Welcome to Basic Electrical Circuits

Dr. Sitaramarao Yechuri EE Dept Rm 111 sitaramarao.yechuri@sharda.ac.in

Books and references

Basic Electrical Engineering by I.J. Nagarath, Tata McGraw Hill Engineering Circuit Analysis by W.H. Hayt & J.E. Kemmerly, Mc Graw Hill Basic Circuit Theory by Charles Desoer & Ernest Kuh, Tata McGraw Hill

Electricity
Electricity is the movement of charged particles In solids, electricity is the movement of electrons In liquids and gases, ion movement is possible

Electricity flow

dq i= dt
If n electrons move across each cross sectional surface, then the total charge is n x q where q is 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs. A current of 1 Ampere is about 6.24 x 1018 electrons per second

Conductors
Conductors have free electrons Valence electrons in metals are not bound to a single atom, but are in a sea of electrons There are about 1028 electrons per cubic meter in Iron and Copper Conductors are usually crystalline, and electron mobility varies

Insulators
Insulators do not conduct electricity Insulators are often amorphous Electrons in insulators are bound to an atom or in an atomic bond, and are not free to move about Common insulators are PVC (poly-vinyl chloride), ceramic etc

This course covers 3 elements

Resistor Ohm

Capacitor

Farad

Inductor

Henry

Passive elements
Resistors, Capacitors & Inductors are passive elements There is no amplification of the signal Ideally, they have a constant value Ideally, they have no polarity They are governed by a single equation i.e. only 1 region of operation

Resistor
A resistor limits the current flow Follows Ohms law Generates heat loss

V = I R P= IV = I R
2

Shape of Resistor
A strip of any conducting material is a resistor Lower conductivity material is used Thin film resistors have small cross sectional area

L R= A

Dielectrics
A dielectric refers to a type of insulator, where in an applied field, the orbits of the bound electrons are distorted The permittivity measures the polarization of the dielectric, so to make a capacitor, you need a dielectric with high permittivity Permittivity could be anisotropic Dielectrics have a breakdown voltage

Capacitor
Capacitors accumulate charge The charge on a capacitor cannot change 1 V= instantaneously.

Idt

dV I = C dt

Shape of Capacitor
Any two conductors separated by dielectric form a capacitor The dielectric can be air or an insulator Higher permittivity is desired

A C= d

Inductor
Any coil of wire is an inductor Inductance is magnetic flux linkage per unit current

H .dl =
N L= i

NI

Inductor
The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously
1 I= Vdt L dI V = L dt
t

Shape of Inductor
An iron core increases inductance Iron has relative permeability of ~800 Ferrites can be as high as 10,000

N A L l
2

Permeability
The permeability is the ratio of the magnetic flux density to the magnetic field strength Core saturation occurs when permeability decreases with increasing field strength

B l = = H ANI