A PROJECT REPORT ON STROBOSCOPE WITH RPM INDICATOR

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Project Incharge: -

Submitted by: Arvind Kasotiya, Babariya Ronak, Dhruvin Shukla, B.Tech. VIII sem.

Mr. Abhishek Tiwari,

Sr. Lect., ECE Dept.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MARUDHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BIKANER

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
2011-12

CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Seminar, entitled Stroboscope with rpm indicator in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics& Communication Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Marudhar Engineering College, Bikaner, Rajasthan Technical University is a record of my own investigations carried under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Tiwari Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering, Marudhar Engineering College, Bikaner. I have not submitted the matter presented in this project anywhere for the award of any other Degree.

Arvind kasotiya Babariya Ronak Dhruvin Shukla VIII Sem ECE,

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during the project I express my thanks to Dr.R.P.S. Jakhar the principal of the college. I would like to thanks my HOD Mr.Gautam Pandit for giving permission for this project. My deep sense of gratitude to Mr.Abhishek Tiwari the Guide of the project for guiding and correcting various things with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful people at for their support. I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

Arvind Kasotiya

Babariya Ronak

Dhruvin Shukla

PREFACE
Stroboscope provides sufficient white light for strobe photography and for "stopping the motion" during laboratory experiments. Flash rate is adjustable flashes per second and a digital display reads the flash rate in either flashes per second or in RPM. The stroboscope offers an easy method for accurately measuring the frequency of rotation of a mechanical system. To do this, mark a convenient point on the rotating device. Beginning with a flash rate that is clearly higher than the frequency of the rotating device, adjust the flash rate until the mark on the device appears stationary. The stroboscope display will then show the frequency of rotation. (If the initial flash rate is not clearly higher than the frequency of rotation, care must be taken, as the mark will appear stationary whenever the frequency of rotation is a higher harmonic of the flash rate.)

CONTENTS
S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Chapter History of the stroboscope Types of stroboscope Major components & features Introduction to stroboscope with rpm indicator How to measure rotational speed using a stroboscope Stroboscope part list AT89C51 microcontroller LCD module The software Applications Conclusions Reference Page No. 01 03 05 06 09 11 12 15 17 20 21 22

History of the stroboscope

Although many people associate the stroboscope with Edgerton, it was actually invented in 1832. The term "stroboscope" comes from Greek for "whirling watcher". The "whirling watcher" was simply a disk with slots at regular intervals. As an observer looked at moving subject through the slots in the spinning disk, he could see successive stages of the subject's motion.

When Edgerton began his electrical engineering studies at MIT in 1926, his research was focused on the stability of synchronous motors, observing the changes in angular displacement of the rotors as a result of disturbances to the system. As the story goes, Edgerton noticed that flashes from the mercury arc lamps he was using made the rotor visible without blur. This gave him the idea to build an electronic stroboscope which could be used to visually observe the changes in the motors angular displacement. While the rotor appears as a blur to the naked eye, the stroboscope allows one to observe changes in the rotor's speed. Say a marking is placed on the rotor. If the light flashes at the same rate as the motor's rotation (i.e. the number of flashes per minute is equal to the motor's revolutions per minute), then the rotor will make exactly one complete turn for each flash of light. To an observer the rotor will appear stationary:

If the frequency of the flashes is less than the motor's rotation rate, then the light will flash before the rotor can make a complete revolution, and it will appear as though the mark on the rotor is slowly rotating backwards:

Similarly, if the frequency of the light flashes is greater than the motor's rotation rate, the mark will appear to turn forwards:

Thus, a stroboscope set to flash at the motor's fundamental frequency can be used to visually observe when the rotor's angular displacement has changed, and the stroboscope can be used to slow down periodic motion enough that the human eye can perceive it. Using this principle, Edgerton was also able to create high speed motion pictures of his motors in action. An ordinary motion picture camera takes 24 frames per second. It moves the film through the camera frame by frame and opens a shutter to expose each frame. The speed of this camera is limited by the speed of the shutter mechanism. Edgerton was able take motion pictures at 6,000 frames per second by using a stroboscope instead of a continuous light source, and pulling the film through the camera at 100 feet per second. Edgerton's electronic stroboscope had several advantages over the mechanical stroboscope invented a century earlier. This stroboscope increased the illumination of the object, allowed flashes of shorter duration at controllable intervals, and facilitated several observers at once.

Types of stroboscopes1. Mechanical

In its simplest mechanical form, a rotating cylinder (or bowl with a raised edge) with evenlyspaced holes or slots is placed in the line of sight between the observer and the moving object. The observer looks through the holes/slots on the near and far side at the same time, with the slots/holes moving in opposite directions. When the holes/slots are aligned on opposite sides, the object is visible to the observer. Alternately, a single moving hole or slot can be used with a fixed/stationary hole or slot. The stationary hole or slot limits the light to a single viewing path and reduces glare from light passing through other parts of the moving hole/slot. Viewing through a single line of holes/slots does not work, since the holes/slots appear to just sweep across the object without a strobe effect. The rotational speed is adjusted so that it becomes synchronised with the movement of the observed system, which seems to slow and stop. The illusion is caused by temporal aliasing, commonly known as the stroboscopic effect.

2. Electronic
In electronic versions, the perforated disc is replaced by a lamp capable of emitting brief and rapid flashes of light. Typically a gas-discharge or solid-state lamp is used, because they are capable of emitting light nearly instantly when power is applied, and extinguishing just as fast when the power is removed. By comparison, incandescent lamps have a brief warm-up when energized, followed by a cool-down period when power is removed. These delays result in smearing and blurring of detail of objects partially illuminated during the warm-up and cool-down periods. The frequency of the flash is adjusted so that it is an equal to, or a unit fraction of the object's cyclic speed, at which point the object is seen to be either stationary or moving slowly backward or forward, depending on the flash frequency. Neon lamps or light emitting diodes are commonly used for low-intensity strobe applications, Neon lamps were more common before the development of solid-state electronics, but are being replaced by LEDs in most low-intensity strobe applications. Xenon flash lamps are used for medium- and high-intensity strobe applications. Sufficiently rapid or bright flashing may require active cooling such as forced-air or water cooling to prevent the xenon flash lamp from melting.

MAJOR COMPONENTS: AT89C51/52 BUFFER IC 74LS373 IC LM7805 LCD DISPLAY MOTOR

FEATURES: 12 V BATTERY OPERATED CIRCUIT INDICATES INSTANT APPROXIMATE RPM USES WHITE LED FOR LOW POWER OPERATION VERY COMPECT IN SIZE SUITABLE FOR OUTDOOR APPLICATION NO SPECIAL CIRCUIT PROTECTION REQUIRED IN BUILT REGULATOR CIRCUIT

Introduction To Stroboscope with RPM Indicator

Stroboscope provides sufficient white light for strobe photography and for "stopping the motion" during laboratory experiments. Flash rate is adjustable flashes per second and a digital display reads the flash rate in either flashes per second or in RPM.

General Operations
Plug in the stroboscope to a standard 117 volt outlet using the supplied power cord. Flip the power switch to ON. The power switch will light, the stroboscope will begin flashing, and the display will read the flash rate in flashes per second. To vary the flash rate, turn the FLASH RATE ADJUST knob located to the right of the display (clockwise increases the rate; counterclockwise decreases the rate).The LEDs below the display indicate the mode of operation. When the unit is turned on, the top LED will always light, indicating the display is reading in flashes per second. Pressing the switch located to the left of the LEDs changes the display units to RPM. Pressing the switch again will change the mode to External Trigger. In this mode the stroboscope will only flash if an appropriate external trigger is provided. Pressing the switch a third time will return the stroboscope to automatic flash with the display reading in flashes per second

Using The Stroboscope as a Tachometer

The stroboscope offers an easy method for accurately measuring the frequency of rotation of a mechanical system. To do this, mark a convenient point on the rotating device. Beginning with a flash rate that is clearly higher than the frequency of the rotating device, adjust the flash rate until the mark on the device appears stationary. The stroboscope display will then show the frequency of rotation. (If the initial flash rate is not clearly higher than the frequency of rotation, care must be taken, as the mark will appear stationary whenever the frequency of rotation is a higher harmonic of the flash rate.)

1. Contact less tachometer principle of operation:The idea behind most digital counting device, frequency meters and tachometers, is a microcontroller, used to count the pulses coming from a sensor or any other electronic device. In the case of this tachometer, the counted pluses will come from proximity sensor, which will detect any reflective element passing infront of it, and thus, will give an output pulse for each and every rotation of the shaft, as show in the picture.

Instantaneous measurement algorithm:-

To be able to deduce an RPM reading in less than second, while constantly refining the reading's accuracy, a simple algorithm have been developed, where a counter and a timer are used. Counter and timers are part of the internal features of a micro-controller, (like the AT89C52 used in this project) and they can be easily configured through programming. The schematic below, shows how the timer and the counter are used for this task; The counter is connected in such a way to count pulses coming from the proximity sensor, while the timer is used to precisely feed the counted value to the microcontroller every filth of a second, and reset the counter to 0. The microcontroller can now take an average of the last 3 readings (saved in C1, C2 and C3) and calculate the average numbers of pulses per fifth second, then multiply this value by 5, to get the number of pulses per second, then multiply this value by 60 to get the number of pulses per minute, which represents the measured RPM. The only purpose of calculating an average reading is that it will allow to get more stable reading and prevent display flickering.

Frequency meter:To understand the block diagram below, you should recall the simplest definition of frequency: "the number of occurrences within a given time period". What we are trying to do is to count the number of electric pulses during a time of one second. To do this we need a counter, to count the pulses, and a timer so that every 1000 milliseconds, the processor stop counting, calculate the frequency and display it, then start counting again from zero.

This is the principle of operation of a frequency meter, however, to build a reliable frequency meter, we will need to do some more mathematical operations. For example: Some operations will accurately predict the frequency before waiting for a whole second to elapse, which will also increase the refresh rate. Another minor upgrade is to to display the average of the last 5 reading rather than displaying the frequency instantaneously (which can cause lot of display flickering if the frequency being measured is not very stable).

How to measure rotational speed using a stroboscope

An oscillator is made to produce a pulse wave of a known frequency. This is then used to drive a bright LED, which can cope with the fast rate of flashing (note that an incandescent bulb is no use since when it is driven at a high frequency, the filament remains hot when the power goes off, and you end up with a light that is not flashing at all, but is permanently on). A mark is made on the object that is rotating that you wish to measure, and the object is spun up to speed. The oscillator is set to a low frequency to start with, and the LED is shone at the object where the mark is. At first, the mark will appear at random points around the object

The frequency of the oscillator is then gradually increased until the mark appears to remain stationary.

If the strobe frequency is slightly under the speed of the object, the mark will creep forward:

And if the strobe frequency is slightly faster than the speed of the object, the mark will creep backwards:

When it is stationary, the LED is flashing at the same frequency as the object is rotating. Since the frequency is known, the rotational speed is also known, and can be stated in RPM using the formula: RPM = 60 x fstrobe

STROBOSCOPE PART LIST 1. RESISTORS:R1 R2 R3 R4 P1 RN1 330 8.2K 1K 22K 50K PRESET 4.7K RESISTOR NETWORK

2. CAPACITORS:C1 C2 C3 C4 C5,C6 1000F/16 V 0.3F 100F/16 V 10F/16 V 33PF DISC

3. SEMICONDUCTORS:D1 L1 X1 IC1 IC2 IC3 Q1 LCD SW1,SW2,SW3 IC SOCKET LCD CONNECTOR CN0 CN2 IN4007 DIODE RED LED 11.0592 CRYSTAL LM7805 REG.IC AT89CXX 74LS373 MJE13005 16/2 LCD DISPLAY PUSH SWITCH-3 PCS. 40 PIN-1,20 PIN-1 16 PIN 12 V TRANSFORMER WHITE LED MODULE

AT89C51 MICROCONTRLLER
AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051 family. AT89C51 has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as both input and output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-ups. When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed individually. Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication. It can be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two timers & hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts.

Pin No 1 2 3 4 5

Function

Name P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4

8 bit input/output port (P1) pins

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Reset pin; Active high Input (receiver) for serial RxD communication Output (transmitter) for serial TxD communication External interrupt 1 Int0 External interrupt 2 Int1 Timer1 external input T0 Timer2 external input T1 Write to external data memory Write Read from external data memory Read

P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 Reset P3.0 P3.1 8 bit input/output port (P3) pins P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Crystal 2 Crystal 1 Ground P2.0/ A8 P2.1/ A9 P2.2/ A10 P2.3/ A11 P2.4/ A12 P2.5/ A13 P2.6/ A14 P2.7/ A15 PSEN ALE Prog EA Vpp P0.7/ AD7 P0.6/ AD6 P0.5/ AD5 P0.4/ AD4 P0.3/ AD3 P0.2/ AD2 P0.1/ AD1

Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz) Ground (0V)

8 bit input/output port (P2) pins / High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory

Program store enable; Read from external program memory Address Latch Enable Program pulse input during Flash programming External Access Enable; Vcc for internal program executions Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash programming) 8 bit input/output port (P0) pins Low-order address bits when interfacing with external memory

Pin diagram-

LCD MODULE:How to interface 16x2 LCD with 8051 microcontroller (AT89C51)

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers.

1.Command/Instruction Register- stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A

command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing, clearing the screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. 2. Data Register- stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Commonly used LCD Command codes:

Hex Code 1 2 4 6 E 80 C0 38 Command to LCD Instruction Register Clear screen display Return home Decrement cursor Increment cursor Display ON, Cursor ON Force the cursor to the beginning of the 1st line Force cursor to the beginning of the 2nd line Use 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

Programming the LCD:

1. Data pin8 (DB7) of the LCD is busy flag and is read when R/W = 1 & RS = 0. When busy flag=1, it means that LCD is not ready to accept data since it is busy with the internal operations. Therefore before passing any data to LCD, its command register should be read and busy flag should be checked. 2. To send data on the LCD, data is first written to the data pins with R/W = 0 (to specify

the write operation) and RS = 1 (to select the data register). A high to low pulse is given at EN pin when data is sent. Each write operation is performed on the positive edge of the Enable signal. 3. To send a command on the LCD, a particular command is first specified to the data pins

with R/W = 0 (to specify the write operation) and RS = 0 (to select the command register). A high to low pulse is given at EN pin when data is sent.

Displaying single character A on LCD

The LCD is interfaced with microcontroller (AT89C51). This microcontroller has 40 pins with four 8-bit ports (P0, P1, P2, and P3). Here P1 is used as output port which is connected to data pins of the LCD. The control pins (pin 4-6) are controlled by pins 2-4 of P0 port. Pin 3 is connected to a preset of 10k? to adjust the contrast on LCD screen. This program uses the above concepts of interfacing the LCD with controller by displaying the character A on it.

The software
Here are only small relevant parts of the full C program, that was loaded into the microcontroller after being compiled to a HEX file. Those part of the code were selected as the ones that emphasize the main purpose of a microcontroller in such an application. For examples, function dealing with the LCD operation are not included in this description.

#include <REGX51.h> #include <math.h> unsigned int clk_tmp,clk_tmp2,clk_sec,clk_sec2; unsigned intex_pulses,rps,rps_tmp,temp,rps_avg,rps_max; unsigned int rps_his[5]; char a,b,c,d,e; unsigned char count1,count2; unsigned char scale = 4; delay(y){ // A function to make software delays unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<y;i++){;} } setup_interrupts(){ // This function initialises the TIMER and the COUNTER to EA = 1; // be used in in the trachometre ET0 = 1; //set the Timer/counter 0 TR0 = 1; //Enable Timer/counter 0 to count TMOD = 0X25; //counter 0 in mode 1 (16 bit counter), //timer 1 in mode 2 (auto reload from TH1) TH1 = 0; //start counter from 0 ET1 = 1; //enable timer 1 TR1 = 1; //Enable Timer/counter 1 to count PT0 = 1; //Setup the priorities of timer 1 and timer 0, a 0 gives a PT1 = 0; //higher priority. } void int_to_digits(unsigned int number){ //store the 5 digits of an integer float itd_a,itd_b; //number in the variable a,b,c,d,e itd_a = number / 10.0; e = floor((modf(itd_a,&itd_b)* 10)+0.5); itd_a = itd_b / 10.0; d = floor((modf(itd_a,&itd_b)* 10)+0.5); itd_a = itd_b / 10.0; c = floor((modf(itd_a,&itd_b)* 10)+0.5); itd_a = itd_b / 10.0; b = floor((modf(itd_a,&itd_b)* 10)+0.5); itd_a = itd_b / 10.0; a = floor((modf(itd_a,&itd_b)* 10)+0.5); }

clk() interrupt 3 //timer 1 interrupt { clk_tmp++; //Software counter for the timing of the tachometer readings clk_tmp2++; //Software counter for the display refresh rate if (clk_tmp2 > (1236)){ // update display clk_tmp2 = 0;

rps_avg = floor(((rps_his[0] + rps_his[1] + rps_his[2] + rps_his[3] + ___ ___rps_his[4])/5)*60); } if (clk_tmp > (6584/scale)){ // update the measured RPM clk_tmp = 0; if (P2_0 == 0){ rps = TL0; temp = TH0; temp = temp * 256; rps = (rps + temp)* scale; rps_his[4] = rps_his[3]; rps_his[3] = rps_his[2]; rps_his[2] = rps_his[1]; rps_his[1] = rps_his[0]; rps_his[0] = rps; } TL0 = 0; TH0 = 0; } } count_pulses() interrupt 1 //counter 0 interrupt { if (scale < 10) // If the pulses are so fast that the internal counter scale++; // overflows, increase the variable 'scale' so that } // so that readings are recorded at a higher rate void main(){ scale = 10 ; P3_3 = 0; // ini proximity sensor, OFF P3_4 = 1; // ini sensor input P1_1 = 0; //turn LCD backlight ON P2_0 = 1; //ini count/hold button ini_lcd(); // ini the LCD setup_interrupts(); while(1){ P3_3 = ~P2_0; if (P2_0 == 1){ scale= 4;

Applications
Stroboscopes play an important role in the study of stresses on machinery in motion, and in many other forms of research. Bright stroboscopes are able to overpower ambient lighting and make stop-motion effects apparent without the need for dark ambient operating conditions. They are also used as measuring instruments for determining cyclic speed. As a timing light they are used to set the ignition timing of internal combustion engines. In medicine, stroboscopes are used to view the vocal cords for diagnosis of conditions that have produced dysphonia (hoarseness). The patient hums or speaks into a microphone which in turn activates the stroboscope at either the same or a slightly different frequency. The light source and a camera are positioned by endoscopy. Another application of the stroboscope can be seen on many gramophone turntables. The edge of the platter has marks at specific intervals so that when viewed under fluorescent lighting powered at mains frequency, provided the platter is rotating at the correct speed, the marks appear to be stationary. This will not work under incandescent lighting, as incandescent bulbs don't strobe. For this reason, some turntables have a neon bulb next to the platter. Flashing lamp strobes are also adapted for pop use, as a lighting effect for discotheques and night clubs where they give the impression of dancing in slow motion. The strobe rate of these devices is typically not very precise or very fast, because the entertainment application does not usually require a high degree of performance.

Other effects
Rapid flashing can give the illusion that white light is tinged with color, known as Fechner color. Within certain ranges, the apparent color can be controlled by the frequency of the flash, but it is an illusion generated in the mind of the observer and not a real color. The Benham's top demonstrates the effect.

CONCLUSION
By making the project STROBOSCOPE WITH RPM INDICATOR in project for final year I conclude that In this project we put our greatest effort to understand & explore more & more about the project. This project has many useful applications in industries also. we try our best to make this project successful.

REFERENCE
I develop my this project report on STROBOSCOPE WITH RPM INDICATOR by using following books and web sites.

Books : Different books related to physics Manual for this project

Web Sites: www.wikipedia.com www.scribd.com

www.google.com
www.engineersgarage.com

ABBREVIATION
1.RPM : Rotation Per Minute. 2.LCD : Liquid Cristal Display. 3.LED : Light Emitting Diode.