3rd SEMESTER CIVIL

SURVEYING I Two Mark Questions & Answers Unit - 1

1. Define surveying. Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of various points above or beneath the surface of the earth. 2. What is objective of surveying? The objective surveying is to determine the dimensions and contours of earths surface to prepare plan or map, so that it may represent the area on a horizontal plane. 3. What are the principles of surveying? i. Always work from whole to part. ii. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference. 4. Differentiate plane surveying and geodetic surveying. Plane surveying Geodetic surveying In this type of survey the curvature of the In this type of survey the curvature of earth earth surface is neglected and the surface is taken into account. will be treated as a flat surface. Accuracy standard is lesser. Suitable for small areas. Angles are treated as plane angles. Accuracy standard is high. No restriction in the survey area. Usually it is used for large areas. Angles are taken as it is.

5. What are the various classifications of surveying? Based on purposes i. Control surveying ii. Land surveying iii. City surveying iv. Topographical surveying v. Route surveying vi. Mine surveying vii. Hydrograph surveying viii. Astronomical surveying ix. Satellite surveying x. Geological surveying Based on instrument i. ii. Chain surveying Compass surveying
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iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

Leveling Plane table surveying Theodolite surveying Photogrammetric surveying Tachometric surveying EDM surveying

6. Define scale. Scale is a fixed ratio that every distance on the plan bears with corresponding distance on the ground. 7. What are the types of scales? There are two types of scales. Those are, i. Numerical scale a. Engineers scale b. Representative fraction ii. Graphical scale 8. Define shrunk scale. If a graphical scale is not drawn, it is necessary to find the shrinkage factor or shrunk scale to find the correct length or correct area. Shrunk scale = shrinkage factor X original scale 9. What are all the methods available for horizontal distance measurements? There are three methods available for horizontal distance measurement. Those are, i. ii. iii. Direct measurements Measurements by optical means Electro magnetic methods

10. What are all the direct measurement methods available for horizontal distance measurements? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pacing Measurement with passometer Measurement with pedometer Measurement by odometer and speedometer Chaining

3rd SEMESTER CIVIL

11. Define chaining and ranging. Chaining: Chaining is a term which is used to denote measuring distance between survey station points either with the help of chain or tape. For less precision works chain can be used and for higher precision works tape can be used. Ranging: The process of locating number of points intermediately on the long survey line is known as ranging. 12. What are the instruments used in chain surveying? i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Chain or tape Arrows Pegs Ranging rods Offset rods Plasterers lath & whites Plumb bob

13. What are all the types of chains and tapes available? Chain - types: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Tape - types: i. ii. iii. iv. Cloth or linen tape Metallic tape Steel tape Invar tape Metric chains Gunters chain or surveyors chain Engineers chain Revenue chain Steel band or band chain

14. List out various methods of chaining on sloping ground. i. Direct method or stepping method ii. Indirect method a. Measurement by angles b. Measurement by elevation c. Hypotenuse allowance

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15. List out various methods of ranging. i. Direct ranging ii. Indirect ranging iii. Random line iv. Reciprocal method of ranging 16. Define well-conditioned triangle. Why they are preferred in chain surveying? A triangle is said to be well-conditioned when no angle in it is less than 30 or greater than 120. An equilateral triangle is considered to be best triangle or ideal triangle. Wellconditioned triangles are preferred in chain surveying because their apex points are very sharp and can be located by a single dot. In such a case there is no possibility of relative displacement of plotted point. 17. What are the instruments used for setting out right angles? There are several instruments used to set out a right angle to a chain line, the most common being, i. ii. iii. iv. Cross staff Optical square Prism square Site square

18. Define Precision and Accuracy. Precision: It is the degree of perfection used in the instruments, the methods and in the observations. Accuracy: It is the degree of perfection obtained. Accuracy depends on precise instruments, precise methods and good planning. 19. List out the sources of errors. Errors may arise from the following three sources: i. Instrumental ii. Personal iii. Natural 20. Define Systematic error and most probable value. Systematic Error: A systematic error or cumulative error is an error that, under the same conditions, will be of the same size and sign. A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical or physical law, and correction can be determined and applied.
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Most probable value: The most probable value of a quantity is the one which has more chances of being correct than has any other. 21. List out the corrections to be applied for tape measurements. i. Correction for absolute length ii. Correction for temperature iii. Correction for pull or tension iv. Correction for sag v. Correction for slope vi. Correction for alignment vii. Reduction to sea level viii. Correction to measurement in vertical plane