN IMPACT BUT INCENTIVES ARE NEEDED TO MAKE IT VIABLE
Geyer, Chong, & Hxue 2007 (L. Leon Geyer, Professor, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, Phillip Chong, Research Assistant, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics,
Bill Hxue, Research Associate, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics; "Twenty-Seventh
Annual American Agricultural Law Association: Agricultural Law Symposium & Meeting: ARTICLE: Ethanol,
Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profile and Overview" 12 Drake J. Agric. L. 61 Spring 07 ln)KW
Aside from corn, sugar, and switchgrass based ethanol, cellulosic ethanol is another type of ethanol derived from
biomass which "refers to a wide variety of plentiful materials obtained from plants -- including certain forest-related
resources . . . , many types of solid wood waste materials, and certain agricultural [*74] wastes (including corn
stover) -- as well as plants that are specifically grown as fuel for generating electricity." n95 Cellulosic ethanol
may be seven to eight times more efficient in respect to corn-based ethanol's net energy
balance ratio. n96 Y.H. Percival Zhang of Virginia Tech stated that "if we want to produce 30 to 60
billion gallons of ethanol, which is what is needed to meet the Presi-dent's goal, we have to
use the entire plant, or the stover (leaves, stalks, and cobs)." n97 The technology necessary to util-ize the entire
plant lies in cellulosic ethanol and requires the "technologies that can break the cellulose into the sugars that are
distilled to produce ethanol." n98 Unfortunately, at this point in time, such technologies are not
economically viable alternatives.
CELLULOSIC ETHANOL WILL TAKE OFF IF GIVEN MINIMAL SUBSIDIES

Whitten, 07. (Daniel, staff writer. Senate tax panel gets advice for aiding alternative fuels; plans more hearings.
Inside Energy with Federal Lands. April 23, 2007. Date accessed: 6/25/08. ln)
Vinod Khosla, the world's most notable, if not the most prolific investor in cellulosic ethanol, last week
told the Senate's tax-writing committee that incentives are needed only for the first five cellulosic
ethanol plants in the United States, and that the industry could take on a life of its own
once it meets critical mass.
CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SUPERIOR

CELLULOSIC ETHANOL AVOIDS PROBLEMS OF CORN ETHANOL- IT AVOIDS
IMPACT ON FOOD PRICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Allen, 07(Leslie, Staff Writer. Industry Sees ethanol from plant waste as a perfect fuel. Automotive News. June 18,
2007. Date accessed: 6/26/08. ln)kw
If there's a holy grail of alternative fuels, cellulosic ethanol might be it.
Call it guilt-free fuel: No snatching corn from the mouths of hungry cattle. Rather than edible
grain, cellulosic ethanol comes from material that otherwise might be thrown away - like
plant stalks, straw and sawdust.
Cellulosic proponents say producing and using this type of fuel would generate 88 percent fewer
greenhouse gas emissions than producing and using gasoline. For corn ethanol, the figure is
18 percent.
President Bush has sung its praises. General Motors sees promise and held a media briefing on it. Cellulosic
ethanol would be perfect - if only it were available.
Right now, aside from limited production by companies such as Canadian biotechnology firm Iogen Corp.,
cellulosic ethanol remains largely in the lab. But the effort to commercialize it is accelerating.
CELLULOSIC ENERGY SOLVES ENVIRONMENT, FOOD ISSUES, AND ECONOMY

Clayton, 08. (Mark, staff writer. The race for nonfood biofuel. Christian Science Monitor. June 5, 2008. Date
accessed: 6/26/08. ln)kw
But now with food supply, climate change, and gas-price issues, “all of a sudden we have this attitude
emerging that the markets [for cellulosic] are very real” Dr. Lynd says.
Often seen as a technological “silver bullet,” cellulosic ethanol promises to require far less energy to
refine than corn ethanol does. It does not require land that might otherwise provide food,
as its feedstock is nonfood agricultural waste.
On that basis, cellulosic ethanol could reduce greenhouse-gas emissions up to 87 percent if
used broadly in the United States for transport fuel, the US Department of Energy reports.
The potential of cellulosic biofuels to meet world demand is suggested by the current
impact of corn-based ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels. Biofuels will account for 63 percent of oil supply
growth from non-OPEC countries this year, taking global production of crop-based fuel to more than 1.5 million barrels a day, according to the
International Energy Agency
CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SOLVES ECON
CELLULOSIC SOLVES ECONOMY

McGowan, 07. (Elizabeth, waste news correspondent. On the search for e abio-breakthrough. Waste News.
August 6, 2007. Date accessed: 6/26/08. ln)
But a former Department of Energy scientist who helped launch the Human Genome Project believes
all those drawbacks will be reversed as soon as an appropriate biotechnological agent is
found. That discovery could ensure a plentiful and affordable flow of cellulosic ethanol as a
cleaner alternative to gasoline.
``We're pedaling as fast as we can,'' Aristides Patrinos, president of Synthetic Genomics Inc. and a leading authority
on structural biology, told an audience at the National Press Club July 25. ``The holy grail is to take the cellulose
and find the magic way to transition it in a benign way to a fuel of sorts. The idea is to do it in an environmentally
friendly way.''
As 60 percent of the planet's biomass is microbial, Patrinos is convinced the answer to
commercial production of cellulosic ethanol as transportation fuel will come in a tiny
package. The fact that the genetic makeup of hundreds of microbes has now been sequenced could simplify the research. To create fuel, plant
cellulose must first be transformed to the starch or sugar stage.
Inventors now experimenting in labs with making fuel from specially grown crops, such as switch grass, and biomass sources, including corn
waste, wheat straw and wood chips, count on high pressure, high temperatures and harsh chemicals to fashion a subpar end product with
accompanying, less-than-desirable leftovers.
``The breakthrough is inevitable,'' he said. ``It's just a question of time and proper balance. And of course, cellulosic ethanol is not necessarily the
panacea.''
His talk was organized by the George C. Marshall Institute, a nonprofit research group dedicated to preserving the integrity of science in the
policy process.
Unlike corn-based ethanol, Patrinos pointed out, the cellulosic fuel won't compete with the
world's food supply. He also suggested that the production of cellulosic ethanol could
provide an entrepreneurial and industrial incentive for Midwesterners, and could raise the
standard of living for those in traditionally depressed regions of Africa, Indonesia and
Latin America.
CELLULOSIC SOLVES OIL

CELLULOSIC SOLVES OIL DEPENDENCY
Schneider, 07. (Keith The New York Times Media Group. The grass roots of alternative fuel; Universities are
leading the research to develop plants that can replace imported oil. The International Herald Tribune. November 8,
2007. Date accessed: 6/26/08. ln)
Mascoma Corp. of Cambridge, Massachusetts, announced in July a plan to build a
commercial-scale cellulosic plant in Michigan, using another proprietary mix of enzymes to
convert wood waste to fuel. Developing the biological ingredients to convert cellulose to fuel
is attracting major financing from government and industry.
From Nebraska to Illinois, California to New York, university-based crop scientists and chemical engineers are also
investigating the genetics, molecular structure, cellular components and additional aspects of grasses and other
plants, which until recently garnered attention in scientific and agricultural circles as nothing more than forage for
livestock.
Backed by hundreds of millions of dollars in grants from states, industry and the
Departments of Energy and Agriculture, land-grant universities have embarked on a
scientific and industrial development campaign to use U.S. crops to replace much of the
country's imported oil.
''This is science with a purpose,'' said Bruce Dale, a professor of chemical engineering and a leader of Michigan
State's bioenergy research center. ''The United States uses 140 billion gallons of gasoline a year, over 60 percent of it
from imported oil. If we improve plant science, processing, fermentation, we are capable of
developing a bioeconomy that is much cleaner than the petroleum economy and can replace
all of our imported oil with liquid fuels produced from crops
CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SOLVES OIL IMPACTS

Khosla, 08. (Vinod, Founder of venture capital firm Khosla Ventures. All Biofuels Are Not The Same. The
Washington Post. June 16, 2008. Date Accessed: 6/26/08. ln)
Cellulosic biofuels offer a chance to have an environmentally meaningful impact on
petroleum use while benefiting farmers, entrepreneurs and consumers. I have many investments
in biofuels companies. Some say I believe in biofuels because I have invested in them. The truth is that I invest in
biofuels because I believe they can help our environment, economy and national security.
Just as the word "drug" can refer to aspirin or cocaine, "biofuel" refers to a variety of products that vary dramatically
in their environmental impact and effects on food prices. For instance, biodiesel from food oils such as soybean or
palm oil has traditionally created environmental negatives. But corn ethanol has been a stepping stone to
cellulosic ethanol, a preferred alternative that is likely to achieve unsubsidized market
competitiveness with oil within a few years.
We face an energy crisis, an environmental crisis and a terrorism crisis all related to oil.
High-cost options to reduce consumption, such as hybrid and electric cars, sound good but are unlikely to materially
reduce carbon emissions. To have a meaningful impact, at least half of the next billion cars
manufactured on this planet must be low-carbon. The only cost-effective option (measured in
cost per ton of carbon emissions avoided or grams of carbon emissions per mile driven) likely to achieve broad
market acceptance in the next 20 years is cellulosic-fuel cars.
CELLULOSE ETHANOL AVOIDS FOOD PRICE DA

Cellulose ethanol has no effect on food prices and is the next step for the US.
Dowler, 08. (Kate, staff writer. Cellulose New Energy Hope. The Weekly Times (Australia). May 7, 2008. Date
accessed: 6/26/08. ln)KW
The corn and soybean model of ethanol production in the US is failing, according to a leading US
agribusinessman.
But the future of ethanol production could lie in unlocking the energy in fibre, or cellulose,
through enzymatic conversion.
Agribusinessman Dr Pearce Lyons is the founder and president of global animal health company Alltech.
His company, which has sales approaching $425 million, last month received $32 million from the US Government to further its work on
commercialising cellulose-to-ethanol production methods.
Cellulose is said to be the most plentiful resource in the world. It has a much lower value as
an animal feed, or food for humans, than grain crops.
Because of this it is viewed as the next step the ethanol industry needs to take to become
more sustainable.
ETHANOL NEG
ENVIRONMENT TURN
A. ETHANOL DESTROYS ENTIRE ECOSYSTEMS
Geyer, Chong, & Hxue 2007 (L. Leon, Professor, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics; Phillip, Research Assistant, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics; Bill,
Research Associate, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics; “Ethanol, Biomass, Biofuels
and Energy: A Profile and Overview” 12 Drake J. Agric. L. 61 ln)kw
Another significant impact of ethanol revolves around the environment. Although ethanol
has been praised for its ability to reduce harmful vehicle emissions, the removal of biomass
for energy production intensifies soil erosion, water runoff, and soil nutrient loss. As Pimentel
states, "the removal of biomass for all purposes, but most especially for energy production,
threatens the integrity of the entire natural ecosystem." n111 More specifically, this environmental
concern [*76] stems from the fear that an increase in corn farming will further stress the
environment through fertil-izer and pesticide runoffs, which will create eutrophication
within surrounding watershed areas. n112
B. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY RESULTS IN EXTINCTION AND OUTWEIGHS ALL

OTHER IMPACTS
WILSON 1992 (Dr. Edward O.- Professor at Harvard and author of two Pulitzer Prize winning books, “The
Diversity of Life”, 1992)
The worst thing that can happen, will happen, is not energy depletion, economic collapse,
limited nuclear war, or conquest by a totalitarian government. As terrible as these catastrophes
would be for us, they can be repaired within a few generations. The one process ongoing in the
1980’s that will take millions of years to correct is the loss of genetic and species diversity by the
destruction of natural habitats. This is the folly that our descendants are least likely to
forgive us.
ENVIRONMENT TURN
2. RAINFORESTS
A. ETHANOL PRODUCTION WILL DESTROY THE RAINFORESTS

Grunwald, 08. (Michael, staff writer. The Clean Energy Scam. Time Magazine. March 27, 2008. Date accessed:
6/25/08. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1725975-4,00.html)KW
This land rush is being accelerated by an unlikely source: biofuels. An explosion in
demand for farm-
grown fuels has raised global crop prices to record highs, which is spurring a dramatic
expansion of Brazilian agriculture, which is invading the Amazon at an increasingly
alarming rate.
Propelled by mounting anxieties over soaring oil costs and climate change, biofuels have
become the vanguard of the green-tech revolution, the trendy way for politicians and
corporations to show they're serious about finding alternative sources of energy and in the
process slowing global warming. The U.S. quintupled its production of ethanol--ethyl
alcohol, a fuel distilled from plant matter--in the past decade, and Washington has just
mandated another fivefold increase in renewable fuels over the next decade. Europe has
similarly aggressive biofuel mandates and subsidies, and Brazil's filling stations no longer even offer plain gasoline.
Worldwide investment in biofuels rose from $5 billion in 1995 to $38 billion in 2005 and is expected to top $100
billion by 2010, thanks to investors like Richard Branson and George Soros, GE and BP, Ford and Shell, Cargill and
the Carlyle Group. Renewable fuels has become one of those motherhood-and-apple-pie catchphrases, as
unobjectionable as the troops or the middle class.
But several new studies show the biofuel boom is doing exactly the opposite of what its
proponents intended: it's dramatically accelerating global warming, imperiling the planet
in the name of saving it. Corn ethanol, always environmentally suspect, turns out to be
environmentally disastrous. Even cellulosic ethanol made from switchgrass, which has been
promoted by eco-activists and eco-investors as well as by President Bush as the fuel of the
future, looks less green than oil-derived gasoline.
ENVIRONMENT TURN
B. CONTINUED RAINFOREST DESTRUCTION CAUSES MASSIVE BIODIVERSITY
LOSS AND GLOBAL WARMING.
National Wildlife Federation 1997, “Rain Forests: Tropical Treasures”, 1 Mar 1997
http://peacecorps.gov/wws/guides/honduras/honprint1.html
People have manipulated their surroundings since before early humans learned to build fires and wield stone axes.
And sometimes our actions have caused permanent damage to natural habitats. But the rate
and scale of the ecological, social, and economic damage we're causing today in tropical
rain forests far surpasses anything we've experienced before. And many scientists think that the
long-term effects of tropical deforestation could be much more devastating and far-reaching than most people
expect.
Some scientists point to the loss of plant and animal species as one of the most tragic results of tropical
deforestation. Collectively, rain forests are the most diverse habitats on earth -- and with every
acre of rain forest we clear, we're chipping away at that diversity at a rate that some people
estimate may be as high as six extinctions per hour. Some of the plants, insects, and other species we're
losing are dying out before we even know they exist. By destroying natural diversity, we're not only
destroying natural communities -- we're depriving ourselves of potential foods, medicines, and other products.
We're also causing changes in the ecology of areas that are nowhere near tropical forests. Many
of "our" familiar songbirds, for example, fly to the tropics for the winter. And some songbird populations
have been declining steadily in the past several years, probably because their winter habitats
in tropical areas are disappearing. A lot of these songbirds feed mostly on insects, and nobody
knows yet what effect this decline in songbird populations is having on insects in the birds' summer habitats. But we
do know that many of these insects feed on plants, including agricultural crops.
As we carve rain forests into smaller and smaller chunks, we may also be tampering with
weather patterns. Rain forest trees add a lot of moisture to the air as excess water evaporates from
their leaves, and this moisture eventually falls as rain. Some areas that have been deforested
have experienced droughts because the loss of trees disrupted the area's water cycle. And
some scientists think that the cumulative effect of tropical deforestation worldwide could also interfere
with global weather patterns.
Many scientists also feel that rain forest destruction may be contributing to the global warming
we're experiencing because of the "greenhouse effect." As rain forests burn, carbon is released
from the vegetation and mixes with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Excess
carbon dioxide acts like a blanket in the atmosphere, trapping heat against the earth and
ultimately causing the planet to warm up.
ENVIRONMENT TURN EXT- BIODIVERSITY

ETHANOL PRODUCTION DESTROYS THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT KILLING
ENTIRE SPECIES
ln)kw
A similar concern over slash and burn production hovers over the ethanol industry of Brazil.
As produc-tion there increases, critics have raised concerns over increased pressure on
resources, including land, water supply, and labor, which may negatively impact the local
environment. The expansion of feedstock plantations often involves the wholesale
destruction of virgin rainforest and jeopardizes the survival of threatened species. n36 Worse
yet, production methods often include burning sugarcane fields, thereby emitting significant
amounts of the very greenhouse gases that ethanol use is supposed to mitigate. n37 An August
2006 report by researchers at the University of Utrecht investigated the current and potential future state of the
Brazilian bioethanol industry with regard to Dutch requirements for sustain-ability as set forth by the Dutch
government. The report assessed the Brazilian industry along several sustainability di-mensions, including
competition with the local food supply, biodiversity, labor conditions, human rights, and the envi-ronment. n38
Environmental factors included waste management, use of fertilizers, prevention of soil erosion, preserva-tion of
surface and ground water, airborne emissions, and the use of genetically modified organisms. n39 While the re-port
found that the current state of the industry largely met Dutch sustainability requirements for 2007, there
ETHANOL HURTS ENVIRONMENT

ETHANOL IS TOO INEFFICIENT AND CREATES NEW ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS INCLUDING LAND AND WATER USAGE
Stefan, 2007 (Chris Stefan is a JD candidate, December 2007, at American University Washington College of
Law, "EXPLORING HOW TODAY'S DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS FUTURE GENERATIONS AROUND THE
GLOBE: IN THIS ISSUE: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: FUELING THE FUTURE: A POLICY-BASED
COMPARISON OF AL-TERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL SOURCES" 7 Sustainable Dev. L. & Pol'y 22 Spring,
LN)KW
Experts have shown that ethanol produced from corn, the most prevalent method of
production in the United States, is inefficient. n19 Sugarcane-based ethanol, which is prevalent in
Brazil, is a more efficient source of fermentable carbo-hydrates than corn. Cellulosic ethanol (ethanol fuel
produced from cellulose) uses agricultural waste and shows promise in terms of efficiency; however, the
technology has not yet reached maturation. n20 Furthermore, whether agricultural waste can
produce enough cellulosic ethanol to provide for the entire automotive fuel market is an
unanswered question.
Other problems with ethanol, regardless of its source, include the difficulty of transporting
it to market, land use change for the cultivation of the input products, increased water
consumption, and increased levels of nitrogen emis-sions. Ethanol also requires refinement,
thus its overall efficiency would have to improve dramatically to justify it as an option.
STUDIES PROVE ETHANOL USES MORE ENERGY THAN IT PRODUCES

ln)KW
Despite the findings above by the USDA, Michigan State University, and Douglas Tiffany, there has been evi-
dence to indicate a negative energy return for ethanol production using corn and liquid
fuels from biomass energy. David Pimentel of Cornell University states that "ethanol production
does not enhance energy security" due to the fact that energy needed to produce ethanol is
greater [*72] than the energy output from its production. n83 Pimentel's study supports his claim
and concludes:
The total energy input to produce 1000 liters of ethanol is 8.7 million kilocalories . . . . However, 1000 liters of
ethanol has an energy value of only 5.1 million kilocalories. Thus, there is a net energy loss of 3.6 million
kilocalories per 1000 liters of ethanol produced. Put another way, about 70% more energy is required to
produce 1000 liters of etha-nol than the energy that actually is in the ethanol . . . . n84
These findings were unanimously approved by many scientists such as Sparks Commodities
(1990); Giampietro, Ulgiati, and Pimentel (1997); Youngquist (1997); Croysdale (2001); Fuel's Gold (2002);
CalGasoline (2002); Lieber-man (2002); and Hodge (2002). n85
ETHANOL SUBSIDIES BAD

ETHANOL SUBSIDIES CREATE AN ARTIFICIAL DEMAND LEADING TO
INEFFICIENCY AND MARKET DISTORTIONS
ln)KW
In addition to the issues presented directly above, ethanol subsidies present another significant issue. From
1995 through 2005, corn producers received $ 51.2 billion in subsidies, which is double that received by producers
of wheat, the next highest subsidy recipient, at $ 20.9 billion. n113 The concern is that such price supports may
create a "completely artificial demand for ethanol." n114 The reason for concern lies in the fact such
a condition may propel supply beyond demand which may encourage inefficiency and
market distortions. n115 Such market distortions reflect surging corn prices which led the
National Cattlemen's Beef Association simply to call for "a transition to a market- based
approach to renewable energy production, which would help level the playing field for
cattle producers and other feedgrain us-ers." n116 Such sentiment expresses the fact that growth of
the corn-based ethanol industry may have been purely "artifi-cial," propelled by eight to
eleven billion dollars in annual subsidies. n117
ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL
ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL TO SOLVE RELIANCE ON FOSSIL FUELS-

CONSUMPTION HAS INCREASED DESPITE INCENTIVES
Hymel, 2006 (Mona, Professor of Law, James E. Rogers College of Law, University of Arizona, “ARTICLE: The
United States' Experience with Energy-Based Tax Incentives: The Evidence Supporting Tax Incentives for
Renewable Energy” 38 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 43 Fall 2006 ln)kw
The most significant alternative fuel tax provision, the credit or deduction for alcohol fuels,
which constitutes over ninety-four percent of alternative tax incentives directed at reducing
gasoline use, n193 grants a subsidy to fossil fuels mixed with an alternative fuel, typically
alcohol or ethanol. n194 Although the incentive ostensibly encourages more efficient fossil
fuel consumption, alternative fuel use has not resulted in lower fossil fuel consumption or
reduced our dependence on cars. n195 In fact, both consumption and car use have increased
despite these provisions. Since 1978, when Congress enacted most of the alternative fuel provisions, the
United States has invested between $ 30 and $ 33 billion in alternatives through tax subsidies. During this same
period, despite decreases in oil and gas incentives, the United States invested approximately $ 106 billion in fossil
fuels - three times what it spent on alternative fuels. n196 This kind of differential, not surprisingly, undercuts the
likelihood of achieving successful results for alternative fuel technologies. To date, the tax subsidies for
alternative fuels are too small, and they fail to target the real problem: fossil fuel
dependence.
Ethanol doesn’t work because of infrastructure and transportation problems.

Kumins, 07. (Larry, Energy Policy Research Foundation. Energy system limites future ethanol growth. Oil and
Gas Journal. November 26, 2007. Date accessed: 6/27/08. ln)
Ethanol raises widely recognized physical issues. Because it tends to separate from gasoline
in the presence of wa-ter, gasoline-ethanol blends can't be shipped by pipeline. So ethanol is
transported mostly by rail at up to four times the cost of oil products moved by pipeline.
Because the blend has a short shelf life, ethanol and gasoline must be mixed near the point
of retail sale.
Distribution limits keep ethanol blends out of some US markets. As a result, the average ethanol
content of all US gasoline is below 5%, less than half the concentration that all automobiles can use.
The issues surrounding ethanol are too extreme to provide any benefits.
Smith, 08. (Christopher E, Pipeline Editor. Ethanol pipelines. Oil & Gas Journal. February 18, 2008. Date
accessed: 6/27/08. ln)
Many issues surround ethanol's growing prevalence as a component of the US gasoline pool. These
include subsi-dies for its production, the relative distillation efficiency of various source
products, import tariffs, the effect on prices of various food products, and the potential
overuse of groundwater supplies. The issues also include its efficient trans-port from sources of production
to consuming centers.
ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL

Ethanol is already being subsidized and it has caused more problems than it has solved.
Krauss, 07. (Clifford, Business Columnist. Ethanol's Boom Stalling As Glut Depresses Prices. The New York
Times. September 30, 2007. Datge accessed: 6/27/08. ln)
But the ethanol industry, which is also heavily subsidized by federal tax incentives, got far
ahead of the require-ments of the law, rapidly building scores of plants and snapping up a
rising share of the corn harvest. Many of those plants have gone into operation in recent months, and many
more are scheduled for completion by the end of next year.
The resulting ethanol oversupply is buffeting the market. Here in northern Iowa, deep in the corn
belt, newly cau-tious farmers and ethanol executives are figuring out how to cut costs and weighing their options
should the situation get worse.
ETHANOL- NO SOLVENCY OIL DEPENDENCE
ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL FAIL TO SOLVE OIL DEPENDENCE

Norman, 2007 (Robert Scot, J.D., California Western School of Law, 2007; “COMMENT: Powered By Grease:
The Case for Straight Vegetable Oil in the New Fuel Economy 44 California Western Law Review 257 Fall)kw
Despite the potential of ethanol and biodiesel as renewable fuels, in order for either to
replace the United States' current petroleum consumption, the agricultural sector would
need to dedicate a disproportionate amount of farmland to growing "feedstock." n86
Committing such a significant portion of the nation's farmland to energy crops would
severely impair the nation's ability to produce food. n87 Accordingly, biodiesel and ethanol
have not been widely considered as replacements, but rather as additives to existing
petroleum-based fuels. n88
In this regard, the marketing and regulation of biodiesel and ethanol remains centered on petroleum blends. n89
Ethanol can be [*271] blended with gasoline in varying quantities. n90 E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline, is the most common blend of ethanol. n91 Biodiesel can be blended with diesel in any quantity. n92
Although 100% pure biodiesel (called B100) can operate in most standard diesel engines, B2 (a blend of 2%
biodiesel and 98% petroleum diesel) and B5 (a blend of 5% biodiesel and 95% petroleum diesel) are currently the
most common biodiesel blends on the market. n93 While ethanol and biodiesel blends demonstrate progress,
they are inadequate to displace the nation's reliance on petroleum - particularly when considering
that both consist mostly of petroleum. In order to effectively wean itself off petroleum, the United States must look
to a variety of different sources for its energy - including straight vegetable oil.
Ethanol does not reduce oil dependency, or improve efficiency.

Barrionuevo, 07 (Alexei, columnist Springtime for Ethanol. Business/Financial Desk. The New York Times.
January 23, 2007. Date accessedL 6/23/08. ln)
Corn-based ethanol can only marginally reduce America's dependence on foreign oil. But it
does little, if anything, to improve energy efficiency, and the mounting concern of some
politicians is that relying on corn is leading to collateral damage in other parts of the
agricultural economy and threatening the nation's status as the leading corn exporter. The
big increase in the works may mean consumers would end up paying more at the supermarket.
So the ethanol lobby and its political supporters now face the challenge of trying to maintain the momentum of
ethanol's feel-good story before the potential negative consequences of the rapid ramp-up become all too apparent.
Ethanol doesn’t help stop energy consumption.

Wasik, 07. (John F, Bloomberg News. In ethanol debate, don't forget realities; INVESTING; MARKETPLACE.
The International Herald Tribune. July 24, 2007. Date accessed: 6/27/08. ln)
The ethanol reality hasn't fully sunk in on Wall Street. The ABN AMRO Biofuels Index has fallen 3
percent this year.
Gulf Ethanol, which has a market value of about $24 million, has seen its shares rise 40 percent. Shares of Archer
Daniels Midland, the largest U.S. processor of ethanol, have risen 14 percent.
Corn ethanol isn't a viable short-cut to reducing energy consumption. Ethanol is also a
sorry stopgap for the over-due need to mandate higher fuel-efficiency standards in
buildings, homes, buses, cars, trucks and vans.
FOOD PRICES TURN

A. ETHANOL WILL DRASTICALLY INCREASE FOOD PRICES
ln)KW
The use of ethanol and other biofuels will undoubtedly provide the United States an alternative to petroleum and a
potential renewable source of energy for generations to come. While the previous section discussed the energy and
sci-ence behind ethanol, the economics and potential impacts of this fuel will be the topic of this section.
A bushel of corn will produce 2.79 gallons of ethanol. n99 As stated earlier in this paper, the Energy Policy Act of
2005 has set a production goal of 7.5 billion gallons of ethanol by 2012. n100 As of 2006, the annual corn
production in the United States was approximately 11 billion bushels. n101 Under the assumption that an average
acre of land yields 146 bushels of corn n102 and that a bushel of corn can currently produce 2.8 gallons of ethanol,
n103 in order to achieve the 7.5 billion gallon [*75] goal set forth by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, current
ethanol production methods and technol-ogy will require 2.7 billion bushels of corn, n104 nearly a quarter of current
production. Although this rough estimate leaves variables, such as supply and demand constant, it is certain that
an increase of ethanol production will have an unpredictable impact on the corn market,
which will in turn create significant repercussions upon national and world food markets.
Lester Brown, president of Washington D.C. based environmental research group Earth Policy Institute, stated
that "the competition for grain between the world's 800 million motorists who want to
maintain their mobility and its 2 bil-lion poorest people who are simply trying to survive is
emerging as an epic issue." n105 The economic pressure created by corn's increasing demand
and limited supply has already been felt around the world. Since the summer of 2006,
"aver-age corn prices have leapt to nearly $ 4 a bushel," n106 the highest in a decade. Due to the
fact corn is the largest compo-nent of animal feed, the National Chicken Council has
estimated that "ethanol demand has already increased the price of chicken by six cents per
pound wholesale." n107 In Mexico, increasing corn prices have tripled or quadrupled the
price of tortillas. n108 This has exposed the "country's outsize dependence on tortillas in its
diet -- especially among the poor." n109 The situations within the U.S. chicken and Mexican
tortilla industries illustrate the interconnectedness of the agricul-tural market system.
According to William Lapp, the president of Advanced Economic Solutions, such a situation may
foreshadow "a fairly dramatic inflation scenario for food costs." n110
FOOD PRICES TURN
B. FOOD CRISIS CAUSES EGYPTIAN INSTABILITY

The Associated Press 5-18-2008 “Egyptian president appeals for help with food crisis battering Mideast”
Egypt's president appealed to the world Sunday to work with poor countries struggling
with high food and fuel prices that have battered their economies.
The Mideast, highly dependent on imported food, has been wracked by social unrest as
many citizens in the region struggle with stagnant wages and high inflation.
Worldwide food prices have increased at least 40 percent since mid-2007, fueled by a number of
factors including climate change, drought, growing demand in countries such as China and India and the planting of
crops for biofuel.
"Is it logical or even acceptable that agricultural crops are used to produce ethanol, leading to a worse crisis in food
prices?" Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said Sunday.
Mubarak made the remarks in his opening address at the World Economic Forum on the Middle East, an offshoot of
the annual gathering of political and business leaders in Davos, Switzerlan
The price increases "greatly affect poor nations and poor people," said Mubarak at the beginning
of the three-day summit at the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheik.
The increases hit poor people hardest. Food represents as much as 60-80 percent of consumer spending in
developing nations, compared with about 10-20 percent in industrialized countries, according to the United Nations.
Some 20 percent of Egypt's 76.5 million people live below the poverty line of about US$2
per day.
Mubarak urged a dialogue to find "solutions that guarantee that the world's need for food
and energy is fulfilled."
Violent protests against rising prices in Egypt resulted in three deaths last month. Eleven
people have also died over the past few months in the country during fights that broke out in lines to buy
subsidized bread.
Those clashes over bread resumed Saturday, with several injuries from fist fights reported across the country,
independent newspaper Al Masri Al Yom reported. Bread buyers carrying knives to the lines, the report said.
C. EGYPTIAN INSTABILITY CAUSES NUCLEAR WAR

St. Louis Post Dispatch 92 (November 19, LN)
When fundamentalist Muslims in Egypt attack tourist buses with the intent of crippling that country's tourist industry, world leaders concerned
about Egypt's stability had better take notice. But the shootings have received little notice in the Western press, which has also failed to explore in
any depth their cause and their possible long-term effects. In recent months, one European tourist was shot and killed and others injured in
fundamentalist assaults on tourist buses and boats. The Egyptian government has rounded up and jailed suspected troublemakers, who are being
tortured in prison and otherwise denied basic human rights. The persecution of fundamentalists doesn't seem, though, to dim their appeal among
the populace. The government cannot provide the kind of services - health care, food, transportation and even education - that the fundamentalists
The renegade actions of the fundamentalists matter because Egypt is
have provided to Egypt's poor.
the largest Arab nation, with a great following in the Arab and Muslim worlds. Were its
government to fall in a coup and the National Democratic Party deposed after 40 years of one-party rule, the
Middle East would tremble in a way not felt since the fall of the shah of Iran. Egypt's treaty
with Israel would be swept aside, and a brutal, possibly nuclear war could be the outcome.
The Middle East would be thrown into great upheaval, as states, rulers and people absorb the shocks and react
accordingly. Fundamentalists in moderate Arab countries such as Jordan would be inspired to revolt too. The
impact would be devastating for stability in the short and long run. World leaders can help to prevent
these events by focusing on Egypt and helping it with its grave problems of overpopulation, underemployment and poverty. It is too glib to say
that relative prosperity will keep Egypt out of the coup makers' reach. But President Hosni Mubarak and his National Democratic Party must be
firmly urged to clean up corruption in government and business, to set a firm direction on birth control and to improve social services drastically.
Even in the best of times, Egypt has a hard road ahead. These are not good times, and Egypt will need all the help it can get from other countries.
ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES

ETHANOL DRASTICALLY INCREASES FOOD PRICES
Crable, 2008 (AD, "Is corn ethanol a big mistake?" Lancaster New Era, July 22, 08
http://articles.lancasteronline.com/local/4/224824)kw
Suddenly, corn ethanol is no longer the darling in the nation's desperate search for an energy
alternative to oil.
In recent weeks, Republican presidential candidate John McCain, Gov. Ed Rendell and U.S. Rep. Joe Pitts have
taken actions to slow what had been a corn ethanol bandwagon.
Locking up corn for ethanol production has driven up food prices for the poor around the
world and hurt many farmers who can't afford the higher feed prices, they say.
"It's oil that's the culprit, not biofuels," he says.
Subsidies on ethanol don’t work and jack food prices.

Reguly, 08 (Eric, staff writer. Biofuels come under fire at UN food summit; Growing movement threatens to
fracture food agencies as world leaders blame biofuel profuction for inflating food prices. The Globe and Mail
(Canada). June 4, 2008. Date accessed" 6/27/08. ln)
He also called for an end to the subsidies to biofuel, including the corn-based ethanol that forms the core of the
North American biofuel industry. The subsidies, he said, are creating "hazardous distortion to the
present international system of agriculture trade." Brazil's sugarcane, he noted, is not a food staple and
the sugarcane crop devoted to ethanol uses only about 1 per cent of the country's arable land, almost all of it in the
south, 2,000 kilometres or so from the Amazon rain forests.
Moments after Mr. Mubarak's speech, Brazilian President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva launched an equally strong de-
fence of his country's biofuel industry, which uses alcohol from sugarcane to make ethanol. Blaming biofuel for
soar-ing food prices, he said, is an "oversimplification" that does not bear up to scrutiny.
Unlike North American corn ethanol, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol is not subsidized and
requires relatively small amounts of irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides. "I am not in
favour of producing ethanol from corn," he said.
While the FAO has no single position on biofuels, director-general Jacques Diouf acknowledges rising biofuel
production is pushing up food prices. "Nobody understands how $11-billion to $12-billion a year of
subsidies and pro-tective tariff policies had the effect of diverting 100 million tonnes of
cereals from human consumption, mostly to sat-isfy a thirst [for] fuel for vehicles," he told
attendees at the conference.
Corn ethanol jacks up food prices and uses land unnecessarily.

Reguly, 08 (Eric, feature columnist. It's time to kill corn subsidies and go Brazilian. The Globe and Mail
(Canada). May 12, 2008. Date accessed: 6/23/08. ln.)
Sugarcane is everything corn is not. Corn is a food. Turning it into fuel raises food prices because of competition for
arable land. In the United States alone, one-third of the corn crop goes to ethanol production. In the European Union,
some 15 per cent of arable land will have to be devoted to biofuel production to meet content mandates. Yes, sugar is
food. But it is not a staple.

Biofuels are responsible for one third of the food crisis
REUTERS/ 6/26/2008/ http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L24329157.htm
Biofuels are responsible for 30 per cent of the increase in global food prices, pushing 30
million people worldwide into poverty, aid agency Oxfam said in a report on Wednesday.
The use of biofuels is soaring as developed countries try to reduce their dependence on imported oil and cut
emissions of carbon dioxide, but critics say they have led to a shortage of grain, pushing up
commodity prices.
“Rich countries’ demands for more biofuels in their transport fuels are causing spiralling
production and food inflation,” said Oxfam biofuel policy adviser Rob Bailey, who wrote the report.
“Grain reserves are now at an all-time low.”
Oxfam called on rich countries to dismantle subsidies for biofuels and reduce import tariffs. “Rich countries
spent up to $15 billion last year supporting biofuels while blocking cheaper Brazilian
ethanol, which is far less damaging for global food security,” the report said.
The aid agency also urged rich countries to scrap biofuels targets, including European Union plans to get 10 per cent
of its transport fuel from renewable sources like biofuels by 2020.
Oxfam estimates that by 2020, CO2 emissions from land-use change in the palm oil sector may have reached over
3.1 billion tonnes, largely as a result of the EU target -- and it would take over 46 years of biofuel use at 2020 levels
to repay this “carbon debt”.
“Biofuels are taking over agricultural land and forcing farming to expand into lands that
are important carbon sinks, like forests and wetlands,” the report said. “This triggers the
release of carbon from soil and vegetation that will take decades to repay.”
Use of Biofuels directly trades off with food supply

Daily Mail/ July 19/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1027787/Demand-green-biofuels-pushing-food-prices-
Government-report-warns.html
Most of the biofuels now in use are derived from food crops such as corn, palm, soya and
rapeseed.
In America around a third of all corn is used for fuel, while half of Europe's vegetable oil goes
towards biofuel production.
The draft report, by Prof Ed Gallagher of the Renewable Fuels Agency, called for more research into the impact of
biofuels on food supplies and land use before the Government sets new targets.
It also said distinctions should be made between the current first generation of biofuels made from food crops, and
future 'second generation' which could be based on non-food crops or plants which grow on ground unsuitable for
conventional crops.
Critics say biofuels take up land that would otherwise be used for food, reducing food
supplies and driving up prices.
The grain needed to fill the tank of a 4x4 car could feed one person for a year, they say.
They also warn that valuable rain-forests in South America and Asia are being destroyed to
create land to meet the demand for biofuels.
And they say that the carbon emissions from growing and transporting the fuels are high.
The Renewables Fuel Agency declined to comment on the report until after it was published.
A Department for Transport spokesperson said: 'The Government has asked Professor Gallagher to carry out an in-
depth review of the wider impacts of biofuel production.
'We will use the findings from this review to inform the development of future policies and to inform negotiations on
future EU biofuel targets.'

If we continue to increase the use of biodiesel in cars, the demand for fuel will be met
before the need of starving people – empirically proven in the SQ
Monbiot ‘04
Georges, Author/Staff Writer. “Feeding Cars, Not People”. The Guardian. 22 November
2004. Date of Access: 25 June 2008. http://www.monbiot.com/archives/2004/11/23/feeding-
cars-not-people/
To run our cars and buses and lorries on biodiesel, in other words, would require 25.9m hectares. There are
5.7m in the United Kingdom.(8) Switching to green fuels requires four and half times our arable area. Even the EU’s
more modest target of 20% by 2020 would consume almost all our cropland.
If the same thing is to happen all over Europe, the

impact on global food supply will be catastrophic:
big enough to tip the global balance from net surplus to net deficit. If, as some
environmentalists demand, it is to happen worldwide, then most of the arable surface of the
planet will be deployed to produce food for cars, not people.
This prospect sounds, at first, ridiculous. Surely if there was unmet demand for food, the market would ensure that
crops were used to feed people rather than vehicles? There is no basis for this assumption. The market
responds to money, not need. People who own cars have more money than people at risk of
starvation. In a contest between their demand for fuel and poor people’s demand for food,
the car-owners win every time. Something very much like this is happening already.
Though 800 million people are permanently malnourished, the global increase in crop
production is being used to feed animals: the number of livestock on earth has quintupled
since 1950. The reason is that those who buy meat and dairy products have more
purchasing power than those who buy only subsistence crops.
Continued use of biofuels will result in countries neglecting to feed their own people
Roper ‘07
Matt, Staff Writer. “Burning need for cheap fuel could be bad for the health; The west needs oil, agrees Matt Roper,
but not at the expense of the poorest”. The Herald. 6 July 2007. Date of Access: 25 June 2008. LexisNexis.
And then thereis the prospect that transferring land used for food production to biofuels will
lead to shortages of the crops that poorer countries need to feed their own people. In short,
while the rich world grows fat on cheap fuel, it's possible that the poor could starve.

Grain Stocks are at an all time low and the food crisis is threatening the stability of 82
regimes around the world
The daily star/ 2008-05-18
THE United Nations has warned that 82 countries, including China and India, face food emergencies this year as
cereal stocks are at an all-time low. Stockpiles of grains such as rice and wheat have dropped to their lowest levels,
sufficient to feed the world for only 54 days, after which millions may face starvation.
The World Bank and IMF have sounded a bigger alarm. The WB president, Robert Zoellick, said that 100 million
people in low-income countries could be pushed deeper into poverty because of surging food prices caused directly
by the imbalance between demand and supply. IMF chief Dominque Strauss-Kahn says: "As we know, learning
from the past, these kinds of situations sometimes end in war."
Food riots have already erupted in many countries, including Egypt, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Senegal,
Mozambique Yemen, Mexico, Mauritania, Indonesia, Bolivia, the Philippines, India, Ethiopia, Burkino Faso, and
Uzbekistan.
Congress rethinks ethanol due to increasing food prices.

McKenna, 08 (Barrie, Business writer. Ethanol faces growing U.S. backlash; Lawmakers rethink corn-based
biofuel as an energy solution after cropland diversions blamed for rising food prices. The Globe and Mail (Canada).
May 2, 2008. Date accessed: 6/25/08. ln)
The U.S. Congress is rethinking its enthusiastic embrace of corn-based ethanol as food and
fuel inflation pushes to the top of the political agenda.
New York Senator Charles Schumer, chairman of the joint economic committee of
Congress, complained yesterday that Washington's promotion of ethanol is one of the
reasons Americans are now paying substantially more for bread, eggs, milk and a range of
other groceries.
"You don't have to be a big corn eater to feel the result of the demand for corn," Mr. Schumer said as he chaired a
hearing into soaring food prices. "When farmers produce more corn, they produce less of everything else - driving
up prices across the board."
Mr. Schumer's comments are part a growing backlash against ethanol, coming just months
after Congress mandated a fivefold increase in the use of ethanol and other biofuels by
2022
Ethanol is increasing food prices dramatically and causing violence around the world.
Grunwald, 08. (Michael, staff writer. The Clean Energy Scam. Time Magazine. March 27, 2008. Date accessed:
6/25/08. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1725975-4,00.html)
Meanwhile, by diverting grain and oilseed crops from dinner plates to fuel tanks, biofuels are
jacking up world food prices and endangering the hungry. The grain it takes to fill an SUV
tank with ethanol could feed a person for a year. Harvests are being plucked to fuel our cars instead of
ourselves. The U.N.'s World Food Program says it needs $500 million in additional funding
and supplies, calling the rising costs for food nothing less than a global emergency. Soaring
corn prices have sparked tortilla riots in Mexico City, and skyrocketing flour prices have
destabilized Pakistan, which wasn't exactly tranquil when flour was affordable.

Ethanol has disastrous economic effects.
Landry, 07. (Cathy, staff writer. Warning sounded on ethanol expansion; comes amid high-level promotion of
fuel. Inside Energy with Federal Lands- Congress. January 8, 2007. Date accessed: 6/24/08. ln)
The United States needs to put a moratorium on licensing new ethanol refineries or it could
face dramatically higher grain prices, which would increase food prices and cause a
backlash against the ethanol fuel industry, according to agricultural economist and
environmentalist Lester Brown. The warning fell the same day as a bipartisan group of senators unveiled
legislation to dramatically increase the amount of ethanol to be used as motor fuels.
FOOD PRICE IX- WAR

Food shortages lead to World War III
Calvin 1998 (William Calvin, theoretical neurophysiologist at the University of Washington, Atlantic Monthly,
January, The Great Climate Flip-Flop, Vol 281, No. 1, 1998, p. 47-64)
The population-crash scenario is surely the most appalling. Plummeting crop yields would cause some powerful
countries to try to take over their neighbors or distant lands -- if only because their armies, unpaid and lacking food,
would go marauding, both at home and across the borders. The better-organized countries would attempt to use their
armies, before they fell apart entirely, to take over countries with significant remaining resources, driving out or
starving their inhabitants if not using modern weapons to accomplish the same end: eliminating competitors for the
remaining food. This would be a worldwide problem -- and could lead to a Third World War -- but Europe's
vulnerability is particularly easy to analyze. The last abrupt cooling, the Younger Dryas, drastically altered Europe's
climate as far east as Ukraine. Present-day Europe has more than 650 million people. It has excellent soils, and
largely grows its own food. It could no longer do so if it lost the extra warming from the North Atlantic.
FOOD PRICE IX- MID EAST
The food crisis is allowing Islamic fundamentalists to gain power

LA times 5-18-08/ “Food crisis creates an opening for Muslim fundamentalists”
http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-food18-2008may18,0,2913579.story?page=2
Opposition elements led by the Islamic Action Front have called for strikes to protest the prices and the
government's privatization plan and are convening a workshop this month to discuss the situation.
"The [Islamists] will reap the benefits" of the crisis, said economist Kamhawi. "They will win by
default."
Analysts and officials worry that the middle class will be sapped of its purchasing power
and that more young Muslim men will be driven toward extremist groups.
Arab states are considering the creation of an emergency fund to help alleviate spiraling
food prices, according to the Jordanian news agency, Petra.
Many Jordanians say members of the army, the pillar of the regime, are being struck hardest by the crisis, unable to
make ends meet on salaries of less than $10 per day.
"When you talk to the police officers and the army they're more and more complaining about everything," said
Mohammed Masri, an analyst at the Center for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan.
Hadid, the tribal leader, recently received reports of security forces selling weapons.
"In the days to come, Al Qaeda won't need to bring weapons and bombs from outside
Jordan," Hadid said. "They'll get it from here. The circumstances will allow Al Qaeda to
penetrate the security apparatus."
He paused. "There will be explosions."
TERRORISM CAUSES EXTINCTION

Alexander 2003 (Yonah prof and dir. of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, Washington Times, August 28)
Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have once again illustrated
dramatically that the international community failed, thus far at least, to understand the
magnitude and implications of the terrorist threats to the very survival of civilization itself.
Even the United States and Israel have for decades tended to regard terrorism as a mere tactical nuisance or irritant rather than a critical strategic
challenge to their national security concerns. It is not surprising, therefore, that on September 11, 2001, Americans were stunned by the
unprecedented tragedy of 19 al Qaeda terrorists striking a devastating blow at the center of the nation's commercial and military powers.
Likewise, Israel and its citizens, despite the collapse of the Oslo Agreements of 1993 and numerous acts of terrorism triggered by the second
intifada that began almost three years ago, are still "shocked" by each suicide attack at a time of intensive diplomatic efforts to revive the
moribund peace process through the now revoked cease-fire arrangements [hudna]. Why are the United States and Israel, as well as scores of
other countries affected by the universal nightmare of modern terrorism surprised by new terrorist "surprises"? There are many reasons, including
misunderstanding of the manifold specific factors that contribute to terrorism's expansion, such as lack of a universal definition of terrorism, the
religionization of politics, double standards of morality, weak punishment of terrorists, and the exploitation of the media by terrorist propaganda
and psychological warfare. Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have introduced a new scale of violence in terms of
The internationalization and brutalization of current and
conventional and unconventional threats and impact.
future terrorism make it clear we have entered an Age of Super Terrorism [e.g. biological,
chemical, radiological, nuclear and cyber] with its serious implications concerning national,
regional and global security concerns.
STATES SOLVENCY
STATES SOLVE ETHANOL
Bello, 07 (Marisol, staff writer. Midwest, move over: Ga. joins the ethanol gold rush; Biofuel showing up at more
pumps, but some see a big downside. USA Today. August 23, 2007. Date accessed: 6/24/08. ln)
Amid concerns over high oil prices and the environmental impact of fossil fuels, Georgia is among a handful of
states outside the Corn Belt that are joining the gold rush for ethanol, an alcohol fuel that many hope can lessen the
country's dependency on gasoline.
Backed by federal subsidies for producing and selling ethanol, the states are adding their
own incentives to attract ethanol producers and convince retailers to install pumps selling
the alternative fuel.
New York offers a 15-cents-per-gallon tax credit for producers of biofuels, including E85,
after they produce their first 40,000 gallons. Georgia has tax credits for equipment and
expedites permits and other paperwork. Next year, South Carolina will return to drivers the first $300
they spend on E85.
More gas stations beginning to offer it
The number of gas stations offering E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline usable
in engines modified for it, has almost tripled in the past two years to 1,200. The market,
though, is still less than 1% of the nation's 170,000 gas stations.
STATES SOLVENCY
STATES SOLVE BEST- THEY ARE FASTER AND ARE BETTER ABLE TO
INTEGRATE NEW TECH WITH EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
Crofton, 2006 (Peter M. Crofton is a member of the law firm of Toler & Hanrahan, LLC where he practices
construction litigation, dispute resolution, and pre-construction services for clients, including those in the energy
sector he has practiced for over fifteen years, and much of his work has been on energy related projects, “ARTICLE:
EMERGING ISSUES RELATING TO THE BURGEONING HYDROGEN ECONOMY” 27 Energy L. J. 39 2006
ln) kw
One factor that may impede the development of a hydrogen fuels infrastructure is the
"Not-In-My-Back-Yard" (NIMBY) syndrome. This syndrome can delay or even prevent
major infrastructure projects that are critical to the na-tion as a whole, because of
opposition from local interests. An example of this has been the lengthy delay in the opening of a national
repository for high [*48] level nuclear waste, n64 currently planned for Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
The federal government has attempted to minimize NIMBY problems in some markets by exercising exclusive ju-
risdiction over the permitting of major energy facilities. (For example, EPAct 2005 n65 authorized the FERC to take
over from state and local governments deciding most issues relating to the location of new liquefied natural gas
(LNG) im-port facilities.) Nevertheless, opponents of such facilities have used the federal courts to
slow down the process, such as with Yucca Mountain. This raises issues of whether the federal
government should have exclusive jurisdiction over de-termining the location of major
hydrogen fuels facilities, such as centralized hydrogen generating stations or hydrogen fuel import terminals.
n66 This also raises issues of whether the federal government should allow the use of its power of eminent domain
to facilitate the construction of such facilities. n67
Additionally, the FERC has traditionally played a role in regulating the generating and distribution of electricity.
This has included limited oversight of regional grid operators, n68 and permitting the construction of certain new or
in-creased generation capacity. n69 While the development of electrical generation facilities is now largely driven by
the free market, the FERC continues to play a role in guiding that development. n70 This raises the issue of what
role the FERC should play in planning or controlling the development of hydrogen fueled electrical generating
facilities.
One possible approach to addressing these questions is to take advantage of the interchangeability of the production
of hydrogen and electric power. n71 This approach would regulate the production of hydrogen and electricity in the
same fashion. The current mix of state and local regulations could be extended to apply to the
siting and licensing of hydro-gen production facilities, including facilities that utilize nuclear power.
An advantage to this approach is that it allows traditional utilities and independent power
producers to easily integrate distributed power generation concepts with the use of
hydrogen fuels as a means of "banking" electricity during off-peak periods.
BIOFUELS AFF
INCENTIVES SOLVE FOR BIOFUELS
SUBSIDIES ARE KEY TO THE BIOFUEL INDUSTRY

Atlanta Journal-Constitution ’08 (“Rising cost of soybeans threatens efforts to produce biofuels”.
AJC.com. 20 March 2008. http://www.ajc.com/news/content/business/stories/2008/03/20/biodiesel_0320.html)kw
Congress is considering extending the $1-per-gallon tax credit for producers like Johnson. Set to
expire at the end of this year, the subsidy could be extended until 2012. Also to be resolved:
whether producers who sell biodiesel overseas could continue to tap the subsidy.
The tax break, approved in 2004, largely created the biodiesel industry in this country. But
to survive, producers must send their product overseas.
INDUSTRY NEEDS GREATER INCENTIVES TO PROSPER

Brown 05 (Amber,“Biodiesel Fuel: Good for the Environment and the Pocket”. The Hilltop Online. 7 November
2005. http://media.www.thehilltoponline.com/media/storage/paper590/news/2005/11/07/
BusinessTechnology/Biodiesel.Fuel.Good.For.The.Environment.And.The.Pocket-1047734-page2.shtml)kw
"There isn't enough incentive for refineries to turn their resources to producing biodiesel,
especially with soaring gas prices, even with the tax breaks that the President has proposed," said Dr. J.
Augustine, a professor of economics. "If producers are still making a higher profit from petroleum
fuel than they won't divert their energies to a less profitable market," Augustine said.
INCENTIVES MUST BE EXTENDED

Gillies 08 (Andrew, “Biodiesel in the Beltway”. Forbes.com. 19 March 2008. http://www.forbes.com/business/
2008/03/19/energy-washington-biodiesel-biz-wash-cz_ag_0319biodiesel.html)kw
The first priority, the renewable fuel standard, is already largely in the bag. In December, President Bush signed The
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. The law passed with healthy 314-100 and 86-8 margins,
respectively, in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. It mandates the use of 36 billion gallons of
biofuels by 2022. For diesel made from renewable sources, the law sets a minimum of 500 million gallons by 2009,
rising to 1 billion gallons by 2012.
A more pressing priority is tax credits. "If the tax incentive doesn't get extended," says Feraci,
"that could certainly present difficulties for the industry."
The measure in question expires at the end of this year. Enacted in 2006, the Biodiesel
Blenders Tax Credit provides a $1.00 per gallon excise tax credit to those blending
petroleum diesel with biodiesel from virgin feedstock, including animal fats. Biodiesel derived
from recycled feedstock, such as grease, gets 50 cents per gallon on blending.
Expired incentive programs were extremely successful in cutting the cost of the production
of biodiesel
Gillies 08 (Andrew, “Biodiesel in the Beltway”. Forbes.com. 19 March 2008. http://www.forbes.com/business/
2008/03/19/energy-washington-biodiesel-biz-wash-cz_ag_0319biodiesel.html)kw
NBB's third priority is reducing feedstock costs, which make up 70% to 80% of the cost of
biodiesel production. Its means to do is reauthorization of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Commodity Credit Corporation Bioenergy Program. Expired in 2006, the
program provided biofuels producers $150 million in annual reimbursements for use of
certain commodities, including biodiesel feedstocks such as canola, soybeans and rapeseed.
BIOFUELS SOLVES
ETHANOL WASTES MOST OF THE PLANT- BIODIESEL IS THE BEST OPTION
Geyer, Chong, & Hxue 2007 (L. Leon Geyer, Professor, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, Phillip Chong, Research Assistant, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics,
Bill Hxue, Research Associate, Virginia Tech, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics; "Twenty-Seventh
Annual American Agricultural Law Association: Agricultural Law Symposium & Meeting: ARTICLE: Ethanol,
Biomass, Biofuels and Energy: A Profile and Overview" 12 Drake J. Agric. L. 61 Spring 07 ln)KW
Maywa Montenegro states that the important issue within ethanol production is the fact "it
can use only a relatively small portion of each plant" to make the actual fuel which leaves a
lot of biomass unused and wasted. n74 In comparison, the production of biodiesel requires
"new or used vegetable oils and animal fats . . . chemically reacted with an alcohol (methanol is the
usual choice)," thus creating little or no waste. n75 For corn, the kernel is the active agent within
the ethanol production process and the stover (leaves, stalks, and cobs) is left for waste. n76 This
creates a situation where the net energy balance of different biofuels becomes a critical
issue, as the next section will discuss. [*71]
BIOFUEL SOLVES
Looper & Ball, 2007 (Don Looper and Aaron Ball are members of Looper Reed & McGraw, P.C., “FEATURE:
FEEL THE HEAT: BIOFUELS ARE A HOT INVESTMENT, BUT DON'T GET BURNED...” 44 Houston Lawyer
22 January/February, 2007 ln)kw
Biofuels versus Gasoline and Diesel: Ethanol and biodiesel have a lower energy content than gasoline and diesel,
which means that more gallons of each are required to produce the same energy. These biofuels outperform fossil
fuels, however, on octane (whether an engine will "knock") and cetane (the ease with which fuel ignites
spontaneously in an engine) numbers. Ethanol gets lower mileage in auto engines and requires significant engine
modification for use in other than small quantities. Biodiesel is superior to ethanol in all the octane and [*24]
cetane categories. Further, while ethanol yields 25 percent more energy than the energy used in
its production, biodiesel yields 93 percent more. n9 Bio-diesel also has a net energy higher
than corn ethanol and slightly higher than that for petroleum diesel. Biodiesel has greater
lubricity than petroleum diesel, contributing to higher mileage, reduced engine wear and
maintenance costs. n10 Despite these benefits, producers first launched into ethanol because it may take less
acreage to produce a gallon of ethanol than biodiesel.
Depending on the feed stock used, the production process for ethanol and biodiesel also
may produce byproducts. Byproducts such as "bagasse" from sugar cane for ethanol production may
produce additional energy in the form of electricity, which Brazilian producers have done
successfully. n11 Glycerol, a biodiesel byproduct, is an ingredient in aircraft deicing fluid,
animal insect repellent, soap, and glycerin for cosmetics. Energy policy commentators often
cite these byproducts as part of the net energy benefit of biofuels over petroleum-based
fuels. n12
BIOFUELS SOLVE WARMING

BIOFUEL SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES GHG EMISSIONS
Arungu-Olende 07 (S., Secretary-General of the African Academy of Sciences. “Africa; Biofuels – Benefits
and Risks for Developing Countries”. SciDev.Net. 5 December 2007. LN)KW
Biofuels offer many benefits. By reducing demand for petroleum, biofuels
could make energy
supply more secure. Their use would also reduce import bills for energy-deficient countries
and offer improved balance of trade and balance of payments. All these developments
would unfreeze scarce resources for other pressing needs.
Emissions of greenhouse gases, carbon monoxide and particulates could all be significantly
reduced. And biofuels also improve vehicle performance -- biodiesel lubricity actually extends the life of diesel
engines.
BIOFUEL SOLVES WARMING- THEY DRASTICALLY REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS

Barlow 07 (Peter, Environment and Health Safety Consultant. “What's in your tank? Are biofuels really a
wonderful means of saving the planet, or is there a conspiracy of silence about the risks they pose?”. The Daily
Telegraph (London). 21 April 2007. LN.) kw
Some motorists get a warm feeling buying petrol or diesel with a biofuel component. After all, by
reducing the consumption of crude oil and instead using fuel derived from renewable
plants, which when burned releases only as much carbon dioxide as was absorbed by the growing crop, they are
helping to save the planet from climate change, aren't they?
Take biodiesel, for example. Pure 100 per cent biodiesel (or B100) reduces new emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2) by some 60-80 per cent, so even a five per cent blend in conventional diesel
(B5) will save up to four per cent on new CO2 emissions.
BIOFUELS SOLVE ECONOMY

BIOFUELS ARE GREAT FOR THE ECONOMY- THEY INCREASE JOBS AND
INCOME
Jennings, 2007 (Margaret J. J.D., Candidate, Drake University, 2007, “Bioenergy: Fueling the Future?” 12 Drake
J. Agric. L. 205, Spring 2007, ln)kw
Developing, producing, and using biofuels can help regional economies and power security.
n138 Bioenergy devel-opment assists in creating jobs, particularly in rural areas. n139
Currently, as many as 150,000 jobs, mostly in rural areas, are supported by activities involving bioenergy. n140 In
the next 15 years, bioenergy development and use will have grown so much that approximately 260,000 to 300,000
bioenergy related jobs will be available in the U.S. and could "substantially revitalize rural
economies." n141
Not only will there be an increase in jobs, but the increased production and use of biofuels
will "create [at least] an additional $ 91.5 billion in household income." n142 Further, a report
issued by Iowa State University researchers con-cludes that all ethanol plants will contribute to local
economies, particularly with the creation of jobs, and locally owned plants will contribute
the most because the owners will spend their dividends within the community. n143 [*222]
BIOFUELS SOLVE GROUNDWATER

BIOFUELS IMPROVE GROUNDWATER
On the other hand, growing bioenergy crops helps the environment by protecting groundwater.
Groundwater is protected in two ways. One way is that bioenergy crops can filter out
harmful agricultural chemicals which in turn miti-gates the impact of these chemicals on
groundwater. n176 The other way is that biofuels are biodegradable; thus, there is less of a concern
regarding spills and leaks in comparison to fossil fuels. n177 However, any gasoline mixed with
ethanol or petrodiesel that is mixed with the biodiesel would still be a problem if a spill were to occur. n178
VEGETABLE OIL SOLVES ENVIRONMENT

VEGETABLE OIL FUEL SOLVES ALL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF OIL
INCLUDING AIR POLLUTION AND WARMING
Historically, environmental concerns did not drive the study of vegetable oil as an alternative fuel source, nor did it
drive the study of renewable fuel sources in general. n182 However, for the last forty years, "the association between
en-ergy and the environment [has been] so strong that the nation's environmental agenda has become indivisible
from its energy policy." n183 Mounting evidence of the negative human health and environmental effects associated
with vehicle pollutants has contributed to the continuing need to replace petroleum with clean energy such as
vegetable oil. n184
[*286] Unfortunately, there are limited scientific studies on the environmental effects of burning straight vegeta-ble
oil as a fuel. n185 However, the picture that emerges indicates that vegetable oil is an environmentally
superior substi-tute to petroleum diesel because it reduces the aggregate amount of harmful
pollutants from vehicle emissions. n186 Ac-cordingly, for environmental reasons, including human health, the
EPA should accommodate the use of straight vegeta-ble oil as an alternative to petroleum diesel.
Harmful emissions from motor vehicles have declined dramatically since the enactment of the CAA. n187 Today,
mo-tor vehicles "produce[] 60 to 80 percent less pollution than cars in the 1960s." n188 Nonetheless, motor
vehicle emissions presently account for half of the hazardous pollutants found in the air.
n189 The combustion of diesel fuel produces dan-gerous particle emissions of sulfur, nitrogen oxide (NO<2>), and
carbon. n190 Collectively, these pollutants are either known or suspected to cause serious illnesses, including cancer.
n191 In addition, the EPA has identified a direct correla-tion between the inhalation of diesel exhaust and serious
respiratory illnesses. n192
[*287] In contrast to petroleum diesel, straight vegetable oil is non-carcinogenic and eliminates
virtually all sulfur emissions. n193 Furthermore, the EPA has reported that straight vegetable oil
reduces dangerous hydrocarbon and particle emissions. n194 European studies have similarly
suggested that rapeseed oil produces 40% less particulate matter than petroleum diesel. n195 Although there is a
tendency toward slightly higher nitrogen oxide emissions from vegetable oil, n196 any negative effects are offset by
its other environmental benefits.
With regard to greenhouse gases, the transportation industry is recognized as a significant
contributor. n197 Green-house gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are widely regarded as contributing to
global warming. n198 Although many greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities are responsible
for an increasing amount of greenhouse gas emis-sions. n199 A number of greenhouse gases are
produced by humans, including methane (CH<4>), NO<2>, fluorinated gases, and most notably, [*288] carbon
dioxide (CO<2>). n200 In addition to being credited as the world's largest con-sumer of oil, the
United States also emits more CO2 than any other nation. n201
Burning almost any fuel releases CO[in'2 ']into the atmosphere. n202 Both straight vegetable oil and petroleum
diesel are carbon-based fuels with comparable CO<2> emissions. n203 Nevertheless, vegetable oil
substantially reduces overall carbon dioxide emissions because it operates on what has been
characterized as a "closed-carbon" cycle. n204 CO<2> released from carbon-based petroleum was
extracted from beneath the Earth's surface where it had been buried for mil-lions of years. n205 By contrast, the
plants used to produce vegetable oil absorb CO[in'2 ']as they grow, which almost completely
offsets the CO[in'2 ']released into the air from burning vegetable oil as a fuel. n206
[*289] Air quality is only one environmental concern. In contrast to petroleum, vegetable oil is both nontoxic, as is
evidenced by the fact that vegetable oil is primarily used for human consumption, and biodegradable. n207
According to water hazard classifications, both biodiesel and petroleum are categorized as water hazards on par with
crude oil. n208 By comparison, vegetable oil is categorized as harmless to groundwater. n209
Vegetable oil also biodegrades upwards of 98% as opposed to petroleum, which biodegrades anywhere from 20% to
40%. n210 Clearly, had the Exxon Valdez been carry-ing vegetable oil instead of petroleum crude oil, the results
would have been far less catastrophic. n211
Finally, using discarded cooking oil can accurately "be considered the most environmentally
benign liquid fuel available because the primary ingredient is post-consumer waste
product." n212 In the United States alone, the restaurant and hotel industries produce over
three billion gallons of waste cooking oil per year. n213 This is the equivalent of 5% of the nation's
total petroleum diesel consumption of sixty billion gallons per year. n214 The majority of this cooking oil
gets disposed of in sewers and landfills. n215 Burning waste vegetable oil that [*290] might
otherwise be disposed of in land-fills will help reduce this waste and preserve the
environment. n216
VEGETABLE OIL SOLVE OIL DEPENDENCE

LEGALIZING VEGETABLE OIL FUEL WOULD SOLVE OIL DEPENDENCE
WITHOUT INTERFERING WITH FOOD PRICES
While straight vegetable oil currently represents only a slight portion of the domestic fuel market, n225 a na-
tional fuel policy legalizing straight vegetable oil will increase demand for domestic crops
n226 and simultaneously de-crease demand for petroleum imports. n227 Rudolf Diesel recognized
the agricultural benefits of vegetable oil fuel con-sumption: "the diesel engine can be fed with vegetable oils and
would help considerably in the development of agricul-ture of the countries which use it." n228
A number of different crops can be used to produce vegetable oil, including soybeans, sunflowers, peanuts, and co-
conuts. n229 However, production capabilities are limited by the availability of usable agricultural land and
competition with other food-producing crops. n230 One concern is that the increased consumption of
crops for fuel could strain the nation's food supply and result not only in higher food prices, but also in
higher ethanol prices. n231 Interestingly, ap-proximately sixty million acres of farmland is left
uncultivated each year in the United States due to government pro-grams. n232 The United
States could use that acreage to grow vegetable oil-producing crops without affecting the
food supply. n233 While there may not be enough domestic farmland to completely replace our petroleum
consumption [*292] with vegetable oil, n234 by employing a portion of the available domestic crops and
supplementing those crops with post-consumer waste vegetable oil, the United States will be able to achieve the
modest goal of diversifying its fuel supply, as well as satisfy any demand for straight vegetable oil.
VEGETABLE OIL SOLVES OIL DEPENDENCE, TERRORISM, ECONOMY, AND

ENVIRONMENT
Straight vegetable oil is the most obvious beneficiary of a fuel policy aimed at
diversification. Like biodiesel and ethanol, straight vegetable oil cannot completely replace petroleum.
Nonetheless, straight vegetable oil would be an invaluable commodity in a new fuel economy -
one that could collectively alleviate the United States' dependence on petroleum while
reducing negative environmental impacts, increasing domestic security, and stimulating the
domestic economy.
BIOFUELS NEG
INHERENCY
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS ALREADY FUNDING BIOFUEL PROGRAMS
EPAct has various provisions promoting the increase in development and use of bioenergy.
Most of these provi-sions are "aimed at improving biomass technologies and increasing the
amount of biopower, biofuels, and bioproducts used in the U.S." n41 For example, there are
provisions providing for loan guarantee programs and funding. n42 These pro-grams ensure
money for the development of cellulosic biofuel facilities, facilities for converting municipal solid waste into
ethanol, and integrated biorefineries. n43 There are also grants available. These [*212] grants are to be used for
"bioproduct marketing, demonstrations, clean school buses, and the production of ethanol." n44 For example, grants
can be awarded to programs that work to replace or retrofit school buses with the capability to run on biodiesel or
ethanol. n45 There is also a provision increasing the amount of funding from $ 54 million to $ 200 million for
projects distributed through the National Biomass Research and Development Initiative. n46 These provisions
will help give biomass renew-able energy projects a step-up and opportunity to compete in
the market.
EPAct calls for projects that address the production of hydrogen from biomass and
biofuels, renewable energy, and bioenergy. n47 Plus, the Department of Energy is to (1) conduct projects
that look at renewable energy technologies that are to help make the cogeneration of hydrogen and electricity
happen; (2) create a program for bioenergy with the Na-tional Science Foundation which will help integrate
bioenergy research and development; and (3) fund projects that identify best alternative resource technology and test
biodiesel in engines. n48
INHERENCY
THE STATUS QUO SOLVES- THE US IS ALREADY RAPIDLY INCREASING USE OF
BIOFUELS INCLUDING ETHANOL
In the U.S., the use of biofuels is growing. Currently, biodiesel is most frequently used by fleet operators.
n195 How-ever, the U.S. is making progress and increasing availability to a wide variety of
consumers. [*227]
Each year more and more retailers are supplying biodiesel and, therefore, more and more
people are getting the opportunity to use it. n196 This increase in supply has, and will likely
continue to bring an increase in demand and need for more biodiesel production. In fact,
today there are 76 commercial biodiesel plants in operation, which is over three times more
than 2004. n197 Plus, there are plans for more refineries, some of which may be capable of brewing 100
mil-lion gallons [of biodiesel] a year. n198 This is a tremendous number considering that in 2005 the total number
gallons of biodiesel produced nationwide was 75 million (again three times more than in 2004). n199 It is expected
that this number (75 million) will easily be doubled by the end of 2006, and possibly could get as high as 250
million gallons. n200
Further, the U.S. Department of Energy predicts that in the next ten years biodiesel could
account for at least 10% of the U.S. diesel market. n201 This would be an increase to about five billion
gallons of biodiesel. n202 Plus, ethanol is projected to be about 5% of the U.S. gas consumption by the end of 2007.
n203 None of these are very staggering num-bers, especially considering the U.S. consumes 140 billion gallons of
gasoline each year; n204 however, they do indicate that growth will likely happen, albeit slowly.
Ethanol use is also increasing. In 2003, over 2.8 billion gallons of ethanol was added to gasoline in the U.S. to help
"improve vehicle performance and reduce air pollution," but only 2% of gasoline consumed in the United States was
an ethanol blend. n205 Yet, in 2004, ethanol was blended into over 30% of gasoline in the U.S.,
and the production of ethanol from biomass reached 3.4 billion gallons, which was up 21%
from 2003, and double the production number from 2000. n206 In February 2005, there were over
200 E-85 stations in 30 states in the [*228] U.S. n207 This means that ethanol was offered by retail
service stations in roughly two-thirds of the country. n208
If these numbers are any indication, the potential for growth in the use of bioenergy in the
U.S. is quite large. Each year the amount of biodiesel that is being used is growing by leaps
and bounds. n209 With further research and develop-ment, it is likely that some day bioenergy could be the
leading source of energy in the U.S. n210
BIOFUELS HURT ENVIRONMENT

AG FUELS CAUSE FOOD SHORTAGES, ARE UNSTABLE, AND CREATE AIR AND
WATER POLLUTION
Stefan, 2007 (Chris Stefan is a JD candidate, December 2007, at American University Washington College of
Law, "EXPLORING HOW TODAY'S DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS FUTURE GENERATIONS AROUND THE
GLOBE: IN THIS ISSUE: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: FUELING THE FUTURE: A POLICY-BASED
COMPARISON OF AL-TERNATIVE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL SOURCES" 7 Sustainable Dev. L. & Pol'y 22 Spring,
LN)KW
Both bio-diesel and ethanol share common problems. By relying on society's ability to grow
a necessary food source, we would be placing our fuel supply at the mercy of the climate
that is currently changing and may impact agri-culture. Heat waves, forest fires, droughts,
and other potential impacts from climate change could place the food and energy supply in
jeopardy. The regulatory measures that need to address this problem include requiring a reserve capac-ity of
whatever fuel utilized. This would require the producers of these fuel sources to be able to supply more fuel than the
market demands, thus, the efficiency of either source would have to increase dramatically to be a reliable source.
The environmental impacts of a large-scale transition to agriculturally-based energy products are not entirely known.
However, increases in land-use change, increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, increased
water consumption, and perhaps increases in air or water pollution depending upon the
method of production are all possible negative ef-fects. Further, in areas of food scarcity
using agriculture to produce fuel may result in dire conflicts.
BIOFUEL PRODUCTION HARMS SOIL AND BIODIVERSITY THREATENING

HUMAN SURVIVAL
Although bioenergy crops can protect groundwater, the
removal of these crops from the soil can be
harmful to the natural replenishment process of nutrients back into the soil. n179 Fertile soil
needs various nutrients such as phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. n180
Normally, when a plant dies, or sheds, its nutrients are re-stored to the soil as the plant dissolves back into the
ground. n181 However, bioenergy production that requires the re-moval of energy crops or
residues from forests or agricultural fields can prevent the natural replenishment process from
happening and eventually cause a depletion in soil fertility. n182
Similarly, the removal of energy crops from the soil can have a negative effect on
biodiversity. n183 Diversity of liv-ing organisms is important to help regulate the atmospheric gases, protect
coastal zones, conserve fertile soils, and to disperse and breakdown wastes and pollutants. n184 Plus, the health
of humans is also dependent on biodiversity. n185 Re-moving energy crops to be used for
bioenergy could potentially have an adverse effect on the biodiversity of an area of the
Earth by depriving that area of certain species and habitats. n186
BIOFUELS HURT ENVIRONMENT

PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS EMIT HUGE AMOUNTS OF GHGs AND OTHER
POLLUTANTS
ln)kw
Although biofuels hold much promise as a means of significantly reducing the emission of greenhouse gases around
the world, such promise is not guaranteed. Like many solutions proposed to aid in environmental preservation,
biofuels potentially have a dark side. By and large, the potential for significant reductions in greenhouse emissions
serves as the impetus for substituting biofuels in place of fossil fuels. Critical to achieving this goal, however, is
ensur-ing that biofuel production methods themselves do not excessively contribute to the emission of greenhouse
gases or to other forms of environmental degradation.
A recent study of palm oil production in Southeast Asia conducted by Wetlands International and Delft Hydraulics
highlights the problem of sustainability in biofuel production. n31 In the study, the authors argue that the
production of palm oil biofuel in Indonesia and Malaysia did more harm than good to the
environment. Specifically, the authors con-tend that palm oil plantations involved the clearing of huge
tracts of rainforests and the overuse of chemical fertilizers. n32 Even worse, these palm
plantations were often created by draining and burning peatland, which resulted in the
release of massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. n33 Partly in pursuit of biofuel
production to satisfy demand in developed countries like the Netherlands, Indonesia has quickly become the world's
third-largest producer of carbon dioxide. n34 The irony is thick: biofuels are intended to preserve the
environment, but due to production methods that degrade the environment, bio fuels
potentially fall well short of achieving this intended goal. Thus, in terms of sustain-ability, biofuel
production methods are critical. According to the European Environmental Agency, biofuel use can re-sult in a "90
percent reduction compared to fossil fuels--or a 20 percent increase." n35
BIOUFUELS DON’T SOLVE WARMING- THEY EMIT NITROGEN AND CO2

However, there are harmful emissions in using ethanol and biodiesel. Use of these biofuels
may raise levels of ni-trogen oxides. n174 Plus, when burned, biodiesel and regular diesel
release the same amount of hydrocarbon emissions. n175 Thus, not all emissions from
biofuels are environmentally friendly. [*225]
NO SOLVENCY OIL DEPENDENCE

ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL FAIL TO SOLVE OIL DEPENDENCE
Despite the potential of ethanol and biodiesel as renewable fuels, in order for either to
replace the United States' current petroleum consumption, the agricultural sector would
need to dedicate a disproportionate amount of farmland to growing "feedstock." n86
Committing such a significant portion of the nation's farmland to energy crops would
severely impair the nation's ability to produce food. n87 Accordingly, biodiesel and ethanol
have not been widely considered as replacements, but rather as additives to existing
petroleum-based fuels. n88
In this regard, the marketing and regulation of biodiesel and ethanol remains centered on petroleum blends. n89
Ethanol can be [*271] blended with gasoline in varying quantities. n90 E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline, is the most common blend of ethanol. n91 Biodiesel can be blended with diesel in any quantity. n92
Although 100% pure biodiesel (called B100) can operate in most standard diesel engines, B2 (a blend of 2%
biodiesel and 98% petroleum diesel) and B5 (a blend of 5% biodiesel and 95% petroleum diesel) are currently the
most common biodiesel blends on the market. n93 While ethanol and biodiesel blends demonstrate progress,
they are inadequate to displace the nation's reliance on petroleum - particularly when considering
that both consist mostly of petroleum. In order to effectively wean itself off petroleum, the United States must look
to a variety of different sources for its energy - including straight vegetable oil.
NO SOLVENCY BIODIESEL INCENTIVES

More incentives won’t increase use of biodiesel- there aren’t enough pumps- people won’t
buy them
New York Times 07
( “Carmakers Push More Use of Alternative Fuels”. New York Times. 27 March 2007 LN)
The chief executives of United States automakers urged President Bush yesterday to back
incentives to bring ethanol and biodiesel to more pumps as the companies bolster output of so-
called flex-fuel vehicles.
By 2012, half the vehicles made by General Motors, Ford Motor and Chrysler, a unit of Daimler-Chrysler, could be
able to run on biodiesel or E85, a blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline, the executives said in a
statement.
Yesterday's meeting with Mr. Bush in Washington was the second time in four months that Rick Wag-oner of G.M.,
Alan R. Mulally of Ford and Thomas W. LaSorda of Chrysler pressed the president to expand access to biofuels. The
executives prefer that option over stricter fuel-economy standards as a way to cut American oil use.
''If the goal is to reduce oil imports and improve the environment, the opportunity is first of all in ethanol, biodiesel,''
Mr. Wagoner told reporters after the meeting. The executives spent ''very little time'' talking about mileage rules, he
said.
The United States has more than six million flex-fuel vehicles, but the nation's 170,000 gas
stations have only 2,000 pumps for E85 or biodiesel, they said.
STATES SOLVE
STATES SOLVE BIOFUELS NOW
Some say it is easier to create and implement biomass programs on the state level. n54 Thus,
the states have been following the federal government's lead, and making policies of their own to
promote the production and use of bio-energy. n55 For example, in 2002, Minnesota was the first state
to pass a law that required two percent biodiesel in almost all diesel fuel and ten percent ethanol in almost all
gasoline by July 2005. n56 Despite opposition from automakers and oil companies, the ethanol requirement will
double to twenty percent by 2013. n57 To make this happen, Minnesota has more E-85 stations available for
consumers than the rest of the U.S. n58 Many states have followed Minnesota's lead. California, Ohio, Hawaii,
Washington, and Montana have also passed laws that either require biofuels be used, or to establish a renewable fuel
standard. n59 Also, in an effort to compete with Minnesota, Iowa is working to make more E-85 stations available
across the state. n60
Many states are also providing biomass incentives, in the form of tax credits and funding,
which will help create market demand and/or assist biofuel producers in getting
established. n61 In Oklahoma, a tax credit of twenty cents per gallon of biodiesel produced is given for the first
five years, with a maximum yearly payment of $ 5 million. n62 While in North Dakota, laws have been passed
providing millions of dollars for the construction or expansion of new and exist-ing ethanol and biodiesel plants in
the state, in addition to, tax credits on retail sales of biodiesel and ethanol. n63 Plus, just like Minnesota, the state of
Washington has passed a law that requires at least 2% of gasoline sales to be composed of [*214] ethanol by the
year 2008, with the potential for the mandate to rise to 10% if the state can produce enough fuel crops. n64
SPENDING LINK
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BIOFUELS IS EXTREMELY COSTLY
However, there are other economicinfluences that could prevent biofuel projects from taking
place. Some of these "include competition for land-use, public resistance to proposed land-
use changes, and the complexity of coordinating various activities and institutions" such as
farmers, utilities, transport companies, and so on. n147 Logistics of chemical composition for biofuels
is also a challenge. n148
Ethanol blended gasoline cannot be mixed with other gas in summer months and it must
be transported and stored separately from other gasoline. n149 Plus, most ethanol
production occurs in the Midwest; thus, it would need to be trans-ported via railway or
marine cargo, neither of which are a viable option. n150 Similarly, biodiesel will solidify in low
temperatures. n151 This makes storing and transporting biodiesel in cold climates very
costly. n152

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UMKC SDI 2008 Ethanol/Biofuels

ETHANOL & BIOFUELS GOOD/BAD

ETHANOL SOLVES WARMING

ETHANOL SOLVES ENVIRONMENT AND OIL DEPENDENCE

ETHANOL SOLVES WARMING

ETHANOL SOLVES OIL

ETHANOL SOLVES OIL DEPENDENCE AND HELPS THE ECONOMY

ETHANOL –A2 FOOD PRICES

POLITICS- ETHANOL PX POPULAR

ETHANOL SUBSIDES SOLVE

ETHANOL A2: USES MORE ENERGY

DISCREPANCIES IN ETHANOL STUDIES ARE A RESULT OF DIFFERENT

SUGARCANE ETHANOL SOLVES

SUGAR ETHANOL SOLVES ENVIRONMENT AND IS EFFICIENT

US CAN DO SUGAR ETHANOL

CELLULOSIC SUBSIDIES SOLVES

CELLULOSIC ETHANOL WILL TAKE OFF IF GIVEN MINIMAL SUBSIDIES

CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SUPERIOR

CELLULOSIC ENERGY SOLVES ENVIRONMENT, FOOD ISSUES, AND ECONOMY

CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SOLVES ECON

CELLULOSIC SOLVES ECONOMY

CELLULOSIC SOLVES OIL

CELLULOSIC ETHANOL SOLVES OIL IMPACTS

CELLULOSE ETHANOL AVOIDS FOOD PRICE DA

B. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY RESULTS IN EXTINCTION AND OUTWEIGHS ALL

A. ETHANOL PRODUCTION WILL DESTROY THE RAINFORESTS

ENVIRONMENT TURN EXT- BIODIVERSITY

ETHANOL HURTS ENVIRONMENT

STUDIES PROVE ETHANOL USES MORE ENERGY THAN IT PRODUCES

ETHANOL SUBSIDIES BAD

ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL

ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL TO SOLVE RELIANCE ON FOSSIL FUELS-

Ethanol doesn’t work because of infrastructure and transportation problems.

ETHANOL INCENTIVES FAIL

ETHANOL- NO SOLVENCY OIL DEPENDENCE

ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL FAIL TO SOLVE OIL DEPENDENCE

Ethanol does not reduce oil dependency, or improve efficiency.

Ethanol doesn’t help stop energy consumption.

FOOD PRICES TURN

FOOD PRICES TURN

B. FOOD CRISIS CAUSES EGYPTIAN INSTABILITY

C. EGYPTIAN INSTABILITY CAUSES NUCLEAR WAR

ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES

Subsidies on ethanol don’t work and jack food prices.

Corn ethanol jacks up food prices and uses land unnecessarily.

ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES

Use of Biofuels directly trades off with food supply

ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES

If the same thing is to happen all over Europe, the

ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES

Congress rethinks ethanol due to increasing food prices.

ETHANOL INCREASE FOOD PRICES

FOOD PRICE IX- WAR

FOOD PRICE IX- MID EAST

The food crisis is allowing Islamic fundamentalists to gain power

TERRORISM CAUSES EXTINCTION

INCENTIVES SOLVE FOR BIOFUELS

SUBSIDIES ARE KEY TO THE BIOFUEL INDUSTRY

INDUSTRY NEEDS GREATER INCENTIVES TO PROSPER

INCENTIVES MUST BE EXTENDED

BIOFUELS SOLVE WARMING

BIOFUEL SOLVES WARMING- THEY DRASTICALLY REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS

BIOFUELS SOLVE ECONOMY

BIOFUELS SOLVE GROUNDWATER