Impact Assessment Survey of Recent Energy Interventions On The Security and Sustainability of The Caribbean Energy Sector

CONTENTS VOLUME 1 (Regional Report) Pg #
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...1
BASELINE CONDITIONS 19995
OVERALL STATUS OF THE REGION WITH RESPECT TO ENERGY BEFORE RECENT INTERVENTIONS.5
RECENT ENERGY INTERVENTIONS IN THE REGION16
IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS19
GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT23
BARRIERS AFTER NEW INTERVENTIONS 2000 TO 2009.....29
STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS..31
INTERVENTIONS STILL NEEDED BEYOND 2009..33
UNDP ASSISTANCE....35
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CONCLUSION..37
Impact Assessment Survey of Recent Energy Interventions on the Security & Sustainability of the Caribbean Energy Sector
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
BARBADOS.40 CUBA....45 DOMINICA..49 GRENADA...53 GUYANA..58 JAMAICA63 ST. KITTS/NEVIS...70 ST. LUCIA74 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO.....79
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1..QUESTIONNAIRE...............84 APPENDIX 11.TABLES............103 APPENDIX 111INTERVENTIONS LISTINGS BY COUNTRY.107 APPENDIX 1V.EVENTS LISTING BY YEAR..122 APPENDIX V...AGENCIES FUNDING INTERVENTION..138 APPENDIX V1.AGENCIES IMPLEMENTING ENERGY INTERVENTIONS.142 APPENDIX VII... CHARTS OF ENERGY INTERVENTIONS.......148
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Several countries in the Caribbean have been consuming high levels of imported fossil fuels over the years, although these countries possess abundant renewable energy (RE) resource potential which remains largely under-exploited and untapped. Recently, however, there has been an increasing trend in the use of Renewable Energy technologies in the region. The contribution of these technologies to the total energy mix in the Caribbean needs to be assessed to determine the way forward which should result in reduced dependence on imported commercial fuels. Many of the efforts in Renewable Energy have been geared toward short term research projects and studies rather than commercial energy supply and investments. Except for a few isolated cases (the use of solar energy in Barbados and wind energy in Jamaica), the impact of renewable energy on the economic development of the respective countries has continued to be minimal. The Energy Efficiency efforts have centered primarily on energy conservation initiatives and Utilities with some government agencies developing information/awareness brochures on the wattage of household appliances. As far as is known, there are but a few Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) operating in the region in the area of energy audits and much of their efforts are geared towards the hotel industry. This area is, however, expected to come into its own with the introduction of the Caribbean Hotel Energy Efficiency Action Programme (CHENACT) project just being implemented. Over the past ten years there have been some regional and national initiatives aimed at creating and encouraging an enabling environment to have the region better prepared to cope with the dwindling reserves and increasing prices of fossil fuels. These range from the PetroCaribe initiative between Venezuela and a number of Caribbean countries; to national incandescent light bulb replacement programmes supported by the Government of Cuba; to public sector energy conservation and auditing; to projects such as the Caribbean Renewable Energy
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1.3
1.4
Development Project (CREDP) and the Bioenergy in the Caribbean project. On the other hand, there have not been many studies to assess the collective impact of these energy interventions in the region over the years. 1.5 It is against this background that this study was undertaken. The objective is to determine the impact of these interventions using the year of 1999 as a point of reference - it being the year the region was deemed to be poised for take off with respect to energy. The instrument used in the assessment/review conducted was a questionnaire aimed at capturing information from the various agencies in the participating countries responsible for implementing or executing the interventions. Nine countries, namely Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Lucia, St Kitts/Nevis and Trinidad & Tobago participated in the study (Phase I). The interventions cited for Cuba are not comprehensive as key persons associated with their many interventions were on vacation. The relevant information will be supplied subsequent to their return from leave in September. 1.6 The assessments captured information on current energy interventions, types, benefits and impacts, gaps arising, barriers encountered, strategies to overcome the barriers as they relate to energy efficiency, conservation and renewable energy. Follow-up actions and future and planned interventions were also identified. Over three hundred (300) energy interventions in the nine countries were recorded of which some 10 % related to petroleum issues, 60 % to renewable energy;18 % to energy efficiency and 12% involved both renewable energy and energy efficiency. A further breakdown showed that of the total 21% were policy related; 34% focussed on capacity building; 15% on assessment/feasibility studies; 3% on awareness and information support and 30% primarily related to equipment and technology. (See Annex II for details). A database of these interventions will be available on the Caribbean Information Platform on Renewable Energy (CIPORE). 1.8 The results of this assessment shows a number of areas which have been identified as impacting positively on the nine participating countries in relation to
1.7
current interventions and which can be used as key indicators in deciding on future interventions. They include: Increased Capacity Savings New Social programs New markets New equipment/technology Finance Increased awareness Increased information flows Behavioural change Job creation Income realisation Improved quality of life
Several energy interventions were regional in scope, particularly in the areas of training and capacity building and these are highlighted in the report. For the most part, interventions were varied and diverse throughout the different countries. They ranged from resource assessments, new technology; demonstration projects, training workshops, study tours, reports and feasibility studies to actual equipment installations. Many appeared sporadic and isolated, failing to take into account an overall broader energy context within which they could have been placed. While important and necessary, many individual interventions were carried out by several agencies but these efforts lacked the linkages required for cohesion and integration at the country/regional level. It is felt that had this approach been taken, greater impact overall could have been created. Much of this could be due to the absence of final energy policies in several of the countries - a framework which might help pull future energy interventions into a more integrated approach. The beneficiaries of the interventions comprised almost all segments of society and included low income farmers, residents of poor rural housing schemes, women in rural communities, patients in rural communities, private and public sectors, students in schools and Universities, consumers, Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), as well as the utilities.
Approximately 100 Local Agencies were involved in the implementation of these interventions at the country level with some countries seeing as many as 5 agencies involved at one time. Over 40 agencies were involved in financing the interventions. It was difficult to ascertain at this time, the total value of financing associated with all interventions as time did not permit and this information was not readily available. However, from the data collected it could be estimated that this could well be in the order of over 2 US$ billion. Many of the interventions while common to several countries impacted the countries in different ways. Overall, many positive impacts appeared to have been experienced in the countries as they strove for solutions to their dependency on imported fossil fuels. Most were, however, small and very incremental, appearing to have minimal, if any, impact on energy consumption and the national energy import bill (to be confirmed with more research in Phase II) and perhaps could easily be missed in the overall scheme of things. Nevertheless, in such cases, impacts in fact were realised. Lack of Policy, proper infrastructure, awareness, information flows and finance were identified as barriers to energy development in 1999. The current assessment also showed that these barriers remained despite major regional interventions specifically geared to the removal of these. A number of gaps were still outstanding from completed interventions and respondents identified specific strategies to address them. These are noted in the study. 1.9 Overall it is hoped that this assessment will be able to garner information which could provide a solid foundation and practice framework for assessing impact of future programmes prior to their implementation.
2.0 2.1 2.1.1
BASELINE CONDITIONS 1999 Overall status of the region with respect to Energy before recent interventions Petroleum imports The year 1999 marked the beginning of the period (10 years) for the study during which the region continued to have a high dependency on oil and petroleum based products imports. Commercial energy consumption was 93% dependent on fossil sources with the remaining balance (7%) being met from renewable sources. Most countries within the region continued to face harsh economic conditions due to the upward trend in oil prices and the need to find scarce foreign exchange to purchase this lifeblood of the economy. Imports of energy for the region was in the range of 123.2 million barrels of petroleum and petroleum products costing the economies of the Caribbean a total of approximately US$2.5 (bn) per annum. Energy imports and costs for the 9 countries at the end of 1999 were approximately 108 million barrels costing approximately US$2.1 billion. (See Table 1) Table 1 - Petroleum Imports and Values 1999
COUNTRY
BARBADOS CUBA DOMINICA GRENADA GUYANA JAMAICA ST. KITTS/NEVIS ST. LUCIA TRINIDAD/TOBAGO IMPORTS (000s Bbls) 3,362.0 48,261.9 272.0 516.2 4,140.5 22,853.1 310.9 1,006.7 27,697.3 CIF VALUE (000s US$) 73,824.3 1,002,767.4 7,623.0 14,778.1 99,689.2 422,034.8 7,807.2 29,391.7 493,213.1
TOTAL
108,420.6
2,151,128.8
The failure to use better technologies, subsidized fuel prices (with respect to international market prices), and the transportation industrys high and inefficient consumption were some of the explanations for the regions energy intensity. 2.1.2 Electricity Generation
Total commercial electricity generation in 1999 for the nine (9) countries stood at approximately 25,088.4 GWH with an installed capacity of 6,991 MW. The electricity generated for the nine (9) countries resulted in the consumption of approximately 31.1 million barrels of oil. This represented 32.5% of total regional petroleum energy consumption for the year. Total regional oil consumption for electricity generation was 35 million barrels representing 28.5% of total oil imports and approximately 37% of total regional petroleum energy consumption. Table 2 Electricity Generation & Installed Capacity 1999
COUNTRY BARBADOS CUBA DOMINICA GRENADA GUYANA JAMAICA ST. KITTS/NEVIS ST. LUCIA TRINIDAD/TOBAGO TOTALS ELECTRICITY GENERATION (GWh) 764.3 14,492.2 74.6 122.2 444.4 3,193.6 126.5 256.2 5,614.4 25,088.4 INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) 185.5 4,284.3 18.7 27.7 300.4 662.7 35.3 59.9 1,416.7 6,991.2
Table 3 Electricity Consumption for 1999

SECTORS INDUSTRY STREET LIGHTING GOVERNMENT TOURISM RESIDENTIAL COMMERCE OTHER TOTAL MWh (000s) 8,125,203.6 81,305.9 151,103.2 206,940.8 6,708,544.4 1,618,597.0 2,954,424.5 19,846,119.4
Total regional electricity consumption in 1999 stood at 21,949.2 GWH. Of this total 19,846.1 GWH of electricity was consumed by the 9 countries as follows, Industry 8,125 GWH, Residential 6,709 GWH, Commerce 1,619 GWH, with the other sectors accounting for the balance of 3,393 GWH (See Table 3). Trinidad and Tobago had the highest KWh per Capita (3,707.9) while Guyana showed the lowest (373.1). During 1999, technical and non-technical losses in electricity within the region ranged between 1.2% and 21.8% of gross generation. The lowest losses in electricity within the nine (9) countries, was seen at 2% (St.Kitts/Nevis) while the highest losses was seen at 17.4% (Cuba) of gross electricity generation. These losses were mainly attributable to the use of obsolete technology for generation purposes and theft of electricity due to poor infrastructure in some countries. 2.1.3 Petroleum production
Compared to the demand for fossil based energy in the region, there was little supplies of Crude Oil and Natural Gas and where available (Trinidad & Tobago, Cuba and Barbados) there was unequal distribution of the resources. Crude oil Total Crude Oil production for among the oil producing Caribbean countries under study in 1999 was in the range of 62 million barrels. Natural gas Natural gas production totalled 2,975.2 billion barrels with Cuba accounting for approximately 97% of total. Natural gas in Cuba is primarily utilized locally within the nickel manufacturing industry, resulting from the withdrawal of Soviet support in the early 90s, Cuba focused on increasing production of this commodity in order to diversify its energy resources With the need to diversify energy sources Trinidad and Tobago also increased its Natural Gas production and was the largest LNG exporter to the United States. The first LNG train to produce LNG was created in Trinidad and Tobago in
March 1999. Total production of Natural gas at the end of that year in Trinidad and Tobago amounted to some 82 billion barrels. Table 4 Crude Oil & Natural Gas Production for 1999
COUNTRY BARBADOS CUBA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO TOTAL CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION (000's Bbls) 704.6 15,659.1 45,686.0 N/A 62,049.7 NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION (000's Bbls) 290.4 2,892,940.0 81,955.8 N/A 2,975,186.2
2.1.4
Petroleum Consumption/End Use In 1999, total energy consumption among the 9 countries amounted to some 81 million barrels of oil with the major sectors of consumption being Electric Utility - 31 million barrels, Transportation - 20 million barrels, Manufacturing - 9 million barrels, Commercial - 6.4 million barrels and Residential - 4.3 million barrels. For the nine (9) countries, the products consumed in the highest quantities were Fuel Oil 38.1 million bbls, Diesel, 20.2 million bbls, Unleaded Gasoline - 12.2 million bbls, Turbo Fuel - 5.8 million bbls and LPG - 1.8 million bbls. Table 5 - Total Petroleum Consumption by Products for 1999
(9 countries)
(000's Bbls)
AVGAS TURBO FUEL UNLEADED FUELOIL KEROSENE DIESEL L.P.G MAR.DIES OTHER TOTAL
99 5,780 12,249 38,186 1,556 20,211 1,785 1,221 5. 81,092
Other products consumed included Marine Diesel Oil, Aviation Gasoline and Kerosene together accounting for a total of 2.88 million barrels.
Table 6 - Total Consumption by Sectors (9 countries) for 1999

AGRICULTURE COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION CEMENT GOVERNMENT RESIDENTIAL ELECTRIC UTILITY TOURISM OTHER MFG CONSTR. SUGAR MFG OTHER TOTAL (000's Bbls) 2,751 6,495 20,228 467 125 4,274 31,137 79 8,981 1,265 153 5,137 81,092.
The electricity and transportation sectors within countries together accounted for approximately 63% of total energy consumption. Table 7 - Energy Consumption & Intensity 1999 (9 countries)
COUNTRY
GDP CURRENT PRICES (US$)MILLION 2,072.4 d/na 225.8 308.9 565.6 6,817.9 256.8 562.3 6,404.6 FINAL CONSUMPTION (000's Bbls) 3,738.8 42,130.6 272.0 449.5 4,123.0 23,415.8 310.9 939.3 5,712.3 GDP PER CAPITA US$GDP/P OP 7,750.2 d/na 3,153.6 3,067.5 724.0 2,633.0 6,070.9 3,658.4 4,981.4 ENERGY INTENSITY 000's Bbls /US$GDP 1.8 d/na 1.2 1.5 7.3 3.4 1.2 1.7 0.9
BARBADOS CUBA DOMINICA GRENADA GUYANA JAMAICA ST. KITTS/NEVIS ST. LUCIA TRINIDAD/TOBAGO
Energy consumption per capita for the year was 5.4 barrels with average energy intensity ranging from 0.9 (000s Bbls/US$GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago to 7.3 (000s Bbls/US$GDP) in Guyana. The average GDP per Capita for the region was US$6745.1 and the average GDP per Capita for the nine countries was US$4004.9 (See Table 7). Table 7.1 Energy Vs Cost - 1999 (9 countries)
COUNTRY
TOTAL ENERGY IMPORT (000's Bbls) 3,362.0 48,261.9 272.0 516.2 4,140.5 22,853.1 310.9 1,006.7 27,697.3 TOTAL ENERGY IMPORT COST (US$MILL.) 73.8 1,002.8 7.6 14.8 99.7 422.0 7.8 29.4 493.2 TOTAL IMPORTS COST (US$MILL.) 1,108.1 d/na 123.4 184.5 540.5 2,903.7 135.1 312.0 2,752.2 ENERGY IMPORT COST% IMPORT COST 6.7 d/na 6.2 8.0 18.4 14.5 5.8 9.4 17.9 FOREIGN EXCHANGE (FE) EARNINGS (US$MILL.) 1,273.0 d/na 156.8 236.5 504.8 3,250.5 144.5 382.0 2,815.8 ENERGY IMPORT COST % FE 5.8 d/na 4.9 6.2 19.7 13.0 5.4 7.7 17.5
BARBADOS CUBA DOMINICA GRENADA GUYANA JAMAICA ST. KITTS/NEVIS ST. LUCIA TRINIDAD/TOBAGO
2.1.5
Pricing The price of oil, like the price of all commodities, is subject to major swings over time and will affect an overall business cycle. As demand for oil exceeds production capacity, prices rise sharply because both demand and supply are fairly inelastic in the short run. During 1999, world crude oil prices ranged between U$9.86 and US$23.33 per bbl, resulting in an annual average of US$16.55 per bbl. Retail prices for various petroleum products during the year fluctuated as world oil prices moved upward. Prices for the major used petroleum products ranged between US$0.37/litre and US$0.74/litre for Gasoline, US$0.17/litre and US$0.57/litre for Diesel, US$0.18/litre and US$1.42/litre for Kerosene and US$0.17/litre and US$0.70/litre for Liquid Petroleum Gas. Trinidad and Tobago having its own oil resources reflected the lowest prices for all products throughout the year.
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2.1.6
Renewable Energy Many of the Caribbean countries are endowed with huge renewable energy resources: (wind, solar, hydropower, geothermal and biomass). Two decades prior to 1999, some 120 projects and studies on various aspects of RE have been undertaken in the region with according to the data available, solar energy studies accounting for some 30%, biomass 35%, hydropower 18% wind 8% and geothermal 3% of total. The cost of these projects had been estimated at US$30m. But despite these investments, except for a few isolated cases (the use of solar water heating in Barbados) the impact of renewable energy on the economies continued to be minimal. Some of the renewable energy activities were taking place during this period were as follows: Hydropower: By 1999 there was some limited installed hydropower capacity in the region. Belize had an installed capacity of 25MW, Cuba had 57.4 MW, Dominica had 7.6MW, Jamaica had 21.5MW, St Vincent and the Grenadines had 5.6MW, and Suriname had 189MW. Solar Energy The drying of several crops (nutmegs, ginger, yams, sweet potatoes, fruits of all kinds) was being investigated as well as the drying of timber and animal feeds. Many types of dryers were also built ranging from the simple wire basket to large roof collectors. Several photovoltaics systems were installed in hinterland communities but experienced failure rates of approximately 36%. Wind energy Only Curacao could boast of installed capacity of a 3.3 MW wind farm at that time. Antigua experimented with a 120kW wind turbine and Montserrat with a small 85kW unit. Barbados had a 9MW plant.
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A number of wind resource assessments had been carried out under a USAID programme which indicated some potential for wind in a number of countries. Biomass Many still relied on biomass fuels like fuel wood, charcoal and plant and animal wastes for energy supply. Low electrification rates still remained in some of the vast hinterlands of Belize and Guyana. Timber, rice, sugar and citrus wastes as well as biogas resources were being investigated by these countries in terms of their existing quantities based on their natural resources. Some thermal electric generators fuel by these biomass sources were built and used as trials. Geothermal Energy There are several potential sites for geothermal energy particularly along the Lesser Antilles. As a result, extensive field investigations were being carried out for the presence of geothermal resources in Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts/Nevis, St Lucia and Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St Vincent and the Grenadines. Already a 4.2MW geothermal power plant was in operation in Guadeloupe. 2.1.7 Energy efficiency initiatives Emphasis on energy efficiency was placed on the following at that time: Demand side management -Jamaica A major energy efficiency exercise occurred between 1994 and 1997 when Jamaica introduced a demand side management program funded by GEF/World Bank, IDB/Rockefeller Foundation and the Canadian Trust Facility as a way of reducing the demand for electricity. This program was intended to jump start energy efficiency initiatives in a number of areas, The residential sector was targeted and a number of items (compact fluorescent lights, low flow shower heads, aerators for sinks and refrigerator gaskets were distributed to participants.
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A PV pilot programme was also launched to demonstrate the performance of this type of application. Solar panels and AC inverters were installed in two villages. Retrofit initiatives were also undertaken in the commercial and industrial sectors by way of full retrofit up-front to the customer with a repayment program through their utility bills. A solar water heating program was also launched aimed at targeting the hotel sector at the time only 22 hotels were using solar water heating facilities out of a total of about 177. Demand side management - Barbados Barbados undertook a comprehensive demand side Management study which looked at the technical as well as economic energy management potential together with a cost benefit analysis. 2.1.8 Barriers up to 1999 According to studies which took place in 1999, main findings of the barriers to energy at the time encompassed: General Lack of commitment on the part of governments to pursue energy policies. Lack of systematic resource assessments for renewable energy resources. Lack of human resources to facilitate policy development. Lack of interest and commitment of utilities. Discrimination of taxation with respect to RE products.
Finance Lack of project developers. Insufficient acceptance of RE. Lack of funding of projects. Lack of available funding for ESCOs for EE projects. Lack of low interest funding.
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High costs of EE Equipment. Capacity building Weak and limited capacity with respect to energy issues. Lack of overall adequate infrastructure. Design Need to influence design relevant to the needs of users. Awareness Lack of strategies to educate, sensitise and promote energy efficiency among policy makers. Equipment Lack of availability of EE equipment to stimulate distributors. Low quality of imports. Standards Lack of appropriate standards and sustainability of verification procedures. 2.1.9 Awareness Initiatives Many of the Utilities had been producing leaflets/flyers/ brochures aimed at guiding the energy efficiency efforts of homeowners as well as commercial and industrial operations.
2.1.10 Policy On the policy side, one major co-ordinated regional response was a CARICOM Heads of Government meeting in 1983 where a regional Energy Action Plan was initiated as a knee jerk reaction to the energy crisis of the 70s.
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Since the formation of that Regional Energy Action Plan in 1983, there had been no meeting of regional energy ministers. As a result there had been no co-ordinated energy policies corresponding to energy developments over this period. With respect to individual country policies/plans only Jamaica, St Lucia, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago had any type of framework in place to guide their individual energy developments. 2.1.11 Energy project financing Many countries experienced severe economic difficulties, low purchasing power and limited access to international funding. 2.1.12 Capacity building Some areas in need of capacity building include a lack of capability of most governments to assess resource data, prepare and assess feasibility studies, prepare project documents and set targets for energy at the country level. 2.1.13 Awareness Two assessment surveys were conducted in 1999 which sought to examine the awareness levels of stakeholders throughout the Caribbean with respect to RE. These surveys looked at information delivery systems, awareness of RE technologies, as well as information resources available. TV documentaries, videos were identified as forms of presentations for RE technologies. Policy makers were one of the major groups which lacked knowledge of many of the energy technologies and how they worked. Besides solar energy, wind and hydropower, there was not much knowledge on the other technologies.
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2.1.14 Climate change While the region experienced relatively decent incomes from tourism it was still being highly exposed to the negative impacts of climate changes and environmental damages (rises in sea level, hurricanes, flooding and damage to coral reef s. . 3.0 3.1 RECENT ENERGY INTERVENTIONS IN THE REGION An intervention as defined in this study is any energy event, project, programme, workshop, seminar, assessment/feasibility study or any other related area that is taking place regionally, sub-regionally, among individual or groups of countries in the Caribbean. Since 1999, there have been numerous energy initiatives which have sought to impact the Caribbean energy landscape and present a completely different picture today. Over three hundred (300) interventions have been reported as having taken place throughout the Caribbean over the ten (10) years period. Much emphasis was placed on Renewable Energy with major initiatives such as the Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme implemented by the CARICOM Secretariat, the Global Environment Facility. Of the total number of interventions Barbados represented 15% of interventions reported; Cuba 4%; Dominica 7%; Grenada 9%; Guyana 22%; Jamaica 17%; St Kitts/Nevis 4%; St Lucia 8% and Trinidad and Tobago 7%. Interventions which spanned the entire Caribbean and not attributed to any one country made up 7%. There were over 100 implementing Agencies involved during the period. Since 1999, there have also been a number of interventions which have been regional in scope (serving several groups of countries in the region) which have had some measure of impact on the countries. Of this number, some eleven (11) of them had, and still have as their objectives working with the countries on developing a sustainable energy path through different forms of renewables. There were another five (5) which looked at advancing the energy efficiency and energy conservation efforts of the countries and three dealt with Petroleum related issues.
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Among these interventions eight (8) were committed to focusing on development of Policy in the various countries; three (3) in the area of Finance; five (5) were Capacity building initiatives and three (3) focused on Awareness. Below is a list of regional interventions reported. Details can be found in the database on the CIPORE platform. 3.2 Regional interventions focusing on Renewable /Sustainable Energy 1. The Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII) 2000 present. 2. The Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme- Phase I 2002 to present. 3. The Sustainable Energy for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean 2003 2010. 4. GeoCaribes /Geothermal Phase I - Dominica, St Lucia and St Kitts and Nevis. 5. Preparation of a geothermal- based cross border electrical interconnection in the Caribbean. Dominica, St Lucia and St Kitts and Nevis. 6. The Renewable Energy in the Americas initiative 7. The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) 8. The Latin American and Caribbean Initiative for Sustainable Development 2006 -2007. 9. The Caribbean Energy Sustainable program OECS (2008 2010) IDB/CARILEC. 10. The Bioenergy in the Caribbean: supporting policy dialogue on sustainable energy services for SIDS through South South co-operation 2007 -2009 11. The Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative (SECCI) - 2009 Regional Interventions focussing with Energy Efficiency 1. The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) 2. The Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme Phase IIGTZ 2008 to present 3. The Caribbean Hotel Energy Efficiency Action Programme. (CHENACT) 2009.
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3.4
Regional Electricity and Petroleum initiatives. 4. Electricity reform in the OECS - World Bank. 5. PetroCaribe Government of Venezuela. 6. Regional electricity co-operation and integration in the Americas/Caribbean. 7. Energy efficiency in the Caribbean - UNDP/GEF/OLADE 2003 8. Cuban Energy Savings Light Bulb project- Government of Cuba Regional Interventions dealing with Policy 1. The Global Sustainable Energy Islands Initiative (GSEII). 2. C Phase I 2002 to present 3. The Sustainable Energy for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean. 4. The Latin American and Caribbean Initiative for Sustainable Development. 5. The Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) 6. The Bio-energy in the Caribbean. 7. The Caribbean Energy Sustainable Program (CSEP) 8. The Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative (SECCI)-2009. Regional Interventions dealing with Finance 1. Establishment of a Sustainable Energy Investment Fund- (SEIF) 2. Establishment of a Caribbean Renewable Energy Technical Assistance Facility (CRETAF) - CREDP. 3. The Caribbean Solar Financing Program (CSFP) Regional Interventions dealing with Capacity 1. The Caribbean Renewable Energy Technical Assistance Facility (CRETAF) 2. Technical and Vocational Qualification (TVET) for the Installation and Maintenance of Solar Hot Water Heaters. (CREDP). 3. The Caribbean Energy Sustainable Program (CSEP). 4. Caribbean Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency and Bio-energy Action Programme (CREBAP). 5. First Caribbean Sustainable Energy Forum (CSEF). Regional Interventions dealing with Information 1. Establishment of a virtual renewable energy demonstration centre, based on an actual project in SIDS. 2. Development of a network of professionals, companies and businesses to provide national leadership for sustainable energy. 3. Development of a renewable energy information platform.
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3.7
3.8
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4.0
IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS According to the results of the survey the nine countries have experienced positive impacts in the following areas:
4.1
Increased Capacity Training, certification, skills development, opportunities and experience are some of the positive impact of interventions. Specifically, these included technicians in the installation and operations of photovoltaic systems, hotel personnel in energy conservation techniques and efficient maintenance of plants as well as technicians and custom officers in refrigeration and AC refrigerants. Development of Associations of certified technicians as well as the implementation of good industrial practices to provide local support was also introduced. In some areas the technology developed was being used as models for learning. In particular, the Micro-hydro unit in St Lucia was being used to facilitate tours exposing students to career opportunities.
. Development of sectoral policies such as the Agro-energy policy in Guyana led to the development of biofuels infrastructure - in terms of finance, skills and institutional strengthening. 4.2 Social programmes PetroCaribe negotiations brought with it the financing of a number of Social programmes arising mainly from the deferred payments under the Agreement, as well as financial and non-financial instruments through the ALBA-Caribe Fund supporting some 48 social projects with investments estimated at $222 M. These programs are expected to see benefits in areas such as public health care, higher education, housing, transportation systems as well as cultural and sports activities. Savings According to the study, savings were experienced in electricity bills to consumers as a result of the change over from incandescent bulbs to compact fluorescent
4.3
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under the Cuban Light bulb project. Seven countries - St Lucia, Barbados, Cuba, Jamaica, Guyana, St Kitts,/Nevis, Dominica participated and benefitted from this project. Anticipated reduction and savings are expected for energy import costs for commercial entities when geothermal is realised in Nevis as well as the proposed Lamberts East Wind farm generating project with the anticipated displacement of fuel costs by $5.6 million per year from the project intervention. The Teacher Training College in Grenada also benefitted from savings in their electricity bill as a result of the PV installation. Under the PetroCaribe agreement security of supplies and stability in prices within a band are experienced when oil market prices are high thus leading to savings. . 4.4 Job creation Many interventions led to job creation both locally and internationally. Interventions which brought about job creation on the local scene included the Community based recycling program in Guyana which led to the employment of University students in the firm involved in solar energy equipment; the bagasse modernisation project which saw increased employment of persons in the sugar industry (1800 persons) in Guyana; the renewable energy systems design and energy conservation project in Barbados as well as the introduction of PetroCaribe which saw the formation of several local companies affiliated to the Venezuela PDVSA . There were also job opportunities for international experts and locals from interventions such as the CREDP, geothermal project in Nevis and the Cuban Light Bulb projects. Equipment/Technology A number of small number of equipment related to technology were introduced following some of the interventions. Jamaica saw the installation of a 20MW wind farm which is linked to the grid with potential for expansion. Grenada saw the development of a small 1.7kW photovoltaic system for the T Marryshow Teachers Training College primarily for training purposes but which is linked also to the grid, many experienced financial and technical recovery and recycling
4.5
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equipment for ozone from the Climate change project. Guyana benefited from and saw the generation of added sources of electricity (bagasse co-generation) 10mwh/day which is tied into the national grid. In addition, wastes from the distilleries were utilized. The commissioning of wind power plant is scheduled to take place in 2010 as well as the supply of geothermal energy to the grid with the signing of a Power purchase agreement with the utility in Nevis. A micro-hydro unit was installed in St Lucia leading to significant reduction in costs of electricity (diesel generation). 4.6 Policy/Plans/Regulation There has been a fair amount of activity taking place in this area over the past 10 years. Many energy committees have been formed to recommend and develop policies. Some have been prepared and accepted as drafts but most fail to reach the enactment stage. There is also a regional Energy task Force in place which has drafted a regional energy policy for review by the CARICOM Heads. There are plans afoot for the establishment of a sub-regional Electricity Regulation body in the Eastern Caribbean by the IDB which will help OECS countries observe standards and enforcement which would guarantee service quality in the electricity sector. Dominica has already established an Electricity Regulation body to observe standards and initiate enforcement. The OAS and UNDP Barbados are currently undertaking policy assessments and consultations in this area. Sustainable Energy Plans are in place for Grenada and Dominica and a draft has been prepared for St Kitts/Nevis. St Lucia implemented waivers for companies promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency and making it more attractive for use. 4.7 Improved quality of life
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With the introduction of some small renewable energy projects, Guyana in particular, benefited from improved quality of service /health care to rural communities through implementation photovoltaic systems leading to: o A lowering of incidence of vaccine preventable diseases. o Better immunisation coverage. o Improved health sanitation. Improvement was seen in the quality of life of women in the rural areas in targeted communities (Wowetto Region 9), through implementation of RE equipment: o Solar freezers to facilitate village shops. o Solar water pumps to provide irrigation for schools. o Solar lights. leading to increased economic wealth for the community. 4.8 Information/ Increased awareness Much knowledge was gained of the various countries RE potential for wind, geothermal etc., in terms of the quality and quantity of resource. This was obtained through the various resource assessments undertaken under the CREDP. The development and commissioning of a regional Information platform in Renewable Energy was also introduced under this program in an effort to facilitate easy access to information in this area. Increased awareness were cited many times throughout the survey from the various training and demonstration projects Micro-hydro to students in St Lucia, the use of biodiesel using vegetable oil as a source of fuel to students in Guyana, the Light Bulb projects in many countries, to name a few. 4.9 New Markets Expansion of new markets could be seen particularly in the Geothermal project which began in St Kitts/Nevis and saw expansions to Dominica, St Lucia and Saba indicating interest and further development in this area.
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4.10
Behavioural change Dominica experienced a shift in culture in the energy sector with the introduction of regulatory oversight. The Cuban light bulb project in most instances, led to the fostering of attitudinal changes through awareness of consumers of increased energy efficiency and energy savings equipment, in particular, bulbs. Income generation Many of the communities in Guyana benefitted from income generation as a result of the interventions. Some projects became eligible for carbon credits through the Clean Development Mechanism. Beneficiaries Beneficiaries of the many interventions included low income farmers of poor rural housing schemes, women in rural communities, patients in rural communities, private and public sectors, consumers, ESCOs, as well as the utilities.
4.11
4.12
5.0 5.1
GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT Policy The assessment survey shows that energy policies are still needed at the country level and where they exist are outdated and in dire need of updating to fall in line with the current global energy environment. In 1999 of the nine countries understudy, three countries, namely Jamaica, Guyana, and Barbados had policies in some form. To date, many of the countries have policies in some form of draft stages that are being upgraded this can be seen as some improvement. Where draft policies exist, however, according to respondents, many say that these are still seen as
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restrictive, outdated with unattainable goals which are not realistic and therefore may not be achieved despite numerous interventions by the Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Program (CREDP) among others, which specifically targeted policy development. According to feedback from the survey, this lack of energy policy is seen as a major gap that needs to be filled urgently. Lack of proper legislation and regulatory oversight has been cited by respondents as leading to a lack of coordination in the energy sector. This absence of a framework for guiding the overall energy sector development, according to survey results has left the Electric Utilities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs), in particular, to operate in an ad hoc fashion. It therefore makes it more difficult for IPPs to operate and Energy Services Companies (ESCOs) to develop. One suggestion is that this is due to cost constraints associated with proper grid side measures. Others feel that there is still too much dependency on fossil fuels rather than the other aspects of energy. There is, therefore, the need for greater emphasis on policies which would increase the average persons access to Renewable Energy and Energy efficiency. It must be noted that countries are at different stages of policy development- some have plans in place while others are working on their energy policies but targets have been set many have not even been endorsed. One gap identified was that the issue of net metering was not included in many of the policies so that consumers with RE and self supplies could sell to the grid in an effort to lower electrical demand at peak hours. Another gap was the need for encouragement of the use of natural light and ventilation in building codes to be articulated in the Policies. Some respondents also saw gaps in the policies and feel that energy policies should be linked to other sectoral policies such as housing, (solar water heaters in homes), agro-industry (solar crop dyers, pumps etc), health (photovoltaic systems in remote clinics) as many of the issues are all-encompassing. 5.1.1 Recommendations From the survey it is being recommended that:
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Policies need to be more bottom up rather than top-down in order to obtain the necessary buy in from all of the stakeholders. Plans need to move to energy policies so that greater weight could be put on them and targets could become more attainable. Governments should initiate the correct enabling environment which is still necessary to allow energy policies to be pursued and targets achieved. Specific areas within the policy should not only speak to Renewable Energy but also Energy Conservation and energy efficiency targets. These should also be incorporated into the national planning and budget of governments and should become a part of the national policy agenda.
5.2
Finance There is a general call for special facilities/windows to be put in place for the financing of energy projects in the region. It had been pointed out that the high interest rate regime in many of the countries and the lack of information on banks lending policy has led to low rate of commercial bank financing for RE and other energy projects. Experience therefore indicated that seeking funding via commercial means prove quite onerous and when pursued, had limited chances of success. As a result, developers have indicated that they were still looking for funding to finance their projects. Small property owners, guest houses and others also had difficulty finding funding necessary to meet the recommendations arising from energy audits and are seeking reasonable financing mechanisms. Government agencies have complained of continual budgetary cuts which prevented further expansion of energy, in particular, renewable energy. Funding was still being sought by students in lecture led projects in poor situations where projects are continuous.
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5.2.1
Recommendations One of the recommendations arising from the survey is that Governments need to look at increased budgetary allocation and funding from some kind of a National fund for energy to cover costs related to energy projects such as contracted expertise, research activities and tax incentives. Support/loans for energy related studies and different areas of development could also benefit if funds are invested wisely.
5.3
Capacity The survey results identify that there is still a huge dependency on the contracting of international expertise and relevant specialists even though there has been evidence of a build-up of regional/local capacity slowly and over time. However areas identified as gaps include the limited government capacity for energy policy analysis despite numerous interventions over the past ten years. With respect to energy efficiency, training continues to be identified as a necessity in the area of energy audits. More energy auditors are said to be needed to be trained so as to bring down the costs to the consumers. Some small property owners have expressed concern with the limited human resources at their disposal for project implementation which would contribute to businesses sustainability. There continues to be limited technical capability in the maintenance and servicing of photovoltaic equipment which is used in remote areas. Some initial training has been offered through agencies such as PAHO, UNICEF but this is not considered to be sufficient. There is still a need for international consultants to conduct relevant training courses notwithstanding the attendant high costs. A major gap was also cited in the structure and the way in which research, projects and research were conducted - Universities/Colleges have been left out of the process in many instances and not seen as being part of problem solving. There is a call for more programs for teachers together with Universities and government offices.
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5.3.1
Recommendations The results of the survey points to the need for training in both public and private sectors as well as Academia. Involvement of the Universities should continue well beyond the development of projects. This training should focus on the development of capacity, in particular, among government employees at various levels to enable them to: design regionally specific systems and produce them at local/regional rates. perform hands-on energy installations.
With respect to research it was felt that more emphasis should be placed on what is termed developmental research rather than much of the classical research which is currently being undertaken at the University/College levels and should relate more to the country/region rather than what takes place in the overseas environment.
Collaboration with other overseas knowledgeable groups in similar fields was seen to be important and in this way, could bolster local/regional training programs. The use of on-line training courses could be offered and could go a far way in cutting down the expenditure for travel. A wider local audience could participate and become involved. 5.4 Information/ Awareness Approximately 65% of respondents identified the need for greater awareness and sensitization programmes for the public. However, where persons were aware, it was felt that the capacity to effect changes was lacking.
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In many instances, there were no awareness campaigns in place to inform public on energy issues of importance to them particularly the issues relating to energy efficiency and conservation. This continues to be difficult as library facilities in many instances are non existent. Concerns were expressed that even while in this information age, persons were still not very willing to share information. A need has been identified for a meeting of experts to sensitise persons on the importance of sharing and making information available. This task can be undertaken by the Caribbean Energy Information System. 5.4.1 Recommendations Approximately 65% of respondents in the survey felt that greater energy awareness interventions were necessary. Many feel that a regional program which is properly co-ordinated can go a long way in changing the mindset of citizens and promote the use of renewable resources with which the region is endowed. A recommendation has been made for the selection of a major project (sector/residential/commercial) to educate and advise suppliers and manufacturers of energy efficient equipment and provide guidance.
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6.0
BARRIERS AFTER NEW INTERVENTIONS 2000 to 2009 From the information collated so far, the barriers which still exist at 2009 have been identified as follows:
6.1
Policy The issue of a lack of energy policies being in place continues to be a major barrier to energy development in the region. Respondents cited lack of experienced legal personnel in governments to draft policy, lack of use of scientific data for the creation of the policy and the absence of a regional body particularly among the OECS to regulate the various electricity sectors as some of the contributory factors. Specific barriers seen in this area included: Lack of incentives from government to facilitate the purchase and installation of renewable energy technologies. Limited Buy in from stakeholders with respect to the completion of energy policy. Slow Changes in traditional and cultural behaviour, especially among utilities. Inability to retain a skilled workforce required to build a modern low-carbon economy. Inadequate correlation and linkages of related institutions and policy framework. Lack of subsidies to support and promote non carbon energy generation.
6.2
Capacity While major strides have been made in the area of developing capacity in the various countries with some 40% of the interventions having been completed in this area, many continue to identify a lack of capacity particularly in the area of RE technologies and is summed up as:
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6.3
Limited technical and human capacity for conceptualisation, development and implementation of low carbon technologies. Finance
All countries identified a lack of adequate financing for initiatives as a barrier. 6.4 PetroCaribe Many barriers still exist in relation to negotiations with respect to the Petrocaribe issues. Reduction in the frequency of ships coming to the island with fuel was intended to reduce costs to some individual countries. However, government storage facilities were not in place in many of the countries hence had to rely on temporary private sector storage for fuel which still continue as there is no storage facility on the part of the government. As a result, costs remain basically the same as additional storage facilities for fuel are still needed. Construction of tanks which was designed for storage and to be funded by PDVSA Venezuela is also still outstanding. 6.5 New Equipment/Installation With respect to work on buildings (roof and electricals) poor infrastructure that had to be strengthened to allow installation of the PV systems was a barrier and caused delays to the projects. 6.6 Information Data Capture and collection Lack of Public Awareness Inadequate fibre optic and telecommunications capacity and infrastructure
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7.0 7.1
STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS Policy Energy policies that are bottom-up where stakeholders are consulted first and consensus reached before drafting are seen as important. Link sectoral policies to energy policies to provide guidance in terms of management, monitoring and evaluation. Provide incentives for the purchase and installation of equipment associated with renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. Set realistic targets and try to meet them so that reduction in petroleum dependency can take place.
7.2
New Equipment and Installation Enact appropriate building codes required among other things roofs designed for PV systems. Use wind-driven generators that can be dismantled in less than an hour as a requirement for wind equipment in order to withstand hurricane speeds.
7.3
Information Increase awareness /education for all, in particular, small hoteliers in the use of Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation. Sensitise persons to the importance and need for information flow. Implement legislation to ensure required data is captured and shared.
7.4
Capacity o Determine national requirements for developmental initiatives including human and technical capacity and match with training. o Continue training at teachers training colleges and for teachers in schools. o Improve the curriculum development as it relates to capacity building. o Introduce more hands-on and on-line training programmes.
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o Tailor training programmes to be more focused on developmental issues. 7.5 Social Programs Set up a permanent base in countries where persons can come in and exchange bulbs (incandescent for compact fluorescent) rather than trying to reach them in their homes.
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8.0 8.1
INTERVENTIONS STILL NEEDED BEYOND 2009 Policy o Creation of an enabling environment for energy through the creation of an energy policy. o Establishment of strong governance implementation, follow up and evaluation - with respect to energy development. New Equipment Installation o Introduction of a program to control the importation of energy efficiency equipment entering the countries. o Realisation of installation /establishment of a medium sized hydropower facility in Guyana to alleviate shortfall in energy supply. o Securing of more reliable renewable energy equipment for the health centre in remote areas. o Expansion of photovoltaic equipment program into more remote rural areas in Guyana.
8.2
8.3
Information An evaluation of the regional Phase out project and the extent to which consumers are more aware and are purchasing EE appliances. A training program which looks at the economic viability of PV systems. Implementation of awareness programs for energy conservation and energy efficiency and for sensitising the population to the importance of becoming energy conscious. The making of energy conservation as a way of life for the citizens.
8.4
Finance Funding of more courses in photovoltaic engineering and economics. Expansion of investments into bio-fuels, hydropower, wind farms and photovoltaic systems. More tax incentives for energy projects with environmental protection strategies to be initiated.
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8.5
More funding for promoting energy efficiency initiatives such as the use of energy saving appliances. Capacity Improvement in technicians through training, as regulations evolves. Greater input into the school curriculum in particular, tertiary institutions in order to build local capacity. A program to take research and ideas into the community by tertiary students in the Caribbean. Greater emphasis and training in micro-hydro-electric power generation and a need to work with watershed groups to meet this objective. Upgrading of the T Marryshow Teachers Training College to become a Centre for Solar energy research in Grenada.
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9.0
UNDP ASSISTANCE These areas were identified as needing UNDPs future intervention:
9.1
Finance Provide funding for sustainable livelihoods type projects. Facilitate access to investments/financing facilities. Create a Small Island Development fund for energy projects so as to remove the hurdles encountered with commercial banks. Provide funding and technical assistance to the small hotel sector to facilitate the change adopt recommended measures to energy efficiency. Policy Provide guidance to Ministries of Finance, Bureau of Standards and related agencies regarding the issue of taxes, incentives, standards as they relate to energy efficiency. Support efforts /negotiations for a RE development policy framework through more aggressive marketing of energy options to the countries. Provide guidance to government on how to implement more energy - friendly policies. Provide assistance in energy sector policy analysis and support for implementation of strategies. Finding ways of continuing with projects such as the Cuban Light Bulb to impact low income households. Capacity Assistance in the development of a dynamic and vibrant curriculum for an Associate/Undergraduate degree in Renewable Energy in Grenada. Support the building of technical and human capacity for policy reforms, RE and energy efficiency programmes. Awareness Facilitate access to agencies with related information that can guide successful implementation of related projects.
9.2
9.3

9.4
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Facilitate awareness programmes Energy Awareness week for example to aid in the change of mindset of consumers from fossil fuels to RE and energy efficiency. This could be a regional programme. Select one sub sector (residential, commercial, etc.) follow up with an intense education program regarding the suppliers/manufacturers of efficient energy equipment and the benefits to be gained from this type of equipment. Use the Latille micro-hydro project in St Lucia as a model to develop similar projects around the island and throughout the Caribbean.
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10. 10.1
CONCLUSION Phase I of this Impact Assessment study is primarily a qualitative one providing information on the status of the region and individual countries as they relate to energy development. It focussed only on nine countries and identified various interventions which have taken place over the past ten (10) years 1999-2008, both at the regional and national levels. It identified factors which have contributed to the kinds of positive impact which countries can experience as a result of energy interventions. 1999 was identified as the baseline year of the study and data was used as a reference point for the interventions to follow. Information was presented in the those countries on the energy conditions in 1999 as compared to 2009. Barriers to energy development were identified both before and after these interventions as well as areas anticipated for necessary further development. Over 300 interventions were reported on by the countries. Capacity building was one of the areas showing strong intervention overall during this period followed closely Policy and Finance as regional projects, in particular, clearly targetted these areas. However, ironically, these were the same areas ranking the highest when respondents were asked to identify issues needing new interventions and requiring UNDPs future assistance. One reason for this could be that when beneficiaries of Capacity Building become more exposed and knowledgeable about new technologies, they demand the means/resources with which to transform their acquired and new-found awareness and capacity into practical, tangible developmental outcomes. They also look to a structured framework with which their outcomes can be linked. There were a number of interventions which were either just beginning or being proposed and major benefits and impact were envisaged. There is no doubt that these energy initiatives will gain momentum overtime and could easily change the situation somewhat if realised, but it was too early to assess their impacts beyond the objectives stated. It must be noted that the timeframe and budget in Phase I did not permit for a complete assessment of the interventions which occurred. There is need for more work and in-depth analysis to be done some of which include: Expansion of regional scope to include remaining seven (7) countries.
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
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10.6
Completion of collection of petroleum data to 2009 to permit greater comparison on consumption patterns between 1999 and 2009. Identification of factors causing adverse impact. Collection of more detailed information on the financing associated with interventions. Development of tools to establish impact and benefits prior to the decisionmaking process on an intervention.
These will, however, come in the later phases - (Phase II and III) of the project where more in-depth research and appropriate tools (model, cost-benefit analyses, etc) will be applied.
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VOLUME II COUNTRY REPORTS
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1.0 1.1
BARBADOS Baseline conditions: Energy scenario up to 1999
Petroleum
During the baseline year of 1999, Barbados imported some 3,362,000 bbls of petroleum products costing 73.8 (US$ mill); even though it is an oil producer and partially satisfies its own oil and gas requirements. This energy expenditure represented 6.7% of total imports to the country and 5.8% from its foreign exchange earnings. Total installed capacity (diesel, steam turbines, and gas turbines) was 185.5MW in 1999. Electricity generated was in the order of 764.3 GWh.
Renewable Energy
There is high potential in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biofuels in Barbados. Up to 1999 some 33,000 solar water heaters were already installed on the island. The Barbados Light and Power Company (BLPC) had benefited by not having to produce the equivalent of about 19% of its 1998 production total. At the time, the 33,000 solar water heaters represented some 30 to 35 MW of electric generating capacity. Much work had already being done on the development of solar crop dryers, solar stills, and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The Government of Barbados collaborated with the Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) University of the West Indies to construct solar stills in every secondary school in the country in an effort to provide distilled water for use in science laboratories and for other purposes. There was also a major workshop held in 1999 on the operation of solar stills to give capacity building support. This initiative has been successful to the extent where the use of electric stills is almost a thing of the past. Two large scale solar dryers and a number of small scale dryers were in operation. Wind assessments were also being carried out with a view to installing a wind farm at Lamberts. Bagasse was being used mainly in sugar factories for cogeneration.
Energy efficiency
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There were limited interventions occurring in Barbados with respect to energy efficiency at the time. 1.1.1 Energy Interventions since 1999 Approximately forty (40) new energy interventions were identified for Barbados. Of this number, 80% were related to renewable energy, while the remaining 20% related to energy efficiency. All interventions benefited from international funds. These included the UNDP, European Investment Bank, Global Environmental Facility, the OAS and the World Bank, to name a few. Barbados continued to earn income from the sale of licences for exploration contracts in the oil and gas sector to multinationals and to benefit from this sector. Over 70,000 households have also benefited from natural gas which is piped to the homes for domestic use thus reducing dependence on domestic fuel imports. Barbados has estimated natural gas reserves of 141.4 million cubic metres but supplies are quickly being depleted and expected to run out in the next five to fifteen years. It has identified huge offshore potential but lacks the capital investments required for exploitation. It hopes to benefit from the proposed Trinidad and Tobago natural gas pipeline for additional gas supplies. With its onshore reserves dwindling, and becoming much more difficult to access, in recent times the government has turned its attention to focussing on renewable energy through its recent draft energy policy committing 30 % of the island's primary electricity to renewable energy by 2012. Currently, bagasse and solar water heaters contribute 15 percent of the island's primary energy supply and the government is looking to expand this to include wind energy and fuel cane production issues. Already there have been interventions such as the biodiesel from vegetable oil initiative in schools where business students are able to develop entrepreneurial skills from being involved in such energy-related projects. In an effort to explore the potential for solar photovoltaic systems and gain installation and operating experience, the Electric Utility Company also got involved in the installation of small photovoltaic systems. There are plans afoot for the implementation of wind farms and the introduction of wind energy into the energy mix. The government has recently signed an agreement with the Inter American Development Bank (IDB) that will assess the potential of renewable energy sources, adopt energy efficiency practices and look at the feasibility of bioenergy.
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It is hoped that this exercise would lead to the creation of a regulatory framework which would take the country along a path of sustainable energy. In regards to energy conservation and efficiency measures the government is looking to increase energy-efficiency by promoting energy efficient technologies and usage particularly in the public sector and public buildings. The feasibility of alternative fuels for transport is also being studied. 1.1.2 Impact of interventions 1999 -2009
Petroleum issues Income realisation from sale of exploration licences and exploration
contract. Exports of oil and gas.
Renewable Energy
Increased Capacity - Training and skills development opportunities and experience were gained during the installation and operations of photovoltaic systems project. Greater awareness was created among students in biodiesel as a fuel using vegetable oil as the source. Subject related training workshops for teachers of CXC/CAPE regional examinations. The community-based recycling project in Barbados at the Lester Vaughn Secondary School led to some measure of income generation.
Income realisation
1.1.3 Beneficiaries Students, private sector.
1.1.4 Barriers to interventions Much more investment was required than planned for equipment to set up the biodiesel plant. Many challenges were encountered in ensuring that all
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components were running effectively and able to process the raw materials to ensure complete and successful implementation. Lack of proper infrastructure (roof and electrical) to allow installation of PV systems thus causing delays to the PV project. Incentives needed from government to facilitate the purchase and installation of renewable energy technologies. Increased costs due to large capital investments in technology and infrastructure and on-going maintenance. Access and availability of affordable technologies and products.
1.1.5 Strategies to overcome barriers Ensure that appropriate infrastructure is in place for buildings which will be used for distributed PV electricity generation. Government incentives should be provided for the purchase and installation of renewable energy technologies. Provision of capital for large energy investments.
1.1.6 Lessons learnt from interventions

Objectives of intervention need to be realistic and country defined to increase country ownership. Specific needs to be addressed by the end of the intervention. Gains in installations and operating expenses.
1.1.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009 Despite the recent energy interventions, there continues to be a call in Barbados for strong energy policy which is needed to guide the energy mix of the country. There is also a call for more community-based initiatives. More specifically interventions are needed in the following regard: Policy There is still a need to reduce the level of dependence on fossil fuels Integrate technically and economically proven alternative energy sources into the energy mix of Barbados Light and Power Company (BLPC).
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Capacity - Reduce dependency on imported energy by building more capacity in renewable energy technologies.
1.1.8 UNDP assistance Policy - Facilitate the development of a national development energy policy in Barbados. Awareness - Advertise for community-based initiatives because many communities do not know that funding exists until the project concept has been shelved.
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1.2
CUBA
1.2.1 Baseline interventions: Energy scenario up to 1999
Petroleum
During the baseline year of 1999, Cuba imported some 48,261.9 bbls of petroleum products costing 1002.77 (US$ mill). Total installed capacity (gas, oil, hydropower, sugarcane biomass and fuelwood) was 4284.3MW. Electricity generated was in the order of 14,492.2GWh. Cuba has a growing energy demand fuelled by population and economic growth. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency report, Cuba: A Country Profile on Sustainable Energy Development, only since 1999, did gas begin to play a considerable role in the total primary energy supply (TPES). Prior to that it was dominated by oil and biomass.
Renewable Energy
Cuba had benefited from programme activities approved by Parliament, such as in 1993 where the extended use of hydropower, waste-based energy sources, solar energy, wind energy and biogas were supported. Up to 1999 over 4,500 solar water heaters were installed in schools, hotels and hospitals on the island. Several photovoltaic systems were installed mainly in the health and education centres. The exploitation of this resource was relatively low at the time. A demonstration project was also in place for wind energy. More than 6,000 wind turbines/windmills were being used for water pumping. Bagasse was being used mainly in sugar factories, efforts were made to increase efficiency in this area. Several micro/mini hydropower plants were scattered throughout the island.
Energy efficiency
Cuba had also benefited from programme activities approved by Parliament. In 1993 the higher efficiency in the use of bagasse in the sugar industry to allow
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the industry to provide itself with its energy requirements and to increase the electricity delivered to the National Electric System (NES) was supported. 1.2.2 Energy Interventions since 1999 By 2009, Cuba had made significant strides in the development of its energy sector. During the period 1999 to 2009 there were several new energy interventions under Cubas Energy Revolution- La Revolucion Energetica. There is a super program which now encompasses distributed power, electric tariff adjustment, and energy efficiency for domestic appliance, domestic refrigerator change, and lighting home efficiency improvement. Alongside this are several nationwide awareness programmes to support these initiatives. Other initiatives include wind parks, hydro-power stations and the PetroCaribe Agreement. Most related to renewable energy, but more so on energy efficiency and education which Cuba feels is the first step in any successful energy revolution. All interventions benefited from strong government support and some international funding from countries such as China, India as well Venezuela through the PetroCaribe Agreement. The interventions ranged from energy efficiency and conservation, technical assistance, increasing the availability and reliability of the national electric grid, incorporating more renewable energy technologies into the energy portfolio; increasing the exploration and production of local oil and gas; and greater international cooperation and export of skills to the Caribbean under the Cuban Light Bulb Project. 1.2.3 Impact of interventions 1999 - 2009
Petroleum issues
Policy/Regulation New residential electrical tariff structure. Upgrade of electricity infrastructure (posts, cables etc.) Greater installed capacity. All led to stability in electricity distribution. Capacity Training workshops. Savings Reduction in oil imports as a result of all the interventions.
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Renewable Energy
Behavioural change - Culture change in the energy sector. Increased Capacity - Training and skills development experience in installation and operations of hydro-electricity, wind and photovoltaic systems leading to reduced dependency on fossil fuels. New Technology/equipment - Establishment of wind farms and hydroelectricity plants in various parts of Cuba. New markets - Hosting of study tour of Cuba energy installations for Caribbean energy professionals. Job creation - Creation of jobs locally as a result of expansion in RE infrastructure. Increased Information Identification of Wind resource assessments in more than 30 regions. Awareness Energy efficient awareness programs for the public to give support to the fossil fuel reduction effort. New markets/job creation - Skills export to the Caribbean under the Cuban Light Bulb Project. Reduction in millions of tons of carbon emissions as a result of the super energy project.
Energy efficiency

Contribution to climate change
1.2.4 Beneficiaries Public sector, private sector, average consumer. 1.2.5 Barriers to interventions Hurricane damage to installed wind equipment.
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1.2.6 Strategies to overcome barriers The acquisition of wind-driven generators that can be dismantled at short notice 1.2.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009 New Technology/Equipment More technology and equipment for further expansion of wind farms in other parts of Cuba as current projects are only providing a small fraction of RE requirements.
1.2.8 UNDP assistance Finance/Capacity - Funding for future training and wind and hydroelectric projects.
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1.3 1.3.1 Baseline conditions to 1999
DOMINICA
Dominica is one the few countries in the Caribbean that is not largely dependent on fossil fuels as acording to the Dominica Electricity Companys recent Annual Report, 43.4% of total electricity generation was from hydropower. This was primarily the focus of the government of the day as it sought to develop its hydropower resources to the fullest.
Petroleum
Dominica imported some 272,000 bbls of petroleum products in 1999 costing 7.6 (US$ M)); this energy expenditure represented 6.2 % of total imports to the country and 4.9% of foreign exchange earnings. The total installed capacity was 18.7MW of which approximately 8MW was being generated from hydropower (approximately 43.4%) of total electricity generation. Total electricity generation was 74.6GWh.
Renewable Energy
There was one solar energy manufacturing company - Marinor Enterprises Ltd which produced solar water heaters for both the local and export markets. There were a few PV systems installed on the island. In 1999 wind farms were non-existent on the island. Biogas was the most popular biomass application.
Energy Efficiency
There was very little documentation relating to energy efficiency efforts at that time. 1.3.2 Energy Interventions since 1999 During the period since 1999, Dominica made some moderate strides in the area of energy policy with the development of a Sustainable Energy Plan which was completed in 2003. Technical assistance was provided by from the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Climate Institute in Washington under the Global Sustainable Island Imitative (GSEII). Follow up work continues in this area.
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Dominica also has a large geothermal potential and by 2005, a draft Geothermal Bill was produced again in collaboration with the OAS. Also in the same year, the PetroCaribe Agreement was signed leading to the introduction of the company PDV Dominica. This initiative saw expansion in the local petroleum market with new jobs being created. Much emphasis was placed on regulation and oversight in the electricity sector with the introduction of the Independent Regulatory Commission. This led to greater care on the part of the utilities in observing the regulatory procedures, particularly in dealing with customer complaints. Three major interventions are currently underway, including, the Improved Governance and Management being implemented by the OAS and the Geothermal-based Cross Border Interconnection being led by the European Commission. The Government is also making plans to pursue the exploration of its geothermal energy resource through the efforts of West Indies Power Company, the Agence Francaise de Development (AFD) and the French Global Environmental Fund (FFEM). It plans to establish a Project Management Unit to oversee the implementation of the geothermal development programme and will be sourcing technical assistance for this implementation. Currently the Government is in talks with the West Indies Power Holdings (Nevis-based) for the exploration of geothermal energy and the construction of a 15MW geothermal plant. Overall there were twenty-one (21) interventions reported for Dominica which were all internationally funded. 1.3.3 Impact of interventions 1999 2009 The petroleum related interventions included the PetroCaribe initiative and the OECS based proposed Electricity Regulation initiative. The RE initiatives included the CREDP and two geothermal based projects. There were two energy efficiency initiatives which included the Light Bulb Efficiency and the Terminal Phase Out projects. Dominica saw a culture change in the energy sector and saw progress being made since 1999 in several areas as follows:
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Petroleum issues
Policy/Regulation - Establishment of an electricity regulation body in Dominica leading to the observation and enforcement of standards which guarantee service quality. The development of an Energy Plan to guide its energy activities. Social programmes - Several social programmes arising from PetroCaribe Agreement were implemented to the benefit of Dominicans. Behavioural change - Culture change in the energy sector, particularly the utilities, as a result of regulatory oversight. Increased Capacity - Training and skills development opportunities and experience with respect to development of a geothermal energy infrastructure. Information Increased knowledge of the countrys geothermal potential quality and quantity of resource. Information/capacity - Subject related training workshops for teachers of CXC and CAPE regional examinations. Capacity - Trained and certified technicians and Custom Officers in refrigeration, AC refrigerants and retrofitting. Development of an Association of Certified Technicians to provide local support. Development of good industrial practices to support this effort.
Renewable Energy
Energy efficiency

Climate change mitigation as a result of the introduction of Terminal Phase Out management plan. 1.1.4 Beneficiaries Students, public sector, private sector.
1.1.5 Barriers to interventions Incorporation of the Dominica Association of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (DARAC) Technicians- took two years to complete.
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1.1.6 Strategies to overcome barriers Make the process of incorporation of agencies less tedious and time consuming. 1.1.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009 Capacity - Improvement in technicians through training as regulations technologies evolve. Greater input into the school curriculum in particular, tertiary institutions in order to build local capacity. Awareness - A program of the evaluation of the Terminal Phase Out project in Dominica and the extent to which consumers are more aware and are purchasing EE appliances.
UNDP assistance Finance/Capacity - Funding for future training programmes including the Terminal Phase Out of other substances.
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1.4
GRENADA
1.4.1 Baseline conditions: Energy scenario up to 1999 Grenada, like many other Caribbean countries, is 100% dependent on fossil fuels for its economic development. In 1999, imports of petroleum products were in the order of some 516,200 bbls costing 14.8 (US$ mill); this energy expenditure represented 8% of total imports to the country and 6.2% of its foreign exchange earnings. Total installed capacity was 27.7MW of which 122.2GWh was generated. The Grenada Electricity Company is the sole and exclusive generator and distributor of electricity.
Petroleum
Renewable Energy
Hospitals and hotels had solar water heating systems installed on their premises. A few homes also enjoyed this facility. Solar dryers were being used primarily for the drying of nutmegs and mace. Assessments of wind potential were being carried out throughout but in particular Carriacou. There was no hydropower infrastructure. A geothermal study was being carried out at the time.
Energy efficiency
There was very little documentation relating to energy efficiency efforts at that time. 1.4.2 Energy Interventions since 1999 Grenada reported some twenty-seven (27) energy interventions during the period 1999 to 2009. Of this 60 % were RE based, 20% were petroleum based and 10 % were energy efficiency-based. Apart from the CREDP and the Global Sustainable Energy Initiative GSEII), all other initiatives took place between 2006 and 2008. Many of these initiatives are ongoing. Steps have been taken to put in place some kind of overall framework for energy development in Grenada. This work began with the introduction of the Sustainable Energy Plan supported by the OAS and the US based Climate Change centre in 2003. Since then Grenada has been the first country to introduce an electricity interconnection policy and is eager to follow this up with an energy policy which is currently being worked on. Ongoing discussions with stakeholders are a part of this process.
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Survey respondents were loud in their acclamation for an energy policy for Grenada which is seen as badly needed to guide energy developments. Grenada signed on to the PetroCaribe Agreement in 2005 and enjoys the preferential terms to buy fuel under the PetroCaribe Accord. It received its first batch of petroleum products in 2007. It has also benefited from a number of social programs negotiated under this initiative. As is the case with several other Caribbean countries, many types of fallout have been seen as they relate to the PetroCaribe negotiations and there have been calls in Grenada for improved measures. With respect to capacity building, there appears to be much scope for development programs at the TMarryshow Teachers Training College and there is a call for increased capacity building for lecturers and students there as it relates to Renewable Energy. Many lessons have been learnt with respect to negotiations with their introductory RE installations which have been cited. The US based University has also benefited from PV installations. Renewable energy options for Grenada include wind, geothermal, biomass and solar energy. The most promising of these is wind energy with the island of Carriacou presenting a prime site for wind energy installations. Funding is continually being sought. A new German based solar energy company GRENSOL has been established on the island and is currently installing photovoltaic energy units in homes and other buildings. Some fifty (50) installations can readily be seen across the island. However, not much progress appears to have been made in the area of conservation and energy efficiency since the hospitals intervention before 1999 and there are calls for more awareness programs and initiatives in this area. The interventions have impacted in the following ways: 1.4.3 Impact of interventions 1999 2009
Petroleum issues
Social programmes Several social programmes arising from PetroCaribe Agreement were implemented to the benefit of Grenadians in the areas of health education, etc.
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Savings Savings have been identified through better payment arrangements by way of the PetroCaribe Agreement. Job creation The introduction of PDV Grenada Ltd through the PetroCaribe initiative as well as the expansion in the activities of the local shipping industry led to the creation of jobs locally. New Equipment/Technology The development of a 1.7kW photovoltaic system for the Teacher Training College which is linked to the grid has seen the introduction of new equipment. Savings - Savings have been experienced with respect to a reduction in the electricity bill for the TMarryshow Teachers Training College with the introduction of the PV system intervention as well as several other individual systems for households. Capacity - Subject related training workshops for teachers of CXC/CAPE regional examinations. Equipment/Technology -. Financial and technical recovery and recycling equipment for ozone from the Terminal Phase Out intervention. The development of a sustainable Energy Plan for Grenada resulted from the GSEII intervention and which formed the basis for a draft energy policy. The development of an electricity interconnection policy.
Renewable Energy

Contribution to Climate change
Policy/Plan
1.4.4
Beneficiaries Students, utilities, public sector.
1.4.5 Barriers to interventions Failure of all Caribbean governments to have a unified approach in dealing with the benefits of PetroCaribe.
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Reduction in Freight and shipping benefits stymied because it required quantities of fuel to be shipped all at once to all the countries which had signed on to the agreement for this to be worthwhile. But unfortunately not all the countries were ready at the same time. Government not having adequate storage facility to store fuel from Venezuela. Lack of buy-in from stakeholders in the early stages with respect to the completion of energy policy. Reluctance to change traditional and cultural behaviour with respect to energy consumption patterns. Poor infrastructure for data capture and collection. Lack of public awareness of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and the benefits.
1.4.6 Strategies to overcome barriers Awareness and sensitization of key decision and policy makers throughout the Caribbean on issues common to all countries ahead of any negotiations with a foreign intervention. Build additional storage capacity for governments. Revisit freight and shipping benefits when all countries are on board. Development of an energy policy for Grenada to guide the energy mix.
1.4.7 Barriers remaining despite interventions Limited buy-in needed from stakeholders with respect to the completion of energy policy. Change needed in traditional and cultural behaviour. Difficulty in data capture and collection. Lack of public awareness.
1.4.8 Interventions needed beyond 2009 Policy - Under PetroCaribe, Government should intervene in the market to include additional products such as aviation gasoline for the Aviation industry and LPG for the cooking gas market.
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Policy - A program is necessary to control the importation of energy efficiency equipment entering the island. Government should set and meet targets which would lead to reduction in petroleum dependency as a result of this energy efficiency intervention. Capacity - There is need for a training program which looks at the economic viability of PV systems. Focus should be placed on programs which could commercialize project research and ideas where feasible. TMarryshow Teachers Training College should be elevated to become a Centre for solar energy research in Grenada.
1.4.9 Lessons learnt Negotiations with PetroCaribe: Awareness meetings and discussions should take place before any formal intervention. In this way policy makers would be more prepared for and be more sensitive to issues ahead of negotiations. Continuous review of quotas originally assigned under the PetroCaribe agreement. Need to move to 100% - full supply of products under agreement. Currently this is fixed at about 60% of demand in most countries.
1.4.10 UNDP assistance beyond 2009 Awareness Selection of one sub sector (residential, commercial, etc) and follow up with an intense education program regarding the suppliers/manufacturers of efficient energy equipment and the benefits to be gained from the information. Policy Provision of guidance to Ministries of Finance, Bureau of Standards and related agencies regarding the issue of taxes, incentives, standards as they relate to energy efficiency. Capacity - Assistance in development of a dynamic vibrant curriculum for an Associate/Undergraduate degree in Renewable Energy in Grenada.
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1.5
GUYANA
1.5.1 Baseline conditions/Energy scenario up to 1999 The economy of Guyana is highly dependent on the importation of fossil fuels with more than 40% of its GDP spent on these imports. In 1999 Guyana imported petroleum products totalling 4,140,500 bbls costing 99.69 (US$ M): this energy expenditure represented 18.4% of total imports to the country and 19.7% from its foreign exchange earnings. Total electricity generation was 444.4GWh with a total installed capacity of 300.4MW. Peak demand was 74MW.
Petroleum
Renewable Energy
The capacity exists for a number of hydro-power projects (over 7000MW) as identified in assessments of its potential. There are also wind and solar projects in Guyana. However up to 1999 solar water heaters were almost non-existent. Some photovoltaic energy systems were being used to provide power to health clinics in rural areas. Small windmills could also be found in the inland savannah areas, even though many were ad hoc in distribution and not connected to the grid. Biomass from sugar, wood, rice wastes was extensively being used. Biogas was also popular around the rural farm folk. Hydropower potential from the many rivers and falls was assessed and being examined. A small hydropower scheme (500kw) was implemented at the Moco Moco Creek and plans were underway for other such installations.
Energy Efficiency
This area had sporadic attempts at energy conservation initiatives, but these were low-keyed and suffering primarily from interruptions due to lack of funding. 1.5.2 Energy Interventions since 1999 Guyana had a very busy time implementing its forty-seven (47) interventions reported on since 1999, Funding was received for these initiatives from the governments of China, India, Venezuela, Canada as well as international agencies such as UNDP, GEF, OAS, IDB, ECLAC, CIDA and regional agencies such as Delta Caribbean.
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Much impact could be seen in the RE interventions (solar pumps, PV lights, freezers) relating to several targeted low income communities women and social groups in the rural areas. Many were able to engage in economic activities and become self-employed because of these interventions which led to income realisation and ultimately a higher standard of living. These interventions utilized a revolving loan fund mechanism system. Many other Caribbean countries could learn from this Guyanese experience. The Health sector, in particular, got some much needed additional PV installations to support its health care in the rural regions. Solar traffic lights were also installed in specific areas in the country replacing incandescent bulbs thereby experiencing savings. A wind feasibility study was also done in 2003 to examine the possibility of approximately 10MW of power. Construction of this project is expected to be completed by year 2010. This initiative is still ongoing. A new hydropower project the Amaila Falls hydroelectric was introduced meanwhile the Moco Moco Hydro power station which was around in 1999 remained dormant. There was also an attempt to move the biofuels infrastructure along with the introduction of an Agro-energy policy. With respect to petroleum related issues - some benefits have accrued in the area of social programmes resulting from the PetroCaribe negotiations between Venezuela and Guyana. Plans are also in place to build a crude oil refinery in Guyana. This is expected to lead to wealth creation as well as to the generation of jobs for approximately 1000 persons. Institutional responsibilities for the energy sector even though led in some way by the Office of the Prime Minister, continue to be broadly dispersed between a number of publics, making coordination of energy related policies, programmes and initiatives challenging. Below are the specific interventions that created impact on Guyana over the past ten years.
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1.5.3 Impact of energy interventions 1999 2009
Petroleum issues
Social programmes - Several social programmes arising from PetroCaribe Agreement were implemented. Savings - better payment arrangements by way of the PetroCaribe agreement. Increased Capacity - Advancement of biofuels infrastructure in terms of finance, skills and institutional strengthening arising from the Agroenergy policy. Subject related training workshops for teachers of CXC/CAPE regional examinations. New Equipment/technology Several photovoltaic systems were installed around the country. Generation of added sources of electricity (bagasse co-generation in the sugar industry) 10mwh/day - to be tied into the national grid. Increased Awareness - Greater environmentally friendly response to use of distillery wastes from the Distillery Wastewater Treatment and biogas generation intervention. Improved quality of life - Improved quality of service /health care to rural communities through implementation of RE leading to: o A lowering of incidence of vaccine preventable diseases. o Better immunisation coverage. o Improved health sanitation. Improvement in the quality of life of low income farmers in targeted communities through implementation of RE leading to: o Solar freezers to facilitate village shops. o Solar water pumps to provide irrigation for schools. o Solar lights, radios. Income realisation: Major sources of income to targeted communities. Job creation - Employment of university students in firms involved in solar energy equipment. Increased employment of persons in the sugar industry (1800 persons). Income realisation - Eligibility of projects for carbon credits through CDM.
Renewable Energy

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1.5.4 Beneficiaries Low income farmers of targeted communities. Women in rural communities. Private sector, public sector, consumers, patients in rural communities.
1.5.5 Barriers to interventions Lack of subsidies to support and promote non-carbon energy generation. Limited technical and human capacity for conceptualisation, development and implementation of technologies. Inability to retain a skilled workforce required to build a modern low-carbon economy. Lack of training for electrical contractors involved with the many RE initiatives. Lack of awareness among private commercial businesses regarding RE and energy efficiency. Lack of awareness of projects by University students and lecturers. Inadequate correlation of institutional and policy framework between various conservation and energy reduction/low carbon development. Bureaucracy, bottle-necks and lack of transparency. Increased monitoring and follow-up of energy projects after implementation.
1.5.6 Strategies to overcome barriers Greater awareness/education of all in the use of alternative energy. Budget for energy efficiency research. Integrate the health, forestry conservation, etc with energy management, monitoring and evaluation. Program of sensitisation of persons on the importance of information flows. Legislation for data capture. Need to determine national requirements for developmental initiatives including human and technical capacity and match with training. Reduce bureaucracy and bottlenecks in the energy sector. Implementation of a training program for installers and electrical contractors.
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1.5.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009 Equipment/Technology - Realisation of installation/establishment of a medium sized hydropower facility in Guyana to alleviate shortfall in energy supply. More reliable renewable energy equipment for the health centre in remote areas. Expansion of new equipment program into more remote rural areas in Guyana. Greater use of biomass from distillery wastes to generate electricity. Capacity - Training of a wider cadre of persons involved in the energy sector. More training needed in photovoltaic engineering and economics. Finance - Expansion of investments in biofuels, hydropower, wind farms and photovoltaic systems. Information - Implementation of more awareness programs for energy conservation and energy efficiency. Policy - Establishment of strong governance with respect to support of low carbon development. Tax incentives for energy projects with environmental protection potential.
1.5.8 UNDP assistance beyond 2009 Capacity - Funding of a pool of regional experts from which project planning and scientific knowledge can be accessed. Support the building of technical and human capacity for policy reforms for low carbon development. Finance - Provide funding for more sustainable livelihoods community projects. Facilitate access to investments/financing facilities. Policy - Support Guyanas efforts /negotiations for an upgrade of its development policy framework. Awareness - Support for more aggressive marketing of the energy options to the country. Facilitate access to agencies with related information that can guide successful implementation of related projects.
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1.6
JAMAICA
1.6.1 Baseline conditions - Energy scenario up to 1999 The energy sector in Jamaica is dominated by imported petroleum, which meets over 90% of the nations needs. In 1999, Jamaica imported petroleum products some 22,853,100 bbls of petroleum products costing 422.04 (US$ mill); this energy expenditure represented 14.5% of total imports to the country and 13% from its foreign exchange earnings. Total electricity generation was 3193.6 GWh with a total installed capacity of 662.7MW.
Petroleum
Renewable Energy
Some eight (8) hydropower units were already installed and some twenty-five (25) photovoltaic installations were already in place for street lighting. Solar water heaters as well as solar dryers for fruits were also being utilised. A small 225 KW wind system was introduced at Munro College in 1996, initially selling to the grid, however this system has since encountered technical problems and by 1999 no longer provided supplies to the grid. For the period 1996 to 1998, ten new digesters were constructed while five digesters were repaired. Over 150 assessments were carried out.
Energy efficiency
Energy conservation and demonstration projects created awareness in the public domain. In 1996, the Jamaica Bureau of Standards had the Energy Efficiency Building Code (EEBC), developed in 1992, declared a voluntary national standard. This EEBC represented the first effort at producing an energy efficient building code in Jamaica and the Caribbean. High electricity bill prices have also been a good motivator for consumers to cut back on demand for use. 1.6.2 Energy interventions since 1999 Sixty-two energy interventions were reported as having taken place in Jamaica with funding provided by UNDP, The Government of Jamaica, PCJ and USAID, to name a few.
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With respect to interventions relating to Petroleum the Electric Utility Company, JPSCo, was privatized with 80% ownership transferred to the overseas Mirant Corporation of Atlanta, USA in 2001. Following this, the generation side of electricity became fully liberalized in 2004 with independent power providers now accounting for 30% of electricity generation. A feasibility study was conducted on the introduction of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to the Jamaican market for use primarily in the electricity and bauxite sectors. The study was funded by the international community. Jamaica has phased out lead from gasoline as well as methyl tertiary butyl either (MTBE) as an octane enhancer in gasoline and established a new set of vehicle emission standards. This has significantly reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, it has replaced MTBE with ethanol creating E10: a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline. Alongside this were efforts aimed at diversification of the energy portfolio through Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Oil and gas exploration are also ongoing. However, the predominant petroleum- based intervention has been the PetroCaribe Agreement. A number of programmes have been supported by this intervention and, to date, thirteen (13) Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency projects have been submitted to Venezuela for approval. Overall the share of renewable energy in the energy supply mix increased by 2009. Several assessments have been conducted for biofuels, solar, hydro-power and wind. A 20.7 MW wind farm was developed in 2001 at Wigton, Manchester. Government rehabilitated six of the mini-hydro plants, which were privatized to the utility company, and now account for 22 MW of capacity to the system. Two demonstration photovoltaic schemes supplying non-grid electricity to 45 homes in deep rural Jamaican communities have been established. In 2005, a US$10 million ethanol plant was commissioned and re-commenced production and export of fuel ethanol to the USA, using Brazilian feedstock. The Office of Utilities Regulation (OUR) also continued to play a role in overseeing various requests for proposals for incorporation of Renewable Energy in the energy mix such as waste to energy. With respect to Capacity building - a Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE) was established in 2006 to ensure that Jamaica will regularly implement new ideas in renewable energy. The Physics Department of the University of the West Indies at Mona Campus also introduced undergraduate courses in Solar Power; Wind & Hydro Power; and Integrating Alternative Energy.
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On the information front, the Caribbean Information Platform on Renewable Energy (CIPORE), an information and communication system for the exchange of Renewable Energy information for the region was developed. It will provide information on renewable energy projects for the thirteen participating Caribbean territories. With respect to policy, government facilitated the expansion of this industry through concessions such as reduction of import duty from 30% to 5% on all RE equipment and zero rating for GCT on renewable energy equipment. In financing the energy program, the government approved an initial allocation of US$10 million to establish the Energy Fund to finance renewable energy, energy conservation and efficiency projects. In addition, The National Housing Trust (NHT) is offering Solar Water Heater (SWH) loans of up to $100,000. Costs for a SWH unit begin at $75,000 for a family of four with payback expected within two to three years. Water heating currently accounts for up to 30 per cent of a domestic light bill. In the area of Energy Conservation and Efficiency, GCT exemptions were introduced on over 30 items to increase energy efficiency and conservation and there are energy efficiency programmes for schools and hospitals. A draft Energy Building Code to guide energy efficiency and conservation in building designs has been prepared and will now be subjected to review by the relevant stakeholders before promulgation. Energy efficiency measures were introduced at four hospitals and energy audits conducted at five. Under the Cuban Light Bulb program, four (4) million compact fluorescent light bulbs were distributed to Jamaican households. The Government expected to earn J$160 million in carbon credits for this initiative. 1.6.3 Impact of interventions 1999 2009
Petroleum issues
Savings - The introduction of ethanol blended fuel to reduce the imported oil bill. Social programmes - Social programmes arising from PetroCaribe Agreement. Job creation -Energy line of credit established through Development Bank of Jamaica from PetroCaribe fund for energy projects.
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Policy
Policy Development including National Energy Policy and National Carbon Emissions Trading. Task Force established to develop Jamaicas position on Carbon emissions trading and on biofuels development.
Renewable Energy
New Equipment/Technology Introduction of wind farm at Wigton. Refurbishing of hydro plants. Photovoltaic schemes introduced in rural homes. Commissioning of ethanol plant. Installation of Photovoltaic street lights. Capacity Curriculum development in educational system up to tertiary level. Build capacity in renewable energy technologies. Introduction of Centre of Excellence in Renewable Energy. Introduction of Undergraduate program at UWI Mona.
Energy Efficiency
New Equipment/Technology- Replacement of T12 fluorescent tubes with T8 tubes and replacing magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts in hospitals and schools or some institutions like the Scientific Research Council. Savings - one energy efficiency programme has projected cost saving for schools involved at US$3,591,464 per year. Increased Awareness - Youths being more knowledgeable and aware of energy conservation and environmental facts. Promotion of energy conservation energy saving devices benefit from duty concessions. Cost Reduction Committees in some government agencies and departments. Energy Sensitization Programmes.
1.6.4 Beneficiaries Consumers, students, public sector, private sector, policy makers. 1.6.5 Barriers to interventions
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The proposed PV systems for schools will be grid tied without energy storage solutions and therefore are dependent on the development of net metering policy and legislation to support implementation. Funding Lack of detailed and up-to-date information for determining renewable energy projects Lack of timely implementation of energy sector plans and projects Low level of adaptation of new energy technologies Lack of consensus or certainty on long-term future of energy sector Slow development of renewable energy resources Weak enforcement powers of regulatory agencies Importation and use of energy-inefficient motor vehicles Delays in policy decisions regarding diversification of fuel sources and timely implementation of projects.
1.6.6 Strategies to overcome barriers Capacity Building for public and private sector representatives. Renewable fuel technologies for motor vehicles and high demand for renewable fuels (ethanol) in the United States to support ethanol industry in Jamaica. Use ability to earn carbon credits in under the Kyoto Agreement to push for development of renewable energy sources. Put in place legal and regulatory framework to encourage international interest in energy investments in Jamaica. Favourable relations with energy-rich countries in CARICOM, the Caribbean and other regions.
1.6.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009
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Creating an appropriate policy framework and a legal regulatory regime within which a RE industry will flourish with considerations to incentive schemes, affordable project/programme financing, research and development support as well as local technical capability and demand for new products. Development of Bio-fuels Policy and Action Plan aimed at Bio-fuels Policy. Support More research with Solar and Photovoltaics. Identify more sites for Wind Farms or for expanding. Promotion of energy efficiency and conservation for large and small consumers through demand side management programmes Assessments to inform the diversification of the energy supply mix to build a green economy. Studies and consultations with stakeholders on taxation on petroleum fuels and inefficient energy devices. Capacity building programmes to implement energy conservation in public sector. Assistance with legislation development to support energy efficiency A relevant and sustained public energy information programme and information database. An energy information clearing house Incentives for solar water heaters and solar lights Resource assessments of natural resources Standards and procedures development through an incentives program in energy efficiency Development of efficient and low cost renewable plants with a size of 15MW or more. Inventory development of all potential sources of wind, solar and renewable technologies and ranked according to their economics with full economic impact analysis.
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Strategy developed for 15MW or less renewable energy plants that will be built on a no-objection basis based on opportunity cost and negotiable premium cap and obtained on a competitive basis through the OUR. Introduce bio-diesel and ethanol blends to replace methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) as a fuel additive. Encourage energy research, development and implementation of qualified renewable energy projects. Promote strategic partnerships between the public and private sectors to finance and develop energy diversification projects.
1.6.8 UNDP assistance beyond 2009 Facilitate funding opportunities for the solar or photovoltaic industry Funding to support capacity building programmes Technical assistance, where necessary
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1.7
ST. KITTS/NEVIS
1.7.1 Baseline conditions - Energy scenario up to 1999
Petroleum
The energy sector in St. Kitts & Nevis is dominated by imported petroleum products, which meet all of the Federations needs. In 1999, St. Kitts & Nevis imported petroleum products totalling 310,900 bbls of petroleum products costing 7.8 (US$ mill); this energy expenditure represented 5.8% of total imports to the country and 5.4% from its foreign exchange earnings. Total electricity generation on the island of St Kitts was in the order of 96.7 GWh with Nevis adding another 29.7GWh. Total installed capacity of the twin island state was 35.3 MW.
Renewable Energy
PV systems were in use for rural installations as well as for some householders. Wind assessments were being conducted on various sites. Bagasse was the sole biomass source for the electricity generation in sugar factories.
Energy efficiency There was very little documentation relating to energy efficiency efforts at that time. 1.7.2 Energy Interventions since 1999 The Federation of St Kitts/Nevis is one island that has made tremendous strides in its energy sector in the Caribbean. Geothermal energy in Nevis has led the process with its geothermal finds and plans for the implementation of this renewable energy source. Sixteen (16) interventions were reported for St Kitts/Nevis during the period 1999 to 2009. All interventions were Renewable Energy based except the PetroCaribe, the Terminal Phase Out and the Cuban Energy Light Bulb. Funding for these interventions were provided by OAS, UNDP, government of Venezuela, Cuba, and private developers.
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The renewable energy interventions ranged in sources from geothermal to wind and biomass. The success with geothermal energy so far has gone a long way in awakening the interest of the twin island states policy makers as well as citizens to the benefits of renewable energy. St Kitts/Nevis has also been involved in wind energy developments on both islands. Energy efficiency awareness was also awakened with the introduction of the installation of energy efficient bulbs replacing incandescent ones and householders seeing the direct benefits in the lowering of their electricity bills. Benefits were also experienced in the PetroCaribe negotiations as they related to the social programs which were financed from deferred payments of the nations oil imports bill. In the area of energy policy, the OAS assisted with a study which saw an assessment of the energy situation and potential. Capacity building was also enhanced in the education sector with two training workshops for teachers financed by Caribbean Renewable Energy Development Programme (CREDP). 1.7.3 Impact of interventions 1999 - 2009 Below is a listing of the impact of specific interventions:
Petroleum issues
Social programmes - Social programmes arising from PetroCaribe Agreement. Savings - Lower prices through PetroCaribe agreement when oil prices are high. Job creation - PetroCaribe Formation of Company PDV St Kitts/Nevis. Local. Expected energy and market policy assessments.
Policy
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Renewable Energy
o New equipment/technology/savings- Signing of a Power Purchase Agreement with the utility in Nevis to supply geothermal energy to the grid which should in turn lead to reduced electricity costs. o Associated with the Commissioning of wind power plant in 2010 expected to supply NEVLEC with, 1 MW of electricity from wind. o Associated with the setting up of 10 wind farms (25% from wind) to replace current electricity from fossil fuel. o Job creation Experts associated with the geothermal project. mainly international but some local personnel. o New markets The surge in geothermal energy in Nevis led to new or renewed interest in Dominica, St Lucia and Saba in geothermal power. o Savings - Cheaper electricity prices for commercial entities when geothermal/wind is realized. o Capacity - Subject related training workshops for teachers of CXC/CAPE regional examinations.
Energy Efficiency
o Savings - Each citizen saved an estimated $278.76 in their light bills as a result of the Cuban Light Bulb project. 1.7.4 Beneficiaries Consumers, utility company, private sector. 1.7.5 Barriers to interventions Despite these positive impacts, there is still a call in St Kitts/Nevis for greater awareness/public education programmes to support the change and rapid movement to RE and energy efficiency as well as support for more work on policy development.
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1.7.6 Strategies to overcome barriers Improved organisation of distribution of compact fluorescent bulbs. Set up base where persons can come in and exchange bulbs rather than trying to reach them in their homes. 1.7.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009 Awareness - Increased public awareness Energy efficiency Continuation of program swapping incandescent bulbs. for compact fluorescent.
1.7.8 UNDP assistance beyond 2009

Awareness - More awareness programmes on energy conservation/energy efficiency to change mindset of consumers from fossil fuels to RE and energy efficiency. Capacity - More training in RE programmes. Policy More work on policy to provide guidance to government on how to move to more energy friendly policies.
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1.8
ST. LUCIA
1.8.1 Baseline conditions - Energy scenario up to 1999 St Lucia, like most of the other Caribbean countries is 100% dependent on fossil fuels for its economic development. The islands imports of petroleum products totalled 1, 006, 700 bbls during the year 1999 costing 29.4 (US$ mill); this energy expenditure represented 9.4% of total imports to the country and 7.7% from its foreign exchange earnings. Total electricity generation was 256GWh with a total installed capacity of 59.9MW. Peak demand was 41MW.
Petroleum
Renewable Energy
Solar energy is perhaps the most abundant renewable energy source in Saint Lucia. However, very few solar water heaters were installed on the island at the time. Photovoltaic energy systems were also not very popular. Wind assessments were being conducted to gauge its potential as an energy resource. Hydropower systems were non-existent while biomass systems were limited. Geothermal energy appeared favourable particularly after initial feasibility exploration had been completed by the US Los Alamos company. Geothermal power potential was known to be in the order of some 680 MW. There was a need to pass new or amend legislation to establish incentives for investors or developers to conserve energy, for example: - solar water heating.
Energy Efficiency
National awareness programmes had been well established through annual programmes such as Energy Awareness Weeks which covered areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency. However there was absence of legislation dealing specifically with the conservation of energy. 1.8.1 Energy Interventions since 1999 Thirteen (13) interventions between 1999 and 2009 were reported for St Lucia. Funding was received for these interventions from UNIDO, UNDP, GTZ, OAS, governments of Venezuela, Cuba to name a few.
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Since 1999, St Lucia can claim to have made moderate strides particularly in respect of renewable energy. In 2001 St Lucia was showcased as a sustainable small island with green initiatives. Since then, it has gone on to undertake more energy initiatives including wind assessments leading to the identification of a number of wind sites and the feasibility for implementation of wind farms. Recently the government has agreed to acquire land for the development of a 12.6 MW wind farm. Despite the absence of an overall energy policy in place, persons/companies interested in energy development can now benefit from waivers. Tax concessions have been introduced to combat the high initial costs of solar water heaters in particular. A number of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) have been benefitting from this initiative. The government has also participated in the Caribbean Solar Financing Programme, an initiative aimed at providing low income households with low interest loans for the purchase of solar water heaters using the Credit Unions facility. A further solar water heating initiative is being planned to generate an increase in the use of solar water heaters. Solar photovoltaic systems as demonstration units to provide back-up power during emergency situations in public buildings such as markets, national sites and schools are also being promoted The country also witnessed the introduction of a small micro-hydro installation at the tourism heritage site at Latille Falls in Micoud which is being used to provide electricity to the park and farm as well as a model for study tours for students. Like all the other countries that signed on to the PetroCaribe initiatives St Lucia too benefited from the social programmes implemented from diverted payments for petroleum products imports. 1.8.2 Impact of interventions 1999 -2009 The areas of major impact include:
Policy

Incentives - Implementation of waivers in St Lucia for companies promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency so as to make it more widespread. ESCOs have been benefiting from these incentives. Development of a sustainable energy plan.
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Petroleum issues
o Social programmes - Social programmes arising from PetroCaribe Agreement. o Savings Stability of prices through PetroCaribe agreement when oil prices are high.
Renewable Energy
New Equipment/technology/costs - Installation of a micro-hydro unit leading to significant reduction in costs of electricity (diesel generation). Solar water heaters for low income households. Increased Capacity - Micro-hydro unit being used as study tours for students. Students are also being exposed to career opportunities. Increased Capacity - Training and certification of hotel personnel in energy conservation techniques and plant maintenance. Increased Awareness - Fostering of attitudinal changes through awareness of consumers of increased energy efficiency and energy savings equipment (through initiatives like the Cuban Light Bulb Project and the energy savings initiative by GTZ program, etc). This led to household reduction in electricity bills. Information gained by public from Energy Awareness Week programs.
Energy efficiency

1.8.3 Beneficiaries Private sector, consumers, public sector. .8.4 Barriers to interventions Lack of an energy policy (would make it easier for IPPs to operate). Low level awareness of small hotel property owners of the importance of energy efficiency, lack of incentives to motivate hoteliers which seems an uphill task. Difficulty for low income householders in accessing funds (unused funds remaining).
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.8.5
Strategies to overcome barriers Energy policy to be completed and put into law. More awareness training programs for small hoteliers. Approach of Credit Unions to prospective borrowers needs to be changed.
.8.6
Interventions needed beyond 2009 New equipment/technology - Greater emphasis need to be placed on microhydro-electric power generation and a need to work with watershed groups to meet this objective. Introduction of the concept of battery recovery and links to solid waste management with the objective of reinstituting the recycling of at least 30% of used batteries. Policy - Creation of an enabling environment for Renewable Energy through the creation of an energy policy. Finance - More funding for the promotion of other energy efficiency initiatives such as the use of energy saving appliances. Awareness - Still a lot of work to be done in sensitizing the population to the importance of becoming conscious of energy use and the benefits of RE. The making of energy conservation as a way of life for the citizens of St Lucia should not just be an issue when oil prices are high.
1.8.7 UNDP assistance beyond 2009 Awareness - A coordinated regional program such as Energy Awareness week in an effort to bring a change in the mindset of citizens. Policy - Energy sector policy analysis support for implementation of specific strategies to all countries. Energy efficiency - Continuing with programs such as Cuban light bulb to demonstrate practical benefits of energy efficiency to low income households. Finance - Create a Small Islands Development Fund (SIDF) to allow access to loans/grants to persons interested in financing energy programs thereby removing the hurdles experienced with commercial banks. Provide funding and technical assistance to small hoteliers to facilitate adoption of recommended measures to energy efficiency.
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New equipment/technology - Use the Latille micro-hydro project as a model to develop similar projects around the island.
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1.9
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
1.9.1 Baseline conditions - Energy scenario up to 1999
Petroleum
Trinidad and Tobago is one of the few countries richly endowed with petroleum and natural gas reserves and yet it is still an importer and has to depend, to a certain extent, on crude oil imports for its refineries and for its economic development. In fact, it is an oil exporting nation raising much of its income from these resources. Electricity was cheap and awareness levels as they related to alternative sources of energy were low. Trinidad & Tobagos imports of crude oil totalled 27,697,300 bbls of petroleum products during the year 1999 costing 493.2 (US$ mill); this energy expenditure represented 17.9% of total imports to the country and 17.5% from its foreign exchange earnings. Installed electricity generation capacity in Trinidad and Tobago was 1416.7 MW and in the same year some 5,279(GWh) was generated.
Renewable Energy
There was little discussion regarding incentives for alternatives, including renewables. Renewable Energy was mainly confined to the work of the University of the West Indies St Augustine campus, where extensive research was conducted in solar dryers, solar stills and water heaters for applications in the Caribbean. Some 11 stills of various configurations were developed by this organisation. Some of these dryers as well as stills and solar water heaters were installed in a few homes. Photovoltaic energy systems were in use primarily for navigational purposes in the telecommunications industry. Wind power was almost non-existent on the twin island state even though wind assessments undertaken sought to identify wind regimes in the twin island states. Bagasse was used mainly in the sugar industry for cogeneration.
Energy Efficiency
Even though much had not been taking place in the area of energy efficiency and conservation at this time, ironically Trinidad and Tobago had and continues to have one of the leading Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) in the region which is engaged in energy efficiency solutions equipment. 1.9.1 Energy Interventions since 1999
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With respect to Petroleum and Natural Gas, Trinidad and Tobago continues to have huge oil and gas reserves and is one of the leading LNG suppliers to the United States. There has been continuous expansion and huge investments in this sector by the government together with foreign investors. The government has recently stressed the need for the twin island to move from a "developing" to "developed" nation status by the year 2020 with the energy sector expected to lead the charge. It intends to do this by way of promoting local capability in businesses, creating a sustainable world-class services sector, and focusing on human development. Already there is a highly trained workforce with local capacities in petroleum and other branches of engineering, welding, fabrication, procurement, construction and project management. There is also a pool of local experts contractors and independent operators to pull from when needed. With respect to infrastructure it now boasts of a local fabrication industry that has the expertise to respond quickly and efficiently to specific needs. There are plans afoot to further develop this industry. One of the latest initiatives A proposed joint venture with Venezuela to look at further development and marketing. Oil and natural gas as well as to construct a pipeline to distribute natural gas to many Caribbean countries. Talks are also at an advanced stage with investors for the construction of a multi-billion dollar aluminium smelter. Since 1999, a range of renewable energy sources became known to Trinidad and Tobago as available and included solar energy, geothermal, biomass, and wind energy. Some twenty-three (23) interventions were registered for Trinidad and Tobago during this period. Despite the cheap oil and natural resources available to the general public, the use of solar energy has been improving in this country since 1999 with the installation of solar lights at the Piarco and Crown airports. Several more have also been installed on offshore oil platforms and at malls. Solar powered garbage bins which automatically compact garbage can be seen in the city streets. Several solar companies have also been involved in the installation of PV systems. A solar water heating system was introduced in 2004 spearheaded by the Ministry
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of Energy and Energy industries to substitute electric water heaters with solar water heaters in some host homes in the tourism sector. By 2005 solar energy had made its way into rural Trinidad and Tobago through efforts of the Trinidad and Tobago Electricity Commission (TTEC) and the Public Utilities and the Environment. A pilot PV project involving some households was introduced with the aim of bringing solar energy into the homes of rural residents who were unable to get electrical power from overhead lines. This was followed by another initiative with the Ministry of Education and Royal bank of Canada to place some PV units in schools in an effort to improve the awareness of students. Recently the government established a Renewable Energy task force committee giving it the mandate to identify areas in which Trinidad and Tobago could pursue RE efforts further. With respect to capacity building, several seminars have been hosted in Trinidad & Tobago to meet and discuss issues and challenges related to renewable energy. 1.9.2 Impact of interventions since 1999 2009
Policy
Introduction of a Renewable Energy Committee (REC) to identify opportunities and develop proposals for RE initiatives. Development of a white paper to guide RE leading to legislation and regulation. Income realisation sale of exploration and production licences. Job creation employment of contractors, independent operators, engineers, and support staff. Capacity - Training and skills development; linkages with local and overseas partners including multi-nationals New equipment and technology drilling and other exploration equipment.
Petroleum issues
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Renewable Energy
New equipment/technology - Installation of solar water heaters in selected homes as well as installation of solar powered lights at major airports in an effort to reduce costs of water heating currently being done by fuel generated electricity. To obtain stability in light source even during or after hurricanes as well as on scheduled maintenance. Capacity -. Strengthening of institutional capacity through collaboration with other private sector agencies. Subject related training workshops for teachers of CXC/CAPE regional examinations. Increased Awareness - Fostering of attitudinal changes through awareness of consumers of energy savings equipment (bulbs etc). This led to reduction in household electricity bills in selected homes.
1.9.3 Beneficiaries .8.7 Private sector, consumers.
Barriers to interventions A major barrier to the promotion and adoption of more costly renewable energy technologies in Trinidad and Tobago is the relative cheap costs of hydrocarbon-generated electricity.
9.8.1 Strategies to overcome barriers Greater government support of bodies such as the recently established Renewable Energy Committee. Large scale initiatives in renewable energy technologies and much more installations of solar water heaters and photovoltaic systems. Establishing an energy mix with renewable energy and energy efficiency targets. More public awareness campaigns Tax incentives in policy for energy service companies.
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9.9
Interventions needed beyond 2009 Policy development with strong renewable energy focus
1.9.7 UNDP assistance beyond 2009 Technical assistance Funding for projects
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APPENDIX I
TheQuestionnaire
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Impact Assessment of the Recent Energy Interventions on the Security and Sustainability of Caribbean Energy Sectors
BACKGROUND
There have been several regional and national initiatives over the past ten years aimed at creating and encouraging an enabling environment to have the region better prepared to cope with the dwindling reserves and increasing prices of fossil fuels. On the other hand, there have not been many studies to assess the collective impact of these energy interventions in the region over the years. It is against this background that this survey is being conducted in order to assess and review the present situation in the region with respect to the level of energy security and sustainability, and consequently its state of readiness to face future crises, specifically after the interventions of the last decade. This study will focus on the costs, types, and distribution of benefits from these programmes in energy efficiency, conservation and renewable energy implemented over the past 10 years in the Caribbean. The results of this study should be able to assist in garnering information towards properly assessing any further gaps which may still exist, as well as developing specific strategies to address them. It will also seek to provide a solid foundation and practice framework for assessing the added impact of proposed future programmes. TYPE OF INTERVENTION ASSESSED BY THIS QUESTIONNAIRE: (PLEASE TICK)
Energy Efficiency Energy Conservation Section 1
Renewable Energy Petroleum
Please complete all sections. Country:________________________________________________________________ Full Name of person completing survey: ________________________________________________________________________ Job Title: ________________________________________________________________________
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Department: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Work Address: ________________________________________________________________________ Telephone: ________________________________________________________________________ Mobile: _______________________________________________________________________ Fax: ________________________________________________________________________ Website: _______________________________________________________________________ Email Address: _______________________________________________________________________
Impact Assessment of the Recent Energy Interventions on the Security and Sustainability of Caribbean Energy Sectors
Date Administered: Administered by: ______________________________________________________ _____/______/______ (dd/mm/yyyy) Survey #: __
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************************************************************************ ****** Section 2- Project Background Project / Energy Intervention Name:______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ Participating Country (ies): _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________ Duration: Start Date: _________________ ____________________ Project status: Approved/ Ongoing/ Suspended/ Completed Agency/ Agencies Initiating Intervention: ________________________________________________________________________ ______ Executing Agency (ies) / Implementing Partners : ________________________________________________________________________ ______ ________________________________________________________________________ ______ Associated Agency/ Agencies: ________________________________________________________________________ End Date
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Financing and sources: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Objectives: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Expected outputs: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Results and achievements to date: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Additional Information on Intervention Background:
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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What were your roles/responsibilities in the scope of the stated energy intervention/programme? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Pleaseprovidethetimeperiodofyourinvolvement?
Start Year: _________
End Year: ________ or Present
Kindlylistthemainbenefitsderivedfromtheimplementationofthisintervention.
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________

Whowerethebeneficiariesintermsofthetargetedstakeholders?Pleaseindicateandstate percentageofdistributedbenefits.
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PublicSector PrivateSector AverageConsumer Other
________% ________% ________% ________%,Please
specify:____________________________ Total= 100% Notsure/Datanotavailable Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing
Specific Impacts on beneficiaries: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Section 3 - Gaps
Howwouldyoudescribetheenergysituationintermsofthemajorprevailinggapspriorto theimplementationoftheintervention?Indicateinthefollowingareas: Policy: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Finance: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Capacity:
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Information: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Other: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Foreachbarriercategoryidentifiedabove,ratethesuccessachievedbytheinterventionin removingorreducingthesebarriers
Policy:
PoorAverage Good VeryGood Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

Finance:
Excellent

Capacity:
Excellent

Information:
Excellent

Other:
Excellent
Excellent
Whatgaps,ifany,stillexistinspiteoftheinterventionsefforts?Indicateinthefollowing areas:
Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing
Policy: ________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Finance: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Capacity: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Information: ________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Other: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Section 4 - Strategies
Whatstrategy/strategieswouldyourecommendbeformulatedtoaddresstheseexisting gaps?
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Wouldyousaytheinterventionhasincreasedenergysustainabilityofthecountry/region throughtheuseofindigenousandrenewableenergysources,energyefficiency measuresand/orenergyconservation?
Yes No Somewhat Not yet Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Ifyesofsomewhat,pleasequantifytheimprovementinenergysustainabilityduetothe project?E.g.statetheinstalledREcapacity;estimatedreductioninelectricityuse,etc. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Hastheinterventionquantifiablyreducedtheconsumptionofimportedfossilfuelsfor participatingcountry/countries?
Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing If yes, was this reduction a direct result of the intervention or indirectly?
(b) Please specify how the indirect reduction in imports occurred: __________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Intermsofcapacity,wouldyousay:
(a) Jobs were created as a result of this intervention?
Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

If yes, can you estimate what percentage of job creations benefitted:
Caribbeannationals
________%
________%
NonCaribbeannationals
(Foreignnationals,whoareCaribbeanresidents,areconsiderednonCaribbeannationals)
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(b) Training and skills development opportunities were created as a result of this intervention?

If yes, can you estimate what percentage of training and development opportunities benefitted:
Caribbeannationals
________%
________%
NonCaribbeannationals
(Foreignnationals,whoareCaribbeanresidents,areconsiderednonCaribbeannationals)
(c) New markets were created as a result of this intervention?
Wouldyousayanextensionoftheinterventionisnecessaryforfurtherimprovementin energysecurityandsustainabilityforthecountry/region?

If yes, how can this be achieved: _____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Didtheinterventionachieveallofitsintendedobjectives?
Yes No Partially, please state percentage achieved: _______ % Not applicable, initiative is ongoing
If No, please state why _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Werealloftheexpectedactions/outputs/outcomesrealised?

Pleasestatethemainchallenges/barriersfacedinachievingtheintendedoutcomes?
Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Whatstrategiescouldbeimplementedtoreducethesechallengesinthefuture?

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Section 5 Future Outlook

Wouldyousayfutureenergyinterventionsarenecessarytoimprovethecurrentenergy situation?

Ifyes,inwhatarea/sandwhatbenefitsaretobederived?: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Weretheremeasuresinplacetoaddressthesustainabilityofprogrammesbeyondthe originalfundingreceived?

Ifyes,pleasespecify: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
CanyouidentifywaysinwhichregionalagenciessuchasUNDPcouldstrengthenexistingor facilitatenewprogrammes,wherenecessary?

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Arethereanyareasthatrequirefollowupactionforthisintervention?

Ifyes,pleasespecify: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
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Arethereanyfuturebenefitstobederivedfromthisintervention?

Ifyes,pleasespecify: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Arethereanylessonslearntfromthisintervention?

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Please review the answers provided and sign and date your acceptance: Signature: ____________________________ Date: _______________________ Thank you for your participation.
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APPENDIX II
InterventionsbyCountry
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APPENDIXII1:INTERVENTIONSBYCOUNTRY20002009(TABLEI) #of Interventions 45 13 20 28 69 52 13 25 23 22 310
Country Barbados Cuba Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica St.Kitts&Nevis St.Lucia Trinidad&Tobago Caribbean TOTAL
% 15% 4% 7% 9% 22% 17% 4% 8% 7% 7%
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APPENDIXII2:INTERVENTIONSBYCATEGORY(TABLE2) CATEGORIES Assessment/Feasibility Awareness/Information CapacityBuilding Equipment/Technology Finance Policy # 65 25 27 141 25 79 % 21 8 9 45 8 25
APPENDIXII2:INTERVENTIONSBYCATEGORYPERCOUNTRY(TABLE3)
Country/Categories Barbados Caribbean Cuba Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia Trinidad & Tobago # Assessment /Feasibility 12 5 2 7 2 12 9 5 6 10 # Awareness/ Information 4 5 0 0 2 2 5 0 4 1 # Capacity Building 8 4 0 1 1 2 4 3 2 2 # Finance 3 1 1 3 3 8 1 0 1 1 # Equipment/ Technology 16 3 8 6 10 51 27 6 10 9 # Policy 9 12 3 10 12 8 12 4 7 3
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APPENDIXII3:INTERVENTIONSBYTYPE20002009(TABLE4) TYPES EnergyCons/Efficiency Petroleum RenewableEnergy Others TOTALS # 53 37 189 31 % 17 12 61 10
310 100 (Others representing groupings of all Types)
APPENDIXII4:INTERVENTIONSBYTYPEPERCOUNTRY20002009(TABLE5) Country Barbados Cuba Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica St.Kitts&Nevis St.Lucia Trinidad&Tobago Caribbean TOTAL EnergyCons/ Efficiency 6 5 3 4 3 20 2 7 1 2 53 Petroleum 0 1 2 3 3 7 2 2 15 2 37 Renewable Energy 32 7 12 18 57 19 8 15 6 15 189 Others 7 0 3 3 6 6 1 1 1 3 31 TOTAL 45 13 20 28 69 52 13 25 23 22 310
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APPENDIX III
InterventionsbyCountryandRegion
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APPENDIXIII1:TheNamesofInterventionsREGIONAL
REGION Caribbean INTERVENTIONS BioenergyintheCaribbean:supportingpolicydialogueon sustainableenergyservicesforSIDSthroughSouthSouth cooperation TheCaribbeanEnergySustainableProgrammeOECS TheCaribbeanHotelEnergyEfficiencyActionProgramme(CHENACT) TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgrammePhaseI TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme(CREDP) PhaseII TheCaribbeanWindEnergySymposium TheCubanEnergySavingsLightBulbProject ElectricityreformintheOECS GeoCaribes/GeothermalPhaseI (Dominica,StLuciaandStKitts/Nevis) TheGlobalSustainableEnergyIslandsInitiative TheGlobalSustainableEnergyIslandsInitiativeCPhaseI LatinAmericanandCaribbeanInitiativeforSustainableDevelopment PETROCARIBE Preparationofageothermalbasedcrossborderelectrical interconnectionintheCaribbean (Dominica,StLuciaandStKitts/Nevis) TheRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnership(REEEP) RegionalElectricityCooperationandintegrationinthe Americas/Caribbean RenewableEnergyintheAmericasInitiative(REAI) RenewableEnergyStudyTourinCuba SolarHotWaterSystemsfortheCaribbeanhotelsector TheSustainableEnergy&ClimateChangeInitiative(SECCI) TheSustainableEnergyforSustainableDevelopmentinthe Caribbean WindfarmOperation,IntegrationandMaximumPenetrationfor CaribbeanElectricUtilities
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APPENDIXIII2:InterventionsBARBADOS
COUNTRY Barbados INTERVENTIONS 0.5MWWavePower 10MWwastecombustionplant 132milliongallonofEthanolDehydrationPlant 2kWgridtiedPhotovoltaicSystematFutureCentreTrust 2kWgridtiedPhotovoltaicSystematSeawell 2MWdistributedPVsystems 3MWOTEC 60MWcogenerationplant Barbados'DraftEnergyPolicy TheBarbadosEnergyCommittee Biodieselproject BioenergyintheCaribbean:supportingpolicydialogueon sustainableenergyservicesforSIDSthroughSouthSouth cooperation BiofuelsProduction CaneIndustryRestructuringProject CaribbeanEnergySustainableProgram(Observercountry) CaribbeanHotelEnergyEfficiencyActionProgramme(CHENACT) CaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme(CREDP) CaribbeanRenewableEnergy:EnergyEfficiencyandBioenergyAction Program(CREBAP) CertificationprogramfromtheFloridaSolarEnergyCentre CNGalternativefuelfortransport Cogeneration30MWplant CommunityBasedRecyclingProgrammeProductionof BiodieselfromUsedVegetableOilwithTheLesterVaughan SecondarySchool,Barbados DevelopmentoftheSolarIndustry Edutech2000PhotovoltaicProject Energyauditingofgovernmentbuildings EnergyEfficiencyActforElectricalappliances
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COUNTRY
INTERVENTIONS EnergyFund(proposed) EthanolDehydrationPlant LambertsEastWindFarmGeneratingStation Landfillgastoenergyfeasibility LatinAmericanandCaribbeanInitiativeforSustainableDevelopment OffshoreWindFarm(proposed) PhotovoltaicsatSkeete'sBay2000 Promotionofenergyefficiency PublicSectorEnergyConservationprogramme RenewableEnergyCentreattheUWI,CaveHillcampus Solarenergyproject SolarPhotovoltaic(PV)systemsexpansionprogramme SolarWaterHeaterGlobalProgramme SolarWaterHeaterSystemsforTechnicians TheSolarMillenniumProject SustainableEnergy&ClimateChangeInitiative SustainableEnergyforSustainableDevelopmentintheCaribbean TerminalPhaseoutManagementPlan(TPMP)forCFCs TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin CXC/CAPEandTeacherTrainingColleges
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APPENDIXIII3:InterventionsCUBA
COUNTRY Cuba INTERVENTIONS 2.7MWZazaDan 225kWIslaTuriguano,CiegodeAvila 2MWHydroelectricPowerStation(PCHE),NuevoMundo,Moa, Holgun 4.5MWGibaraIIWindpark,Holgun 5.1MWGibaraIAeolianParkWindpark TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyProgramme(CREDP)PhaseI CUBANEnergyRevolution Distributedpower Electrictariffadjustment IslandofYouth1.65MW PETROCARIBE Programfordomesticapplianceenergyefficiency Programfordomesticrefrigeratorchange Programforlightinghomeefficiencyimprovement
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APPENDIXIII4:InterventionsDOMINICA
COUNTRY Dominica INTERVENTIONS 15MWGeothermalPlant CaribbeanEnergySustainableProgrammeOECS TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme(CREDP) CaribbeanSolarFinancingProgram CubanLightBulbEnergyEfficiencyProgram DraftAlterativeEnergyLegislation&Regulation EasternCaribbeanGeothermalDevelopmentProject EfficientLightingproject ElectricitySupplyAct Energy&PowerlossResolutions GeoCarabesPhase1ScientificDataCollectionandAnalysis GeothermalBill(Draft) LatinAmerican&CaribbeanInitiativeforSustainableDevelopment PETROCARIBE PreparationofaGeothermalbasedCrossBorderElectrical InterconnectionintheCaribbean SustainableEnergyandClimateChangeInitiative SustainableEnergyPlan TerminalPhaseOutManagementPlan(TPMP) TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin CXC/CAPEandTeacherTrainingColleges WindEnergyPilotProject
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APPENDIXIII5:TheNamesofInterventionsGRENADA
COUNTRY Grenada INTERVENTIONS 100.9KWPPVInstallations(32) 10MWproject 255KWWindTurbineonCarriacouIsland 6MWWindFarm AggressivePromotionofSolarwaterheatersthroughapublic awarenesscampaignandtaxrebatesandpurchasers. BuildingAlternativesforGrenada TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme TheCaribbeanSolarFinancingProgram TheCaribbeanSustainableEnergyProgramme TheChocolateFactorySolarPVSystem CubanEnergySavingsLightBulbProject ElectricityReformintheOECS ElectricitySupplyAct GlobalSustainableEnergyIslandInitiative InterconnectionPolicyforGrenada LatinAmerican&CaribbeanInitiativeforSustainableDevelopment NetMeteringarrangement NutmegShelltoEnergyProject ParadiseBayResort50KWWindTurbine PETROCARIBE RegionalElectricityCooperationandIntegrationintheAmericas/ Caribbean RelatedScienceProgramPracticalComponentEnergy RiverAntoineHydropowerRumFactory SustainableEnergyandClimateChangeInitiative SustainableEnergyPlan TerminalPhaseoutManagementPlan(TPMP)forCFCs TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin CXC/CAPEandTeacherTrainingColleges
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APPENDIXIII6:TheNamesofInterventionsGUYANA
COUNTRY Guyana INTERVENTIONS AmailaFallsHydroelectricproject BioenergyPotentialinGuyana TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme CrabIslandCrudeOilRefinery DevelopmentofEnergyEfficiencyintheCaribbean Devil'sHoleRegion7HydropowerProject(63MW) DieselProjectRegion4 DistilleryWastewaterTreatmentandBiogasGeneration EclipseFallsHydropowerREGION14MW EnergydatabaseManagement ExpandingBioenergyopportunitiesinGuyana FirstNationalCommunicationsstrategy GuyanaPowerSectorandInvestmentStrategy Guyana'sAgroenergyPolicy HopeBeachWindFarm Installationof125WPVsystemineveryhousehold(62)inMuritaro Region10 Installationof125WPVSysteminKatoRegion6 Installationof125WPVSystemineveryhousehold(102)in KurukubaruRegion8 Installationof125WPVSystemineveryhousehold(67)inCapoey Region2 Installationof125WPVSystemineveryhousehold(67)Yarakito Region1 Installationofa2500WPVsystemtopowerafactorytomakefruit cheeseandjaminOreallaRegion6 InstallationofPVsystemtogrinddriedproduceinParuimaRegion 7 InstallationofPVSystemforPeanutfarmersinWaunaRegion1 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(126)Monkey MountainRegion8
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COUNTRY
INTERVENTIONS InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(143)SandCreek Region9 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(34)RedHillRegion6 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(48)SebaiRegion1 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(50)RockstoneRegion 10 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(65)STDeny'sRegion 2 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(76)ShulinabRegion 9 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(80)SheaRegion9 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(94)NappiRegion9 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhouseholdYupukariRegion9 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(72)MilesPotaro Region8 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(100)KopinangRegion 8 InstallationofPVsystemineveryhousehold(75)WIKKIRegion6 PVInstallationsystemProjectsineveryhousehold(80)Calcuni Region6 InstallationofPVsystemforHealthCentreApoteriRegion9 InstallationofPVforbatterychargingFlagstaffRegion4 Installationof3PVsystemsforCEOOfficeGuyanaEnergyAgency Region4 Installationof12PVsystems(schoolandhealthcentres) ImbaimadaiRegion7 InstallationofPVsystemKariaKariaRegion3 InstallationofPVsystemforbatterychargingMinistryof AgricultureRegion4 Installationof2PVsystemsforpoweringcomputersMinistryof FinanceRegion4 Installationof2PVsystemsforHealthCentresMonkeyMountain Region8 Installationof3PVsystemsforlightingOgleRegion4 Installationof2PVsystemsforlightingWaraPakaRegion1 LowCarbondevelopmentStrategy
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COUNTRY
INTERVENTIONS MocoMocoHydroelectricProject MocoMocoHydroelectricRehabilitationProject NationalEnergySavingsProgramme PETROCARIBE SaintStanislausCollegeFarmBiogasProject SecondNationalCommunicationStrategy SkeldonSugarModernizationProject SolarTrafficLights StudiesofNew&RenewableEnergiesinGuyana SustainableEnergyforSustainableDevelopmentintheCaribbean SustainableEnergyproject TerminalPhaseoutManagementPlan(TPMP)forCFCs TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin CXC/CAPEandTeacherTrainingColleges TurtrubaRapidsHydroelectricProject UnreservedAreasElectrificationProject UpperMazaruniHydropower UseofPhotovoltaicTechnologyForLowincomeEarnersThrough PhotovoltaicGenerationplants WaunaPalmOilEstateBiodieselProductionRegionOne WindFeasibilityStudy
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APPENDIXIII7:InterventionsJAMAICA
COUNTRY Jamaica INTERVENTIONS 2MWHydropowerPlantHighlandsSt.Ann BiodieselPilotProject BiofuelsPolicyDevelopment BiofuelsTaskForce BiogasAssessmentStudy CapacityBuildingforCarbonTrading CarbonEmissionsDatabase(Software)forMonitoringandManaging EnergyConsumptionDatainMinistriesandGasolineandDiesel Oil)Agencies(LPG,ElectricityandFuels CarbonPolicyDevelopment CoolGreenHouseTechnology CubanEnergyLightBulbProgramme DallasCastle&MangoValleyFarmGroupsSolar&Biogasenergy systems Demonstrationprojectfora2.0MWgearlessboxwindturbine (turbinewithoutgearbox) DeterminationofJamaica'sWindEnergyPotential DevelopmentofNetMeteringPolicyandLegislation E1090Gasolinerollout E10StorageCapacityExpansion EndUseSurveyforCommercialandPublicSectors EnergyandPowerEvaluationProgramme(ENPEP) EnergyConservationandEfficiencypolicy EnergyConservationTraininginEnergyManagement EnergyEducationProgram EquipmentStandardsandLegislationforEnergyEndUseDevices EthanolBlendedFuel(E10)introductionprogramme GOJPolicyonEnvironmentalStewardshipDraftEnvironmental ManagementSystemsPolicy ImproveenergyefficiencyintheNationalWaterCommission(NWC) ImproveEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeinHospitalsandSchools
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COUNTRY
INTERVENTIONS ImprovedefficiencyofTrafficLights. ImprovedenergyefficiencyofstreetLights InnerCitySchoolConservationProgram JamaicaProductivityCentreMonitoringofEnergyUse JMAEnergyConservationProgramme LiquefiedNaturalGas(LNG) MiniHydroDevelopment(44.7MW) NationalEnergyPolicy NationalPetroleumStandardsandCodes OilandGasExploration PetroCaribe PetrojamRefineryExpansion RenewableEnergyDevelopment RenewableEnergyPoweredHome RevisionofGOJProcurementPolicy(energycomponents) RuralElectrificationProgram SolarPVSystemstosupplyElectricityforschools SolarRadiationandIntensityMapping TerminalPhaseoutManagementPlan(TPMP)forCFCs TransmissionandDistributionCodeforJPAoperations UWIEnergyMonitoringEnergyConservationProject Vision2030JamaicaDevelopmentPlan WastetoEnergyProject WigtonWindFarmdevelopment WigtonWindFarmReactivePower(MVARS)improvement
118

APPENDIXIII8:InterventionsST.KITTS&NEVIS
COUNTRY INTERVENTIONS StKitts&Nevis BioenergyintheCaribbean BiomasstoEnergyAssessmentProject CaribbeanSustainableEnergyProgramme(CSEP) CubanEnergySavingLightBulbProject ElectricityreformintheOECS GeoCarabes/GSEII/GeothermalProject NorthStarSt.Kitts&NevisLtd.WindfarmProject PETROCARIBE Preparationofageothermalbasedcrossborderelectrical interconnectionintheCaribbean SustainableEnergyandClimateChangeInitiative TeacherTrainingWorkshop TerminalPhaseoutManagementPlan(TPMP)forCFCs TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin CXC/CAPEandTeacherTrainingColleges WindWattWindfarm
119

APPENDIXIII9:InterventionsST.LUCIA
COUNTRY StLucia INTERVENTIONS 12.6MWWindFarm BioenergyintheCaribbean TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme CubanLightbulbproject DutyfreeconcessionsonEnergysavingdevices ElectricityreformintheOECS EnergyAudits&TrainingprojectsforHotelIndustry EnergyAwarenessWeek GeoCarabes/GSEII/GeothermalProject IncentivestopromotetheuseofRenewableEnergyTechnology InstallationofaMicroHydroplantatLatilleWaterfall/Micoud NationalEnergyPolicy PetroCaribeS.A PhotovoltaicPilotDemonstration PointOleCaille4.25MWwindfarm PoultryLittertoEnergyProject Preparationofageothermalbasedcrossborderelectrical interconnectionintheCaribbean RenewableEnergySystemsdesignandEnergyConservation Solarwaterheaterfinancing StLuciaCiceronLandfillGastoEnergyProject SulphurSpringsGeothermalProject SustainableEnergyandClimateChangeInitiative SustainableEnergyPlan TalkingSustainableDevelopment. TerminalPhaseoutManagementPlan(TPMP)forCFCs
120

APPENDIXIII10:InterventionsTRINIDAD&TOBAGO
COUNTRY Trinidad& Tobago INTERVENTIONS 36"PipelineLooptoRingMainProject AlcoaAluminiumSmelter AlutrintAluminumSmelter AngosturaEthanol BuildingaPhotovoltaicSolarIndustryinTrinidadandTobago TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme CommitteeforREIndustrydevelopment ConstructionofNorthEasternCaribbeanOffshorePipeline DiegoMartinPipeline EssarSteelproject ETeckTamanaPark FirstUAN(Ammonium/UAN) GastoPolypropyleneComplex LiquidFuelsPipelineNetwork MHTLAUM(UAN/Melamine) NaturalGasPipelinetoCoveEstate,Tobago PhoenixParkValveStationUpgradeProject PilotProjectontheUseofRenewableEnergyTechnologiesin Trinidad&Tobago IntroductionofSolarWaterHeatingSystemsintheTourism(Host Home)Sector PipelinetoUnionIndustrialEstate SolarpoweredLEDairfieldlights TerminalPhaseOutManagementPlanforCFCs(TPMP) TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin CXC/CAPEandTeacherTrainingColleges WestlakeEthyleneComplex
121
APPENDIX IV
EnergyEventssince1999Workshops,Seminars& Meetings
122

APPENDIXIV1:ENERGYEVENTSSINCE1999WORKSHOPS,SEMINARS&MEETINGS 1999
# 1 2 3 Year 1999 1999 1999 EventTitle 1999CARILECEngineer'sConference 1999CARILECCEOsSymposium PreparatoryMeetingForTheHemisphericEnergyMinisterialRoundtable Country Jamaica St.Lucia St.Lucia
123
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Year EventTitle 2000 CARILECEngineersConference 2000 CourseInSolarPhotovoltaicApplications WorkshopOnRegionalCapacityBuildingForCaribbean 2000 participationIntheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM) 2000 CourseInSolarPhotovoltaicApplications SteeringCommitteemeetingoftheCaribbeanRenewableEnergy 2000 DevelopmentProject(CREDP) 2000 Engineer'sTrainingSessionOnRenewableEnergyForUtilities 2000 ResidentialandCommercialScaleSolarWaterheatingWorkshop 2000 NationalWorkshopOnEnergyPolicyMaking 2000 WorkshopOnSmallScaleHydropower 2000 SATIS Country Bahamas Barbados Barbados Barbados Grenada Grenada Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
124
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 Year EventTitle 2001 UNDP/GTZPolicyPlanningWorkshopForTheCREDPPhaseI 2001 MeetingofCariforumMinistersWithResponsibilityfortheEnvironment DesigningTheNextGenerationElectricUtilityCARILECCEO's 2001 Symposium: 2001 SATIS2001 2001 2ndCaribbeanCourseOnAnaerobicWasteWaterTreatment OECSNaturalResourcesManagementUnit,EnergyManagement 2001 Symposium Country Barbados Belize Grenada Jamaica Jamaica St.Lucia
125
# Year EventTitle Country
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2002 InternationalSeminarOnEnergyFromSugarCane 2002 DevelopmentOfEnergyEfficiencyIntheCaribbean

2002 2002 2002 2002 EnvironmentalManagementAndRegulationOfPetroleumStorage FacilitiesConference EuroCaribbeanRESForum 2ndRegionalMeetingEnergyEfficiencyIntheCaribbean CARILECRenewableEnergyConference
Cuba Jamaica Jamaica St.Lucia St.Lucia St.Lucia Trinidad& Tobago
2002 PetroleumConferenceAndExhibition
126
# 1 2 Year EventTitle 2003 BarbadosEnvironmentalYouthProgramme. 2003 GreenExpo2003Barbados. ConferenceonMeetingourenergyneedsinthe21stcentury theNaturalGasopportunityCDB/SavonettaGroupLtd. 2003 Barbados. CARICOM/UNDP/CREDPSteeringCommitteeMeeting 2003 Barbados. RegionalConferenceForLatinAmericaAndTheCaribbeanOn 2003 RenewableEnergy/BrasiliaPlatformOnRE 2003 VisitofCREDP/GTZProjectCoordinatortotheregion. XIXLatinAmericanConferenceonRuralElectrification 2003 Havana,Cuba. CARILECCEOSymposiumDiversification,anewparadigm 2003 fortheElectricUtility.Curacao. CARILECEngineeringConferenceandSupplyChainSeminar: 2003 Innovation,InventionandElectricUtility. 2003 SitevisitsforEnergyAudits,St.Georges,Grenada. WorkshoponClimateChangeandEnergyEfficiency.St. 2003 Georges, CARICOMMinistersCouncilonTradeandEconomic(Energy) 2003 Development,Georgetown,Guyana. 2003 CREDP/GTZMissionvisit,Guyana. FromWastetoWealth:HowTechnologyCanTransform 2003 Jamaica 2003 SRC17thAnnualNationalConference,Kingston,Jamaica. EnergyEfficiencyWorkshopPetroleumCorporationof 2003 Jamaica/ARPEL. UNEPWorkshoponEnforcementofMultilateralenvironmental 2003 agreementsJamaica. WoodandWaterEnergyandLifePetroleumCorporationof 2003 Jamaica,Kingston,Jamaica. 2003 WorkshoponOLADENationalEnergyInformationSystem, Country Barbados Barbados
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Barbados Barbados Brazil Caribbean Cuba Curacao Curacao Grenada Grenada Guyana Guyana Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
127
# 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Year EventTitle Kingston,Jamaica. 2003 DevelopmentofCogenerationPolicyKingston,Jamaica. 2003 CREDP/GTZMissionvisit,Jamaica. 2003 CleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)SeminarKingston, CARILECWorkshoponManagingStakeholderRelationsand 2003 expectations 2003 CREDP/GTZMissionvisit,St.Lucia. 2003 WorkshoponPhotovoltaics SustainableapplicationsforTropicalIslandStates.Portof 2003 Spain, UNDP/EnvironmentalManagementAuthorityWorkshopon 2003 TechnologyNeedsAssessmentTrinidad&Tobago. 2003 CDMCaribbeanWorkshop,PortofSpain,Trinidad&Tobago. BarbadosProgrammeofActionforSustainableDevelopment, 2003 PortofSpain,Trinidad&Tobago. TaskforceonRegionalEnergyinCARICOMregion.Trinidad& 2003 Tobago. 2003 IBC3rdAnnualEnergyCaribbean2003ConferenceHilton,
Country Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica. Miami St.Lucia Trinidad&Tobago. Trinidad&Tobago. Trinidad&Tobago. Trinidad&Tobago. Trinidad&Tobago. Trinidad&Tobago. Trinidad&Tobago
128
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Year EventTitle RenewableEnergyTechnologyScreenBarbados,AmaryllisBeach 2004 Resort.PalmBeach,ChristChurch MissionvisitofECLAC/CEPALonRenewableEnergyStudyforLatin 2004 AmericaandCaribbean TwentyFifthMeetingoftheConferenceofHeadsofGovernmentof 2004 theCaribbeanCommunity,GranAnse,Grenada 2004 JamaicaEnergyCoordinatorMeeting 2004 WindpowerDevelopmentintheCaribbean,Kingston,Jamaica 2004 ECLACMCST:PotentialofRenewableEnergyinJamaica, WindpowerDevelopmentintheCaribbean,Kingston,Jamaica(re 2004 scheduledasaresultofHurricaneIvan) 2004 NationalEnergyStrategyForecasting,Kingston,Jamaica EnergyCoordinatorsCommitteeMeeting,OfficeofthePrime 2004 Minister.Kingston,Jamaica Present&FutureofRefiningBusinessinLatinAmericaandthe 2004 Caribbean.RegionalAssociation,Hilton,Kingston,Jamaica CleanDevelopmentProjectPossibilitiesAustria/Jamaica,Minof 2004 Land&EnvironmentKingston,Jamaica CARILECEnergyPolicyConference,BayGardensHotel.RodneyBay, 2004 St.Lucia FourthMeetingofRegionalTaskForceonEnergyPolicyCARICOM 2004 BayGardens,St.Lucia SteeringCommitteeMeetingoftheCaribbeanRenewableEnergy 2004 DevelopmentProgrammeKingstown,St.Vincent/Grenadines IBCs4thAnnualEnergyCaribbean2004Conference,PortofSpain, 2004 Trinidad&Tobago 6thHemisphericEnergyMinistersMeeting,HiltonHotel,Trinidad& 2004 Tobago TrinidadandTobagoPetroleumConferenceHiltonHoteland 2004 ConferenceCentre,TrinidadandTobago Country Barbados Caribbean Grenada Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica St.Lucia St.Lucia St.Vincent& Grenadines Trinidad& Tobago Trinidad& Tobago Trinidad& Tobago
129
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Year EventTitle InternationalConferenceforRenewableEnergy,EnergySavings 2005 andEnergyEducation,CIER,VaraderoCuba 2005 FrancophoneEnergyMeeting,Dominica HydropowerDevelopmentTrainingCoursebyCaribbeanElectric 2005 Utilities,CARILEC,CREDP/GTZ,Dominica 2005 LaunchofRenewableEnergiesPotentialinJamaica 2005 OpeningofEthanolPlant,PETROJAMRefinery 2005 ScientificResearchCouncilsAnnualNationalConferenceEnergy 2005 EnergyCoordinatorsMeeting,Kingston,Jamaica WorkshoponRecentDevelopmentsintheCleanDevelopment 2005 Mechanism,Kingston,Jamaica W.D.CarterLectureSeriesModifyingEnergyPolicies:Economic &EnvironmentalApproaches,NorthernCaribbeanUniversity, 2005 Mandeville,Jamaica OpeningCeremony&Exhibit,EnergyConservationMonth 2005 PetroleumCorporationofJamaica,Kingston,Jamaica 2005 MediaLaunchofEnergyConservationMonth,Kingston,Jamaica NationalEnergyInformationSystem(SIEN)WorkshopKingston, 2005 Jamaica 2005 Water&EnergyPoliciesImplicationsforDevelopment SecondEnergySummitofHeadsofStatesandGovernmentsofthe 2005 CaribbeanandtheBolivarianRepublicofVenezuela 2005 NationalEnergyInformationSystem(SIEN)Workshop OfficialvisitofMr.HugoChavez,PresidentofVenezuelatosign 2005 Agreementforpurchaseofoil,MontegoBay,Jamaica 2005 EnergyCoordinatorsMeeting,UniversityoftheWestIndies 2005 CertificateCourseinAlternativeEnergy,Jamaica 2005 SeminaronSolarEnergyTheEnergyoftheFuture 2005 WorkshoponEmissionInventoriesandPollutantReleaseand Country Cuba Dominica Dominica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
130
21 22
Year EventTitle TransferRegisters(PRTRS)Kingston,Jamaica RenewableEnergyandtheGlobalEnergyMix,UWI,Mona, 2005 Jamaica 2005 AssociationofEnergyEngineersEnergyManagersCourseJamaica
Country
Jamaica Jamaica
24
25 26 27 28 29
2005 EnergyAwarenessWeek,Castries,St.Lucia
TrainingWorkshopforLendingOfficersinCreditUnionsaspartof 2005 VisitbyMissionfromCaribbeanSolarFinanceProject RenewableEnergyProjectAnalysisUsingtheRETScreenSoftware, 2005 AubergeSeraphineHotelSt.Lucia WindpowerPlanningSeminar,Kingstown,St.Vincent&the 2005 Grenadines SteeringCommitteeMeeting:TheCaribbeanRenewableEnergy 2005 DevelopmentProgramme:Kingstown,St.Vincent/Grenadines 2005 EnergyCaribbeanConference
St.Lucia St.Lucia St.Lucia St.Vincent&The Grenadines St.Vincent&The Grenadines Trinidad
131
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Year 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 EventTitle OECSEnergyTaskForceMeeting SolarHotWaterSystemsfortheCaribbeanHotelSector AlternativeEnergySymposium CARICOMEnergyTaskForceMeeting EnergyPosterCompetition EnergyExpo CaribbeanClimateConference2006 SeminarTheJamaicaEnergyPolicy SeminarNaturalGasMarketinJamaica PETROJAM27thAnniversaryWeek SeminarOil&GasExplorationinJamaica SeminarEnergyEfficiencyInitiatives SeminarRenewableEnergyTechnologies Workshop:Oil&GasExploration&MarineLife EnergyEssentialsforNationalDevelopment InstituteofEngineersAnnualConferenceEnergy 8thMeetingofTaskforceonRegionalEnergyPolicy CREDPSeminar:WindFarmOperation&Integration SolarEnergyforJamaicaSeminar:PCJ&SolarDesign GeosciencesforDevelopmentWeekJamaicas EnergySources OAS/EasternCaribbeanGeothermalMeeting ThirdProjectSteeringCommitteemeeting:the CaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme CEISAnnualNetworkMeeting St.LuciaENERGYWEEK CREDPMeeting CARICOM5thTaskforcemeetingonRegionalEnergy Policy ConferenceonEnergy&theCompetitivenessofthe Country Antigua&Barbuda Barbados Dominica Guyana Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica St.Kitts&Nevis St.Kitts&Nevis St.Kitts&Nevis St.Lucia St.Lucia Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago
132
# 29 30
Year EventTitle Caribbean 2006 IBCGlobalAnnualEnergyCaribbeanConference 2006 CREDPMidtermReview,
Country Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago
133
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year EventTitle TransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin 2007 CXC/CAPEExaminationsWorkshop,Barbados FairWeatherFairRenewableEnergy&ClimateChange 2007 Expo, 2007 BarbadosNationalEnergyPolicyTownHallMeeting 2007 SolarWaterHeatingWorkshop 2007 JointCREDP/PSC&NFPsMeeting 2007 RenewableEnergyStudyTourCuba InternationalConferenceforRenewableEnergy(Energy 2007 Saving&EnergyEducation)CIER2007 2007 2ndCubanEarthSciencesConventionWorkshop 2007 Petrogas2007,FirstCongressonOil&Gas, 2007 CEISAnnualNetworkMeeting TransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin 2007 CXC/CAPEExaminationsWorkshop,Guyana 2007 CREDPSteeringCommitteeMeeting BiofuelProduction&itsRegulatory&EconomicFrameworks SeminarhostedbyEmbassyofBrazilandthePetroleum 2007 CorpofJamaica(PCJ) 2007 ClimateChangeConference 2007 PCJ27thAnniversaryCelebrationExhibition TransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin 2007 CXC/CAPEExaminationsWorkshop,St.Kitts&Nevis 2007 EnergyCaribbean7thAnnualConference, TransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin 2007 CXC/CAPEExaminationsWorkshop,Trinidad&Tobago RenewableEnergyintheCaribbeanRealityand Perspectives, 2007 2007 Trinidad&TobagoPetroleumConference2007 Country Barbados Barbados Barbados Belize Belize Cuba Cuba Cuba Cuba Grenada Guyana Guyana
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica St.Kitts&Nevis Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago
134
# Year EventTitle CaribbeanRegionalSustainableEnergyHighLevelSeminar: ImplementationoftheCaribbeanRenewableEnergy,Energy 2008 Efficiency&BioenergyActionProgram(CREBAP) 2008 SolarWaterHeaterTechnicianCertification3dayWorkshop 2008 SolarEnergyforIndustrialWaterHeatingInaBrewery OOCURCONFERENCE:"TowardsaCommonUtilityRegulatory FrameworkintheCaribbean"OrganizationofCaribbeanUtility 2008 Regulators,:PublicUtilitiesCommission,Belize 2008 RenewableEnergyFinanceForumLatinAmerica EnergyPolicyScenariosto2050:LatinAmerica&Caribbean 2008 Rollout InternationalConferenceforRenewableEnergy(EnergySaving& 2008 EnergyEducation)CIER2007 AssessmentsconductedfortheCaribbeanInformationPlatformon 2008 RenewableEnergy 1stCaribbeanSustainableEnergyForum(CSEF)FourthCaribbean 2008 EnvironmentalForum&Exhibition 2008 SeminarPhotovoltaicTechnologyfortheCaribbeanRegion SixthProjectSteeringCommittee(PSC)MeetingofCREDP 2008 [closed]CARICOM 2008 EmergingOpportunitiesinCaribbeanMarketsConference 2008 "PublicSectorEnergyEfficiencyProgramme" 2008 "StrategicResponse2008"EnergyCostSavingsTrainingWorkshop StrategicPlanningforRenewableEnergyWorkshopJa/Mexico ProgrammeofTechnical&ScientificCooperation20072009 2008 MexicanInstituteofElectricalResearch(IIE) RenewableEnergyVisits&WorkshoponStrategicREPlanning MexicanInstituteofElectricalResearch(IIE)inconjunctionwith 2008 PetroleumCorpofJamaica(PCJ) 2008 EnergyConservation&EfficiencyinthePublicSector 2008 EngineersConference&SupplyChainSeminarCARILECEngineers 2008 CubaConference2008Cuba&ItsNeighbours:TheChallengesof Country
1 2 3
Bahamas Barbados Barbados
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Belize Brazil Colombia Cuba Dominica Grenada Grenada Guyana Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
15
Jamaica
16 17 18 19
Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
135
20
21 22 23 24
25
26 27
28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Year EventTitle Change "EnergyThinkTank"MinistryofEnergy,Mining& 2008 Telecommunications UWIPHYSICS@602DAYCONFERENCEONPHYSICS&ENERGY *MakingAlternativeEnergySustainable*Physics&Energyan 2008 Overview*AlternativeEnergyOptionsinJamaica 2008 EngineersWeek&Expo2008"ExploringEnergyAlternatives" Seminar:"RenewableEnergy..AViableAlternative"Myers, 2008 Fletcher&Gordon(MFG)AttorneysatLaw MeetingatIDBonEnergyEfficiencyforSMEs,(o/bofInter 2008 AmericanInvestmentCorporationIIC), "E10DriveintotheFuture":FamilyFunDay@theNational PromotedbyTheMinistryofEnergy&ThePetroleumCorporation 2008 ofJamaica 2ndConferenceofAfricaLatinAmerica&theCaribbeanEnergy MinistersEnergyChallengesandOpportunitiesinAfrica,Latin 2008 America,andtheCaribbean:ImprovingEnergyAccessandSecurity SummitsoftheAmericasSecretariat:VirtualForumonthetheme 2008 PromotingEnergySecurity NEVISRenewableEnergyWorkshopforScienceTeachers CREDP/Cariscience/NevisislandRelevantREResources& 2008 TechnologiesTrainingTeachers,StKitts&Nevis 2008 "Opportunities&ChallengesinEnergyintheCaribbean" CARILECConference"CreatingtheFutureStrongVision,Bold 2008 Decisions" 2008 CREDP/GTZLaunchPhaseII&OperationsPlanningWorkshop 2008 Trinidad&Tobago2008PetroleumConference 2008 LNG&GasContracts&RiskAssessmentTrainingCourse 2008CARICOMScienceAwardandCARISCIENCE10thAnniversary 2008 Celebration LNGFundamentalsUnderstandingtheStrategic,Commercial& 2008 legalFundamentalsTrainingCourse TheTobagoGasTechnologyConference,"NextGenerationEnergy 2008 Technologies"
Country
Jamaica
Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
Jamaica
Mexico Online
St.Kitts&Nevis St.Lucia St.Lucia St.Lucia Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago Trinidad&Tobago
136
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Year EventTitle 2009 IAEADirectorGeneralVisitsTCProjectSitesinCuba 2009 RenewableEnergy&EducationTourofCuba,Havana,Cuba TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin 2009 CXC/CAPEExaminationsCEIS/CREDPGTZ TrainingTransferofEnergyInformationtoTeachersofEnergyin 2009 CXC/CAPEExaminationsCEIS/CREDPGTZ 2009 CREFConference,CaribbeanRenewableEnergyForum 2009 GreenEXPO2009JCDT 2009 PCJ30thANNIVERSARY(19792009)"EnergyforChange" "EnergyDatabaseDevelopmentandModelingSymposium" 2009 MinistryofEnergy JIEP4thConferenceontheEnvironmentJamaicaInstituteof 2009 EnvironmentalProfessionals(JIEP) CaribbeanInformationPlatformonRenewableEnergy(CIPORE) 2009 TrainingWorkshopPhaseII 2009 LaunchofBiofuelsTaskForce RenewableEnergy&ICTWorkshopwithreferencetoCIPORE 2009 (CaribbeanInformationPlatformonRenewableEnergy) 2009 WINDSCaribeCARIMAC/UWI 2009 SustainableEnergyAdvisoryWorkshop 2009 CIPORE(RenewableEnergyPlatform)Training&Workshop 2009 CEISAnnualLiaisonOfficersNetworkBusiness SchoolofEngineeringEnergy&OpenDay&OpeningofJPSSchool 2009 ofEngineeringPowerLaboratoryUniversityofTechnology, 2009 FirstEasternCaribbeanGeothermalConference 2009 OneDayWorkshoponGeothermal Country Cuba Cuba Dominica Grenada Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica Jamaica
Jamaica St.Kitts&Nevis St.Kitts&Nevis Trinidad& 2009 Trinidad&TobagoPetroleumConference(TTPC)2009 Tobago StakeholderConsultation:AssessmentoftheEnergyServicesSector Trinidad& Tobago 2009 intheCaribbean Trinidad& 2009 EnergyCaribbean2009 Tobago
137
APPENDIX V
AgenciesFundingInterventionsinNine(9) CountriesintheCaribbean
138
APPENDIXV1:AgenciesFundingInterventionsinNine(9)CountriesintheCaribbean * AgenceFranaisedeDveloppement(AFD) * AmelotHoldings * BarbadosLight&PowerCompany * BritishPetroleumTrinidad&Tobago(BPTT) * BureauofStandardsJamaica(BSJ) * CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency(CIDA) * CaribbeanDevelopmentBank(CDB) * CaribbeanRenewableDevelopmentProgramme(CREDP) * CentreforExcellenceinRenewableEnergy(CERE) * CIFGlobalEquityFund * ClimateChangeInstitute * DELTACaribbean * DeutscheGesellschaftfrTechnischeZusammenarbeit(GTZ)GmbH * DevelopmentBankofJamaicaLimited(DBJ) * DiscoveryHotel&Spa * DominicaSustainableEnergyCorporation(DSEC) * EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(ECLAC)/CEPAL * ElectricityCompanyofHolguin * EnmanServices * EnvironmentCanada * EnvironmentalLegalAssistanceCenter(ELAC) * EtanoldeCostaRice * EuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB) * EuropeanUnionEnergyFacility * FindersInc. * FondsFranaispourlEnvironnementMondial(FFEM) * GlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF) * GlobalSustainableEnergyIslandsInitiative(GSEII) * GovernmentofBarbados * GovernmentofChina * GovernmentofGrenada * GovernmentofGuyana * GovernmentofIndia * GovernmentofJamaica
139
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GovernmentofSpain GovernmentofStLucia GovernmentoftheRepublicofCuba(RepblicadeCuba) GovernmentoftheRepublicofTrinidadandTobago(GORTT) GovernmentofVenezuela GrenadaChocolateCompany GrenadaElectricityServicesLimited(GRENLEC) INCOMEX InterAmericanDevelopmentBank(IDB) InterAmericanInstituteforCooperationonAgriculture(IICA) InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA) JamaicaManufacturersAssociation(JMA) LatinAmericanEnergyOrganization(OLADE) NationalCouncilforScienceandTechnology(NCST)Barbados NationalEdibleOilCompany(NEOCOL) NationalEnvironmentPlanningAgency(NEPA) NationalWaterCommission(NWC) NevisElectricityCompanyLimited(NEVLEC) OfficeofUtilitiesRegulation(OUR),Jamaica OrganizationofAmericanStates(OAS) PetrojamLimited PetroleumCorporationofJamaica(PCJ) SolarDynamics StatisticalInstituteofJamaica SynergyHoldings TheWorldBank TobagoBedandBreakfastAssociation(TBBA) TourismDevelopmentCompanyLtd.(TDC) TrinidadHostHomeAssociationTHHA UKClimateImpactsProgramme(UKCIP) UnitedCompanyRUSAL UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP) UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP) UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID) UniversityofCalgary UniversityoftheWestIndies(UWI) UniversityofVermont
140
* *
WindEnergyConsulting&Contracting,Inc.(WECC) WindwattPower,Canada
141
APPENDIX VI
AgenciesImplementingEnergyInterventionsin Nine(9)CountriesintheCaribbean
142
APPENDIXVI1:AgenciesImplementingEnergyInterventionsinNine(9)Countriesin theCaribbean * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Agencedel'EnvironnementetdelaMatrisedel'Energie(ADEME) AgenceFranaisedeDveloppement(AFD) AgriculturalSectorDevelopmentUnit,Guyana AmelotHoldings,Barbados AssociationofCaribbeanUtilities(CARILEC) AssociationofCommonwealthUniversities(ACU) BarbadosAgriculturalManagementCompany(BAMC) BarbadosAgriculturalSectorDevelopmentUnit(BASDU) BarbadosFarmLimited BarbadosLight&PowerCompany BarbadosNationalOilCompany(BNOC) BritishPetroleumTrinidad&Tobago(BPTT) BureauofStandardsJamaica(BSJ) CanadaFoundationforInnovation(CFI)Funds CanadianInternationalDevelopmentAgency(CIDA) CaribbeanAllianceforSustainableTourism(CAST) CaribbeanCommunity(CARICOM) CaribbeanDevelopmentBank(CDB) CaribbeanElectricUtilityServicesCorporation(CARILEC) CaribbeanEnergyInformationSystem(CEIS) CaribbeanHotelandTourismAssociation(CHTA) CaribbeanRenewableEnergyDevelopmentProgramme(CREDP) CaribbeanTourismOrganisation(CTO) CaribbeanWindEnergyInitiative CenterforResourceManagementandEnvironmentalStudies(CERMES) CentreforExcellenceinRenewableEnergy(CERE)Jamaica ChineseElectricAppliancesCorporation CLICOEtanolHoldings ClimateChangeInstitute DistributionGenerationoftheElectricityCompanyCuba MinistryofBasicIndustry(MINBAS)Cuba DELTACaribbeanN.V.Guyana DeltaEnergyandPetroleumCompany DemeraraDistillersLimited
143
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
DeutscheGesellschaftfrTechnischeZusammenarbeit(GTZ)GmbH DevelopmentBankofJamaica(DBJ) DewDropHomesLtd DiscoveryHotel&Spa DominicaElectricityCorporation(DOMLEC) DominicaSustainableEnergyCorporation EconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean (ECLAC)/CEPAL ElectricityCompanyofHolguin Energoimport EnmanServices EnvironmentalCoordinatingUnit EnvironmentalLegalAssistanceCenter,Inc.(ELAC) EnvironmentalMediaAssociation(EMA) EquityInvestorsfromtheUnitedStates EssarSteel EthanoldeCostaRica EuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB) EuropeanUnionEnergyFacility FindersInc. FondsFranaispourlEnvironnementMondial(FFEM) FutureCentreTrust GlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF) GlobalSustainableEnergyIslandsInitiative(GSEII) GovernmentofBarbados GovernmentofChina GovernmentofGrenada GovernmentofGuyana GovernmentofJamaica GovernmentofSpain GovernmentofStLucia GovernmentoftheRepublicofCuba(RepblicadeCuba) GovernmentoftheRepublicofTrinidadandTobago(GORTT) GovernmentofVenezuela GrenadaChocolateCompany GrenadaElectricityServicesLimited(GRENLEC) GuatanamoHydropower
144
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
GuyanaEnergyAgency GuyanaSugarCompany(GUYSUCO) GuyanaWaterInstitute HEARTTrustNTA,Jamaica HolguinElectricCompany INCOMEX IndependentRegulatoryCommission(IRC) InterAmericanDevelopmentBank(IDB) InterAmericanInstituteforCooperationonAgriculture(IICA) InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA) StatisticalInstituteofJamaica(STATIN) JamaicaManufacturersAssociation(JMA) LethamPowerCompany LandlineInternetMobileEntertainment(LIME) MinistryofAffairsandEnergy,Barbados MinistryofAgriculture,Guyana MinistryofAgriculture,Jamaica MinistryofCommerce,IndustryandConsumerAffairsStLucia MinistryofCommunicationsWorksTransportandPublicUtilities,StLucia MinistryofConstruction,Cuba MinistryofEducation,Jamaica MinistryofEnergy&EnergyIndustries,Trinidad&Tobago MinistryofEnergy&Environment,Barbados MinistryofEnergyandMining,Jamaica MinistryofFinanceandthePublicService,Jamaica MinistryofFinance,EconomicAffairsandEnergy:EnergyDivision, Barbados MinistryofFinance,EnergyUnitGrenada MinistryofIndustry,InvestmentandCommerce,Jamaica MinistryofPhysicalDevelopmentandtheEnvironment:Sustainable DevelopmentEnvironmentSectionStLucia MinistryofPublicUtilities,Energy&PortsDominica MinistryofPublicUtilities,Jamaica MinistryofPublicWorks,Guyana NationalCouncilforScienceandTechnology(NCST)Barbados NationalDepartmentRationalEnergyUse,Cuba NationalEdibleOilCompany(NEOCOL),Guyana
145
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NationalEnvironmentPlanningAgency(NEPA)Jamaica NationalGasCompany(NGC) NationalOzoneUnitGrenada NationalPetroleumCompany(NPC)Trinidad&Tobago NationalSolidWasteandManagementAuthority(NSWMA)Jamaica NationalWaterCommission(NWC),Jamaica NativeSunNRG NevisElectricityCompanyLtd.(NEVLEC) NorthStarSt.KittsLtd. OfficeofthePrimeMinister,Jamaica OfficeofthePrimeMinister,Guyana OfficeofUtilitiesRegulation(OUR),Jamaica OrganizationofAmericanStates(OAS) ParadiseBayResort PDVDominica PDVGrenada PDVSt.KittsandNevis PetrocaribeEnergyFundJamaica PetrojamLimited PetrleosdeVenezuelaS.A.(PDVSA) PetroleumCorporationofJamaica(PCJ) PiarcoInternational PlanningInstituteofJamaica(PIOJ) PowerPlantMaintenanceCompany RationalEnergyUseNationalDepartmentCuba RenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnership(REEEP) RenewableEnergyinAmericas(REIA) ScientificResearchCouncil(SRC),Jamaica SewerageandSolidWasteProjectExecutionUnit(SSWPU)Barbados SolarDynamics St.LuciaCooperativeLeague St.LuciaElectricityServicesLimited(LUCELEC) St.KittsElectricityDepartment SustainableDevelopment&EnvironmentSectionStLucia SynergyHoldings,Guyana TheMeteorologicalOfficeJamaica TMARRYSHOWTeacherTrainingCollegeGrenada
146
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
TobagoBedandBreakfastAssociation(TBBA) TourismDevelopmentCompanyLtd.(TDC) TrinidadHostHomeAssociationTHHA UKClimateImpactsProgramme(UKCIP) UNDP/FundingEnvironmentCanada UnionElectricadeCuba UnitedCompanyRUSAL UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP) UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP) UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO) UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID) UniversityofCalgary UniversityofGuyana UniversityoftheWestIndies(UWI),StAugustineTrinidad&Tobago UniversityoftheWestIndies(UWI),MonaJamaica UniversityoftheWestIndiesCenterforEnvironmentandDevelopment (UWICED)Barbados UniversityofTrinidad&Tobago UniversityofVermont,UK Vergnet VocationalTrainingBoardBarbados WAURALYParsonsTrinidadLimited WestIndiesHoldings WestIndiesPowerLimited WigtonWindFarmLimited WindEnergyConsulting&Contracting,Inc. WindwattPower,Canada TheWorldBank
147
148
APPENDIX VII
ChartsofEnergyInterventions
148

Interventions by Country (2000-2009)
80 70 60
# of Interventions
50 40 30 20 10 0
Guyana
Jamaica Barbados Grenada St. Lucia Trinidad Dominica & Tobago

Countries
Cuba
149
Interventions by Countries (2000-2009)
St. Lucia 8%
Trinidad & Tobago 7%
Barbados 15% Cuba 4%
St. Kitts & Nevis 4%
Dominica 6%
Jamaica 17%
Grenada 9% Guyana 23%
150
Types of Inteventions per Country (2000-2009)

60
50 # of Types of Interventions
Renewable Energy
Energy Cons/ Efficiency

40
Petroleum
30
Others
20
10
0
Guyana Jamaica Barbados Grenada St. Lucia Trinidad & Tobago Dominica Cuba St. Kitts & Nevis
Countries/Caribbean
151
Types of Interventions in the Caribbean/9 countries (2000-2009)

200 180 160 140
# Interventions by types
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Renewable Energy Energy Cons/ Efficiency Petroleum Others
Types of Interventions
152
Types of Interventions in the Caribbean/9 Countries (2000-2009)
Others 10%
Energy Conservation/ Efficiency 17%
Petroleum 12%
Renewable Energy, 61%
153
INTERVENTIONS BY CATEGORIES Caribbean/9 Countries (2000-2009)

160
140
# Interventions by categories
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 Equipment Policy Assessment Awareness Awareness Capacity
Categories of interventions
Key: Equipment (Equipment & Technology) Assessment (Assessment/Feasibility Studies) Awareness (Awareness/Information)
154
155
156
157

Impact Assessment Survey of Recent Energy Interventions On The Security and Sustainability of The Caribbean Energy Sector

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CONTENTS VOLUME 1 (Regional Report) Pg #

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...1

BASELINE CONDITIONS 19995

RECENT ENERGY INTERVENTIONS IN THE REGION16

GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT23

BARRIERS AFTER NEW INTERVENTIONS 2000 TO 2009.....29

STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS..31

INTERVENTIONS STILL NEEDED BEYOND 2009..33

2.0 2.1 2.1.1

Table 3 Electricity Consumption for 1999

99 5,780 12,249 38,186 1,556 20,211 1,785 1,221 5. 81,092

Table 6 - Total Consumption by Sectors (9 countries) for 1999

VOLUME II COUNTRY REPORTS

BARBADOS Baseline conditions: Energy scenario up to 1999

1.1.3 Beneficiaries Students, private sector.

1.1.6 Lessons learnt from interventions

1.2.1 Baseline interventions: Energy scenario up to 1999

Contribution to climate change

1.3 1.3.1 Baseline conditions to 1999

Contribution to climate change

Contribution to Climate change

Beneficiaries Students, utilities, public sector.

1.5.3 Impact of energy interventions 1999 2009

Contribution to climate change

1.6.7 Interventions needed beyond 2009

1.7.1 Baseline conditions - Energy scenario up to 1999

1.7.8 UNDP assistance beyond 2009

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

1.9.1 Baseline conditions - Energy scenario up to 1999

1.9.3 Beneficiaries .8.7 Private sector, consumers.

Energy Efficiency Energy Conservation Section 1

Renewable Energy Petroleum

Start Year: _________

End Year: ________ or Present

PublicSector PrivateSector AverageConsumer Other

________% ________% ________% ________%,Please

specify:____________________________ Total= 100% Notsure/Datanotavailable Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

PoorAverage Good VeryGood Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

PoorAverage Good VeryGood Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

PoorAverage Good VeryGood Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

PoorAverage Good VeryGood Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

PoorAverage Good VeryGood Notapplicable,initiativeisongoing

Yes No Somewhat Not yet Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

(a) Jobs were created as a result of this intervention?

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

(c) New markets were created as a result of this intervention?

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Section 5 Future Outlook

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Yes No Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

Not applicable, initiative is ongoing

% 15% 4% 7% 9% 22% 17% 4% 8% 7% 7%

APPENDIXII2:INTERVENTIONSBYCATEGORY(TABLE2) CATEGORIES Assessment/Feasibility Awareness/Information CapacityBuilding Equipment/Technology Finance Policy # 65 25 27 141 25 79 % 21 8 9 45 8 25

APPENDIXII3:INTERVENTIONSBYTYPE20002009(TABLE4) TYPES EnergyCons/Efficiency Petroleum RenewableEnergy Others TOTALS # 53 37 189 31 % 17 12 61 10

310 100 (Others representing groupings of all Types)

% % % %,Please

_ _ Section 5 Future Outlook