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100 m
110
Director
15 to 20% of total energy use, say 15 mill tons of oil is used in industry below 250C. 30% of this requirement can be met through solar thermal concentrators, leading to savings of about 4.5 million tons of furnace oil or LDO or Diesel per year
This is 60 to 70% of our oil imports
India has large number of decentralized, small industrial units Fuel cost is high in India Paraboloid Concentrators can be fabricated at lower costs
Solar Industrial Process Heat 4
? Can it be concentrated for medium temperature applications ? Can it be stored and delivered at demand ? Can it be integrated with
Other solar technologies Other renewable technologies Conventional fossil fuel based thermal systems ?
Quest for
Solar Concentrators
Comparison: In a nut-shell
PTC is costly in the present Indian scenario and has less applicability Heliostats with central receiver is technologically more complicated (especially, thermal energy evacuation) Scheffler dish has a niche near 100 C semi-industrial applications and its comparatively much easier to fabricate ARUN has high potential in industrial as well as power generation applications, but its comparatively involved to fabricate
Solar Industrial Process Heat 8
Possibilities of Industrial Process Heat Applications, technical Potential in India and Economics
Solar Industrial Process Heat 9
Rs./m
20,000 20,000
8,000
So la ra ir he So at Ev la er rw ac ua at er te d he tu at be er W at er H ea te r Sa nd ia ,U S AN A U ,A us tra Pa l ia ra bo lic Tr ou gh So la rB ow l Sc he fl e rd is h
Ar un 16 0
10
Ar un 70
89524
85714
60000 59571
61500
60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 14760 21648 38500 34167
he at er w at er he at er S an di a, U S A A N U ,A us tr P ar al ia ab ol ic Tr ou gh S ol ar B ow S l ch ef le r di sh
S ol ar
S ol ar
ai r
A ru n1 60
11
A ru n7 0
Rs./ kWhth
1.00 0.00
So la ra ir he So at er la rw at er he at er Sa nd ia ,U SA A NU ,A us tra Pa lia ra bo lic Tr ou gh So la rB ow l Sc he f le rd is h A ru n1 60 A
12
ru n7 0
50
100
Arun70
150
Arun160
T-Ta 200
250
13
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50
Schefler dish
T-Ta
100
150
Arun70
200
Arun160
250
14
Existing government support : 12% subsidy available from MNES. 80% accelerated depreciation CO2 Emission Reduction can be traded.
This more than covers the O&M cost
Desirable additionally: Soft infrastructure loans @ 5% pa covering 80% of the capital cost from Banks / FIs to be paid back in 10 years.
Solar Industrial Process Heat 16
Conclusions
Concentrators can generate medium temperatures for process heat applications : 100 to 250C Heat can be stored and delivered at demand ARUN at Latur: Unique system Vast range of Industrial process heat applications Large potential Unit can be integrated with Other solar technologies Other renewable technologies Conventional fossil fuel based heaters Economic today: Positive cash flow from year 1
Solar Industrial Process Heat 18
10000 Load temperature constraint storage volume,m 3 b 1000 volume limits for given area
100 m
110
Temp (C)
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75
r (m)
Flux (kW/m2)
r (m)
Temp (C)
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75
r (m)
Flux (kW/m2)
r (m)
F=0.8 F=0.9 1
100
10
*
1
Latur Design Point 160 m2, 4.5 m3
0.1
Collector area,m
130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
0.7 0.6 0.5 Efficiency 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
y = -1.3336x + 0.5964
0.08
0.1
0.12
from Solar units superheated with oil / gas / biogas In combined cycle plant with steam in Rankine cycle from Exhaust-Gas-Heat-RecoveryBoiler augmented by Solar units Stirling engine with gas fired back-up heating Using Suryamukhi PV on Tracker Using Concentrated PV cells
Schematic of Solar Thermal Power using Concentrators : 250 kWe Gas / Oil Hybrid Power Generation System 40 dishes of ARUN160 16 h/d supply for 300-350 d/y
Steam Engine Gen /Turbn
Thermal Storage
Gas/oil Superheater
100 m2 Dishes with Stirling Engine by SES for 500 & 800 MW plants at Mojave Dessert, US
Suryamukhi
as PV Tracker
Suryamukhi
as PV Tracker
m2
m2
Scheffler Paraboloid Dish with Fixed Focus on ground 7 m2 Scheffler dish for cooking, INDIA Power capacity : 2 kW Operating hours : 7 hours/day Daily output : 14 kWhth / day Capital cost : Rs.60,000 + Rs.10,000 (Receiver) + Rs. 7,000 (Tracking) Cost Parameter : Rs. 38,500 /kWth : Rs. 5,500/(kWh /day)
4
At Tehachapi, US
1
Solar 2, US
Heliostat by SERI
100 m2 Dishes with Stirling Engine by SES for 500 & 800 MW plant at Mojave Dessert, US
Potential in India : 140 million sq. m Installed capacity : 1,500,000 sq. m Manufacturing capacity : 150,000 sq. m/year
Selective-coated glass tube in evacuated glass tube units being imported from china New synthetic materials by Sintex, India
Biomass Energy :
Thermo-Chemical Conversion
Traditional energy source Availability of woody biomass: 1 kg/day/person Potential for power generation:19,500 MW Installed capacity : Cogeneration in sugar factories 358 MW Biomass gasifier with 20% diesel 43 MW Range of gasifiers available 5 to 200 kWelect
Biomass Energy :
Thermo-Chemical Conversion
Technology development of gasifier run engine since 1980s in research institutes India is a leader in gasifier technology today Availability, collection, processing and transport of agricultural biomass is a challenging task Insistence on Energy Plantation is required Thermal process applications are also attractive
Biomass Energy :
Bio-Chemical Conversion
Bio-gas from cattle dung Waste to energy
2 to 5 cu.m plants : 75,000 per year Community plants : 3,500 per year Industrial waste processing using bio-route Urban solid waste processed to get biofertilizers 1.5 million per year in 10,000 villages Through self-employed workers and entrepreneur
Few plants of up to 200 kW capacity
Improved cook-stoves
Biomass Energy :
Applications: Cooking, process heat upto 700C, stationery engines, mobile engines
Biomass Energy :
Bio-Diesel
40 to 50% of liquid fossil fuels go into transport and stationery diesel engines Bio-Diesels can be used: Any oil can be used ! Reducing the viscosity Improving the Octane number Availability of raw material Blending Life of engine
Non-edible oils Waste cooking oils
Potential in India : 20 MWp / sq. km Installed capacity : 2.74 MWp (Grid) + 1.6 MWp Exported capacity : 40 MWp Manufacturing capacity : 60 MWp / year
Economics
Solar thermal is economic (Re.1/kWhth) when it is compared with thermal systems running on electrical power or liquid fossil fuels in industry Wind energy is the next (Rs.4 to 5/kWhelect) subject to proper siting and maintenance Biomass energy is also economic (Rs.3/kWhelect or more) subject to the cost of the biomass available and organizational capability to collect biomass