Self Healing Networks

Sivakumaran Govindarajan Yves Chollot Anil Kadam Feb 22nd, 2012

What is a self healing network ?

Self healing grid - Definition

A self-healing grid is one capable of automatically sensing, isolating and instantaneously responding to power system disturbances, while continually optimizing its own economic as well as operational performance.

Self healing is in essence, the smart grids immune system. A strong immune system enables the grid to perform continuous, online self assessment to detect existing or emerging problems, predict future potential problems, 3 and initiate immediate corrective responses.

Why self-healing networks ?

Dutch outages

Source: KEMA

Electricity outages: an economic stake

Financial consequences of defective power supply

For end users Loss of revenues (non productive time) Deterioration of production or even process itself
Typical financial loss per outage Semi-conductors production Financial firm Informatics Centre Telecommunications Steel works Glass industry 3,800,000 6,000,000 per hour 750,000 30,000 per minute 350,000 250 000

Source: David Chapman Copper Development Association

For electricity suppliers Loss of revenues Maintenance costs Damage to distribution hardware Customer satisfaction Regulator penalties
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Indicators of dependability
Measured broadly by indices like SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, MAIFI
SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) can vary from a few minutes to several hours SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index) can vary from 0,1 to 10 and more

Generally no data is available if interruption is planned or unplanned

Unplanned interruptions need attention An example from SP AusNet:

SP Ausnet 2006-10 Asset mgmt plan

Interruption data for some towns (2009-10)

Hh:mm
Name of town No of consumers
No of outages per consumer Ave duration of outage per consumer No of outages per feeder

Hh:mm
Ave duration of outage per feeder

Vishakhapatnam TPDDL (NDPL) Ahmedabad Patiala Mumbai (BEST)

2007-08

5,38,417 11,10,013 14,32,363 1,17,912 9,43,099 3,54,884

286.9 0.01 13.00 0.03 1.78 3.07

1:08 4:21 0.53 3:56 0:47 10:48

50.73 13.24 3.79 73.00 2.00 3.02

179.27 57.33 05.53 255.00 3.41 4.23

Thiruvananthapuram

Extracts from CEA report

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Reliability indices in Europe

Compare this with other regions

Ali Ipakchi, Kema Inc

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Indian Distribution N/W has evolved over time

Slow evolution of distribution network, Apparition of digital control systems and advanced DMS High speed, low cost communication
Public Distribution 20MVA Static andMain Substation Electromechanical Numerical 33/11kV protection relays and systems; 1250A 1250A Un-Manned Substations Manned 1250A Substations 630A 630A 630A 630A

20MVA 33/11kV

With Full SCADA / No SCADA & With Limited DMS Connectivity DMS Systems SCADA / DMS Connectivity Full Connectivity

DER integration

Smart distributed substation

630A 630A KWh 630A 630A KWh 630A 200A 200A 630A 630A 200A 200A

New self-healing system

630A 630A 200A

630A 630A Full FRTUs No FRTUs Few FRTUs

630A Radial & Ring type distribution Urban Distribution system KWh 630A

Full FPIs Few FPIs

200A

Automation with Reclosures, Sectionalisers Automation with Reclosures, Sectionalisers

G 630A 630A Smart MV/LV G 630A 200A 200A Individual Consumer KWh Connectivity (AMI) 200A

Process Industry Leisure Complex

Hospital

80s

90s

2012

Typical European network style

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Future

Self healing Todays Grid

Todays Transmission grid are with many self-healing features:

Present Mesh network, built-in redundancy & advanced protective system (Single phase tripping, Autoreclosing, Power Swing Protection, auto-sectionalizing etc.,). Pilots on FACTS, DLR, WAMS ongoing

Todays Distribution grid design is not with many self-healing features:

Recent deregulation, lack of distributed resources /intelligent networking capabilities, Desperate applications designed for standalone applications Most DA and substation automation (SA) systems are applied at a local level, using local information for decision making.
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Self healing grid Examples

Generation

Transmission
Local Object Protection

Distribution

WAMS P&C

DLR Fault Detection, Isolation and restoration Voltage and VAR Management Network Reconfiguration (Load Balancing / Loss Minimization (Efficiency) Auto Demand Response to bridge the Demand Supply Gap

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Various approaches exist for Distribution Grid Management

Overload and DG easy to manage from the DMS data base Overload management to be shared between DMS and FRTU Load management more difficult to manage

Simple to very complex network schemes

Simple to complex network schemes

Simple network schemes

>5 min The SCADA manages the decision and send restoration control orders to the FRTU. The FRTU are passive

<1 min Both FRTU and SCADA/DMS are involved in the decisions.

< 500 ms The FRTU react automatically to reconfigure the network and inform eventually the SCADA

Centralized

Semi decentralized

Decentralized
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Various approaches exist for Distribution Grid Management

Do you see an evolution towards centralized architectures? Decentralized? Hybrid? Do you need to improve your response time ? To what extent?

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Example of decentralised solutions

Hong-Kong
Close ring with CB Cable differential protection No customer interruption

Double Radial
Double network with ATS LBS

STEDIN
Open loop with LBS communication between FRTU (GPRS) Restoration < 1min

E
N.O. point

Open loop with CB No communication between FRTU Restoration < 1min Multiple trip/close operations Chronologic selectivity for earth fault 15

ENEL

A cost effective Self Healing Grid solution

DMS
HV/MV sub HV/MV sub

GPRS - Optical ModbusDNP3 -IEC 104 61850

Automation 61131

MV/LV sub

GPRS IEC 104 DNP3 IEC 61850

Historical

FPI

Load measurement

Voltage detection

Motorisation interface

UPS

RTU

HV/MV sub

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A cost effective Self Healing Grid solution

- Only LBS - Peer to peer communication
HV/MV sub HV/MV sub

1 - Fault detection
CB trips RTU exchange fault detection RTU exchange load before trip

# 0,2s

2 - Isolation
RTU decision of isolation LBS open Faulty cable is isolated
# 0,5s

MV/LV sub

N.O.

FRTU

? i e a e dec He DI Decentralised solution I lf SA id DG exchange (isol + no volt) Se ith for vo RTU B oa t w LBS RTU close the C n dd CB t ide fully restored Power f a to dd con y or Semi-decentralised solution ad to a ? e rat y e R DMS analyse the load 1- Read ration ld op : DMS send close order o G 2ie est the f SH r Power fully restored DMS re A 3g 3 ta onn x r Restoration Step 2lin

t RTU send isolation done en fore m RTU or protection closebe CB ove ion the r Power restored partially mp ct

3 Restoration Step 1

# 0,5s

# 1 min

HV/MV sub

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New MV/LV functions to optimize network utilization

Applicable in a European-type architecture (AMI via PLC to the substation)
Reduce Outage Time

MV Feeder MV Feeder Automation Automation

Monitor the MV load and voltage Reduce operation & maintenance costs

Monitor LV power supply quality

LV LV management management integration integration

Monitor the load & control the peak load Reduce losses Reduce the transformer fault

Reduce tech. and non technical losses on LV network

Smart Metering Smart Metering integration integration

Ease LV network maintenance & evolution Reduce outage time on LV network Keep LV network stable with DG proliferation

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AMI Integration to DMS A Step Beyond 1/2

Feeder automation solution : FPI & RTU
PSTN GSM GPRS Internet WiMax

MV/LV substation LV network End user < 36kVA

SCADA/DMS

COM (WAN)

AMI Solution
PSTN GSM GPRS Internet WiMax

AMI Head end

COM (WAN)

Concentrator

PLC on LV

Smart Meters

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AMI Integration to DMS A Step Beyond KS FA 2/2

Feeder Automation Monitoring AMI

RTC GSM GPRS Internet WiMax

Flexible LV Integration with MV

Concentrator + RTU or FPI MV/LV substation

PLC on LV

LV network

Smart Meters

SCADA/DMS

COM (WAN)

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Self healing Grid Benefits

Improved Reliability: Self healing will produce a substantial improvement in grid reliability. Improved Security: Self healing decreases the threat of a security attack because energy sources are distributed and self healing technologies can maintain or restore service during and after attack. Safety: Can quickly locate and deenergize downed wires. Faster restoration will reduce the impact to lifesupport systems . Fewer outages mean fewer opportunities for criminal acts. Quality: Could detect and correct power quality issues. Power quality issues represent large annual cost to society. (estimated to be in the tens of billions of dollars). Environmental: self healing grid accommodates multiple green resources. Helps in reducing environmental impact associated with outages and major equipment failures. More efficient grid means lower electrical losses (hence lower emissions).
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Impact self-healing on KPIs (Example of Auto-Reclosing)

Model

SAIFI 31.17 6.23 2.16 1.04

SAIDI 65.69 15.79 5.51 2.76

Model 1 Fdr CB w/o AR

1 2 3 4

Model 2 Fdr CB with AR

Model 4 AR with sectionalers Source: Rienaldo Burian, Cesar Augusto Cactano, Annibel Hetem - Brazil 22

Model 3 AR without sectionalers

Outage costs comparison

Annual cost with sectionalising Annual cost w/o sectionalising

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Self Healing Grid Barriers 1/2

Financial Resources: Regulators require extensive proof before authorizing major investments, concerns about rapidly changing technology is also high Government Support: Industry may not have the financial capacity to fund new technologies. Compatible Equipment: Some older equipment must be replaced as it cannot be retrofitted to be compatible with selfhealing requirements. Early retirement of equipment before ROI might become an issue. Policy and Regulation : New regulatory model should be considered that decouples delivery company profits from sales volume. Instead, a model that rewards achievement of the principal characteristics will accelerate smart grid progress, particularly in the area of self healing.

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Self Healing Grid Barriers 2/2

Speed of Technology Development: Integrated, Secure, Reliable highspeed communications platform Intelligent electronic devices Distribution automation schemes with distributionlevel selfhealing capabilities to accommodate all DER Costeffective, environmentallyacceptable DER, including micro grids and energy storage DR systems using realtime pricing Advanced transmission protection schemes that provide rapid areawide response to system threats; Tools to accommodate twoway flow on existing distribution circuits; Advanced analytical tools.
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