Basic Biomedical Instrument

Physiologic System

Sensor

Processor

Display Storage

Observer

Possible Types of Transducers

Electrical Mechanical Thermal

Optical

Chemical

Acoustic Hydraulic

Possible Types of Transducers

Electrical Mechanical Thermal
Mi cro ph on e Lo ud Sp ea
ker

Optical

Chemical

Acoustic Hydraulic

Types of Sensors

Physical Chemical Bioanalytical

Types of Sensors
Physical
Strain gauge Accelerometer Load cell (force) Pressure sensor Velocimeter Thermistor Metal resistance thermometer Flow sensor

Chemical Bioanalytical
Glucose sensor Lactate sensor

Oxygen electrode Ion-selective electrode Glass electrode (pH) CO2 sensor

And so on .

Basic Biomedical Instrument

Physiologic System

Sensor

Processor

Display Storage

Observer

Two Ways to Look at a Signal

Vin

Time Domain
t

V=A Sin(2ft)+B Sin(10ft) Frequency Domain

Amplitude

Se rie s1

fo

5fo Frequency

Representation of a Square Wave

Amplitude 1 0.5 f

Original Square Wave

Signal

First Four Sine-wave Components

Sum of First Four Frequency Components

Time
3f 5f 7f Frequency

Transfer Characteristic

Signal In Ui(t) (Physiologic Variable)

Operation, f

Signal Out Uo(t)

Uo(t) = f(Ui(t))

Offset
Vin

Offset
Vout

Vout

Vin

Amplification
Vin Vout

Vin t

Vout t

Vout = Av (Vin )
Av is the voltage gain

Filtration (filtering)
Vin Vin t
Amplitude Amplitude

Filter
Vout

Vout

Series1

fo

5fo Frequency

fo

Frequency

Decision Making (Logic)

Vin Vin t Vout t

Threshold Detector

Vout

Another two ways to represent a signal

30 Signal

20

27 26 25 24 24 23

10

Time

Analog and Digital

Signal Signal Time

Analog
Signal

Digitized

Time

Time

Converted back to analog

Digital to Analog Conversion

Signal

Time

Converted back to analog

Sampling Theorem
Must sample signal at least at two times the highest frequency component Rule of thumb: sample at five times the highest frequency component

Basic Biomedical Instrument

Physiologic System

Sensor

Processor

Display Storage

Observer

Display/Storage Devices
Display Devices
Flashing light or sound Analog meter Digital Meter Computer monitor

Storage Media
Paper chart Magnetic tape Electronic Memory Computer hard disk Other computer memory media

3 4

25.81 units
Digital Meter

Analog Meter

Are there situations where one type of meter would be better than the other? Give some examples of these situations.

Displacement Measurement
Linear displacement (distance between two points) Angular displacement Volume displacement Velocity

d v = (displacement ) dt
d d2 a = (velocity) = 2 (displacement ) dt dt

Acceleration

Variable Resistance
Linear or angular displacement = x

R1 R
+

R2 x
R2 R2 v= E= E R1 + R2 R
E v = x R

R2

Resistance Sensors

Sample Problem
Problem: Find resolution of variable resistance Rtotal = 1,000 Ohms Number of turns = 100

R1 R R2

Resistance change between turns 1,000 /100 turns = 10 /turn Not possible to see resistance change of less than 10

Resistance Strain Gauge

Piece of Something

Resistance Strain Gauge

Lo Tensile Force Same Piece Of Something L1 Tensile Force

Strain = L = L1 L o R L

Gauge Factor =

R L

Electrical Resistance of a Material

A

L R= A
is a physical property (constant) for a material

Liquid Metal Strain Gauge

V = AL = Ao Lo = const. L L2 L2 R= = = A AL V LdL dR = 2 V LdL 2 dR V = 2 dL = L2 L R V dR R =2 dL L

Ao Lo

A L