Deformation of voltage and current waveforms of synchronous machine on pulling out of synchronism

Ji Pospiilk
VB-TU Ostrava Faculty of electrical engineering and computer science Department of electrical machines and apparatus 453

Annotation: By the test measurement of effect of pulling out of synchronism of synchronous machines with salient poles on the electrical power network and synchronous machine was be detect existence of curves deformation of induction voltage. The curves are in all phases deformed with 3.th harmonics of voltage, whose common action forms noncircular vector of voltage between null point of electrical power network and null point of synchronous machine winding. If there are these null points connected, is generated the circulating current surge, that as flowing through the null conductor with frequencies 150 Hz and with amplitude equal to sum of all phases current. Time lag the 3.th harmonic of phase voltage is defined by load angular size. On the pulling out of synchronism is chanced the position of this 3.th harmonic in face of fundamental harmonic. Per this is possible observe pole instantaneous position. 1. Introduction

In most of expert books and publication its often featured vector diagram of synchronous machine through the fundamental harmonic vectors and all machines properties describing component have been respected to this fundamental harmonics. 2. Synchronization of synchronous machine

In terms of transient process measurement within synchronizing and connecting of synchronous machines to electrical power network and on pulling out of synchronism were detected processes, which indicate that higher harmonics created by magnetic flux non-sine space wave are necessary to respect. First problems are occurred at the moment of connecting synchronous machines to power network, the zero point of synchronous machine Y winding and the power network are connected. By the synchronous machine connection moment in time point in which are the synchronizations terms executed happen the outage of the superset protection. By the help of thorough measurement was detected in the phasing moment presence of potential difference (round 200V) between zeros points the synchronous winding and power network. On the connection this point is generated the high current surge, which causes above outage of the superset protection. 3. Vector and waveform of phase voltage

In the event of synchronous machine connecting to the power network the voltage vectors are defined on the terminals by the means of fundamental harmonics of phase voltage or by the effective value. But this voltage waveform is fast defined by power network.

Fig.1 Waveform of line to line voltage In the event of voltage effective values measurement on the synchronous machines side and by the faulty thought that the voltage waveform has only fundamental harmonics and the other are minor is obtained the same voltage vector diagram as the diagram of power network. If is calculated the potential difference between centers, the voltage result is null now. In practice must be measured the actual instantaneous voltage value. By the help of instantaneous voltage sum is detected the third harmonic with the maximal value up 400V, which is created by sum of the all phases elementary components.

Fig.2. Voltage between zeros points of synchronous machine and power network. 4. Conditions of third harmonic creation and his position

The actually induced voltage on the synchronous machine one phase winding is namely depended on the excitation magnetic field size, the rotor poles shape, actual spatial magnetic field distribution and the actual position of magnetic field axis (load angle ) and actual network voltage value. In the event of unloaded synchronous machines by external torque is on the phase winding the induced voltage shape same as shown fig. 3. The axis of the 3rd harmonic is in the same position as the axis of fundamental harmonic. After loading the synchronous machines by torque begin to increasing of load angle and the 3rd harmonic axis position is moved to fundamental harmonic. The movement is in the one or the other direction according as the machine to work (as a generator or as a motor). By the loading on the static stability limit (= /2 electrical) axis the 3rh harmonic is moved /2 compared with fundamental harmonics axis and the induced voltage shape on the phase winding is changed (fig.4).

Fig.3. Induced voltage shape on phase winding of Fig.4. Induced voltage shape on phase winding of unloaded synchronous machine synchronous machine by loading on the static stability limit By other loading (e.g. by torque M) is the voltage shape of the phase winding equal fig.5. On the direction of loading the phase winding voltage shape is continuous deformed.

Fig.5. - Voltage shape on the one phase winding by torque MN loading.

Fig.6. - Magnetic field spatial arrangement in d and q axes. 5. Voltage and current record on the out-of-step operation

By one of form, how its possible show the excitation magnetic field position effect on the rotation magnetic field generated by power network is by the help of records of all phases instantaneous voltage and current values by pulling out of synchronism. Under mentioned measurement was making in generator working by moderately weakened field. Acquired record is on the fig.7.

The record shows the changing of phase voltage shape by one slipping of excitation winding magnetic field thorough the stator winding magnetic field. Here the 3rd harmonic movement on the fundamental harmonic axis is marked in one direction.

Fig.7. The voltage phase period shape progressive one of the out-of-step operation (for detail is divided on the 4 segment). When we sum the measured records of voltage, we obtain the waveform of the voltage between the synchronous machines and power network zeros points. The amplitude this voltage amount to 350 V and his frequency is 150 Hz. It comes to this, that zero point of stator Y winding is symmetrical with respect to effective values and amplitudes of fundamental harmonics but isnt symmetrical with respect to actually values.

Fig.8 The voltage between zero point of power network and the synchronous machine

For clearness, is possible show the voltage conditions on the synchronous machine in the event of connected and disconnected stator winding and power network zeros points. In case of disconnected zeros points is the phase voltage deformed by 3rd harmonic (see fig.9) but the currents in phases conductors have the sine wave shape. In case of connected zeros points is the phase current deformed by 3rd harmonic (see fig.9) but the phases voltages have the sine wave shape same as the network voltage. The current, which flow through the null conductor, is sum of all phase currents. His amplitude is triple as the amplitude one phase and his dominant frequency is 150 Hz.

Disconnected zeros points

Connected zeros points

Fig.9. The phase voltage on synchronous generator

Disconnected zeros points

Connected zeros points

Fig.10. Currents flowing through phase conductor into the power network

Fig.11 Currents flowing through the power network zero conductor by connecting zeros points What processes are generated by pulling out of synchronism is possible shows by the help of fundamental and order harmonics vectors end paths depiction in face of fundamental harmonics phase voltage.

Fig.12. The trajectory of fundamental harmonic currents vectors ends of synchronous machine by outof-step operation in the face of fundamental harmonic voltage phase vector.

Fig.13. The trajectory of 3rd harmonic voltage vectors end of synchronous machine by out-of-step operation in the face of fundamental harmonic voltage phase vector. By the help of appropriate analysis is possible watch the actually vector (load angle) position, his angular velocity and acceleration. 6. Resume

Often we come by measuring and trying of electrical machines in the situation, why isnt possible respected the fundamental rules and established processes of measured value analyzing. We must criticize it no as alternative parameters (effective or average value) but we must respected the actually values of all physical field. This way (records of all possible values and their analysis) open new possibilities in measurement, diagnostic and by solution of unanswered questions.