Steam injected gas turbine, Calculation Exercise

A small gas turbine unit working with light oil as fuel has turbine, generator and compressor on a single shaft. Following data is given: Air mass flow Pressure ratio compressor Isentropic efficiency compressor Ambient temperature Ambient pressure Isentropic exponent, air Turbine inlet temperature Isentropic efficiency turbine Pressure loss in combustor Mechanical efficiency Generator efficiency Isentropic exponent, flue gas 30 kg/s 10 0.82 15C 1.013 bar = 1.4 800C 0.88 2% 99% 98% = 1.33

The gas turbine is to be modified with steam injection in the combustion chamber to recover hot exhaust gas from the turbine and to increase the power output. The steam is produced in a common single-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), consisting of economizer, evaporator and superheater. All steam produced in the HRSG is injected, i.e. no process steam is delivered Steam-injected modification, Data: Steam mass flow Steam superheat temperature Steam pressure Feed water temperature 5% of air mass flow 320C 12 bar 35C.

1. Calculate the power output and efficiency of the gas turbine without steam injection 2. Calculate the power output and efficiency of the gas turbine with steam injection
3. Estimate the stack temperature of exhaust after HRSG. HINTS Follow this model for steam-injected gas turbine calculations: a) The compressor remains unaffected by the steam injection b) The isentropic exponent for flue gas remains the same as without steam injection, as well as the isentropic efficiency for the turbine c) The fuel control system maintains the turbine inlet temperature at a constant value (which means that the fuel flow must increase a little to heat the injected steam up to the turbine inlet temperature) d) Assume that the gas turbine outlet pressure remains the same as without the HRSG. e) The heat capacity of the mixture combustion gas and steam may be represented by CPAVE = CPG + (msteam/mair)*CPsteam

SOLUTION

1. Simple gas turbine without steam injection The electrical power output for the gas turbine is: PGT = G * (PT* m PC) where

PT = m gas ( h3 h4 )
PC = m AIR ( h2 h1 )
We start with the compressor: T T2 T1 = 1 SK
04 p 2 a (15 + 273) 1..4 10 1 = 327C (orK ) ( ) 1 = p 0.82 1

This gives us that t2 = 15+327 C = 342C The enthalpies for air in point 1 and 2 are (from table at x=0) h1 = (15C, x=0) = 15 kJ/kg h2 = (342C, x =0) = 349.6 kJ/kg The compressor thus consumes Pc = 30*(349.6-15) kJ/s = 10 038 kW For the turbine we have to take the fuel flow into consideration as well as the gas content in flue gas for the enthalpies. We need thus to calculate the specific fuel consumption . From HEAT BALANCE OVER THE COMBUSTOR: (interpolated in the table)

h3, AIR h2, AIR LHV h3,AIR 15.52 DH 3

Point 3 is at 800C in our case. The LHV for light oil is 42.3 MJ/kg. Looking in the enthalpy table for air and flue gas from light oil we find that h3,AIR = (800C, x=0) = 856 kJ/kg DH3 = (800C) = 76 kJ/kg

The specific fuel consumption becomes:

856 349 .6 = 0.0126 42300 856 15.52 76

The fuel flow becomes: mFUEL = 0.0126*30 = 0.38 kg/s Now we can also calculate the gas content x:

x = (1 + 14.52)

0.0126 = 15.52 = 0.193 1+ 1.0126

The enthalpy in point 3 for flue gas becomes: h3, GAS = h3, AIR + x*DH3 = 856 + 0.193*76 = 870.7 kJ/kg The last enthalpy needed to calculate the power output is in point 4 (= turbine outlet). In order to get this enthalpy we need the temperature. The temperature is calculated from:

T3 T4 = T3 ST

1 1 p3 a ( ) p4

We have given the temperature t3, we need first to calculate the pressure ratio. The pressure after the compressor, p2 = 10*1.013 = 10.13 bars. We loose 2% of this pressure in the combustion chamber. Then p3 = 0.98*10.13 = 9.927 As the gas turbine is open, p4 = p1 and the pressure ratio p3/p4 thus becomes: p3/p4 = 9.927/1.013 = 9.8 The temperature drop in the turbine part thus becomes

1 T3 T4 = (800 + 273) 0.88 1 0.33 (9.8) 1.33

= 408C (orK )

The temperature in the turbine outlet is: t4 = 800 408 = 392C Now we can find the enthalpy in the turbine outlet: h4, GAS = h4, AIR + x*DH4 h4,AIR = (392C, x = 0) = 402.5 kJ/kg DH4 = (392C) = 30.4 kJ/kg Thus h4, GAS = 402.5 + 0.193*30.4 = 408.4 kJ/kg The turbine output becomes: PT = (30 + 0.38) * (870.7 408.4) kW = 14 045 kW The electrical power output of the gas turbine is:

PGT = G * (PT* m PC) = 0.98*(14 045*0.99 10 038) kW PGT = 3789 kW 3.79 MW Efficiency
GT =
PGT PGT 3.79 = = = 0.236 QFuel m Fuel LHV 0.38 42.3

GT = 23.6% (it is low because we have a small gas turbine with relatively combustion temperature )

2. Steam-injected gas turbine

G A a s T u r b in e C y c le S F u e l ir u p e r h e a t e d s t e a m

e a t R e c o v e r y G e n e r a t o r

t e a m

F r e s h

a t e r

The power output for the steam injected gas turbine is calculated the same way as previous, we just have to consider that we have also steam into the gases, that will expand in the turbine part. PGT = G * (PT* m PC) Reading the hints carefully we could assume that the compressor remains unaffected, i.e. we have the same temperature increase, same airflow and same isentropic efficiency and isentropic exponent. This gives us that PC = 10 038 kW as in the previous task. For the turbine output we have to make some new calculations. Steam is introduced in the combustion chamber, but will not take any active part in the combustion process, it just needs heat to increase the temperature from 320C up to 800C; therefore we have to add up some more fuel. To calculate this NEW fuel flow, we have to make a heat balance over the combustion chamber. Energy in = Energy out mair * h2, AIR + mfuel * LHV + msteam * hSteam,320 = (mair + mfuel ) * h3, GAS + msteam * hSteam,800

The parameters written in bold, which are the steam parameters, have been added to the heat balance for the simple gas turbine. Comparing the balance above with the simple gas turbine (see the Solution guide for gas turbines), it is identical except from the steam parameters! As the steam is not taking active part into the combustion we can treat it separately as above. The enthalpy in point 3 considers the enthalpy for flue gas WITHOUT the steam, i.e. same enthalpy expression as for the simple gas turbine: h3, GAS = h3, AIR + x*DH3 where x =

x = (1 + 14.52)

1+

As the steam flow is very small compared to the airflow, we can neglect the pressure increase in the combustion chamber when steam is injected. The compressor determines the pressure in the combustion chamber. The enthalpies for steam are:

hSteam,320 = (320C, 12 bar) = 3087.8 kJ/kg

(there is a very little difference if determining this enthalpy for 10 bars instead)

hSteam,800 = (800C, 10 bar) = 4155.0 kJ/kg Now considering that: = fuel flow (kg/s) / air flow (kg/s) = mfuel /mair and that msteam /mAIR = 0.05 we obtain:

h3, AIR h2, AIR + 0.05 (hSteam,800 hSteam,320 ) LHV h3,AIR 15.52 DH 3

Which is identical to the simple gas turbine calculation except from that we have added up the steam heating term. As we are keeping 800C as turbine inlet temperature, h3,AIR and DH3 are the same as in the calculation for the simple gas turbine without the injection. As we also should take into consideration that the compressor remains unchanged we obtain:

856 349 .6 + 0.05 (4155 3087 .8) = 0.0139 42300 856 15.52 76

Thus the NEW fuel flow becomes: mFUEL = 30*0.0139 = 0.417 kg/s We also get a new gas content in the gases (not considering the steam)

x = (1 + 14.52)

0.0139 = 15.52 = 0.213 1+ 1.0139

The enthalpy in point 3 for flue gas without steam thus becomes: h3, GAS = h3, AIR + x*DH3 = 856 + 0.213*76 = 872.2 kJ/kg According to the hints we could assume that the isentropic efficiency, the isentropic exponent and the outlet pressure remain the same as for the simple gas turbine without steam injection. This means that the temperature drop over the turbine will be the same as in task no 1. This gives us that: t4 = 392C. The enthalpy for flue gas (without steam) in point 4 is: h4, GAS = 402.5 + 0.213*30.4 = 409.0 kJ/kg The enthalpy for steam in point 4 is: hSTEAM, 392 = (1.013 bar, 392C) = 3261 kJ/kg (interpolated in steam table) The turbine power output is composed by expansion of the flue gas (without steam) and the expansion of the steam: PT = (mair + mfuel)*(h3,GAS h4,gas) + mSTEAM*(hSteam, 800 hSteam,392) The steam flow is: mSTEAM = 0.05* 30 kg/s = 1.5 kg/s Which gives: PT = (30+0.417)*(872.2 409.0) + 1.5*(4155-3261) kW = 15 430 kW The electrical power output becomes:

PGT = G * (PT* m PC) = 0.98*(15 430*0.99 10 038) kW

PGT = 5133 kW 5.13 MW We have thus increased the power output with 1.34 MW by injecting the steam Efficiency
GT =
PGT PGT 5.13 = = = 0.291 QFuel m Fuel LHV 0.417 42.3

GT = 29.1% We have thus increased the efficiency with 5.5% by recovering some heat from the exhaust to the steam injection
3. Calculation of the stack temperature

Heat balance over the HRSG gives

mtot cPave ( t g1 t g 4 ) = mSteam ( hSH hFW )

hSH = hSteam,320 = 3087.8 kJ/kg hFW = 4.18*35 kJ/kg = 146 kJ/kg mtot = mair + mfuel + mSteam CPAVE = CPG + (msteam/mair)*CPsteam Assume that stack temperature is around 150C, then the average temperature in the HRSG from inlet to outlet is: tave = (392+150)/2 = 270C CPG = (CP diagram for flue gas at 270C, x=0.213) = 1.060 kJ/kg K Cpsteam = (CP diagram for steam at 270C, 1bar) = 2.0 kJ/kg K CPAVE = 1.060 + 0.05*2 = 1.16 kJ/kg t g 4 = 392 1.5 (3087.8 146) = 273C (30 + 0.417 + 1.5) 1.16

We have made an estimate. If we want a more exact value we iterate once again with a new average temperature: (392+273)/2 = 330C This gives CPG = 1.075 kJ/kgK and Cpsteam = 2.03 kJ/kg K and thus

CPAVE = 1.177 kJ/kg K and tG4 = 274.5 C As seen there is still much heat left in the HRSG that can be recovered for use as process heat.