Planning a Mobile DVB-T Network for Colombia

Jaime Lpez, David Gmez-Barquero, Carlos Garcia, Narcis Cardona

Mobile Communications Group Instituto de Telecomunicaciones y Aplicaciones Multimedia (iTEAM), Universidad Politcnica de Valencia Phone: 963 879 585, Fax: 963 879 583 Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain E-mail: {jailosan, dagobar, cargarac, ncardona}@iteam.upv.es
Abstract The TV evolution and the need of better quality and new services for the users have accelerated the migration from analogue to digital TV, forcing a renovation process in all fields of this communication system. Most of the DVB-T networks deployed in the world have been designed for fixed rooftop reception. The countries where it has not yet deployed the DTT network can introduce technological advances to planning DVB-T network for fixed and mobile reception and use the MPEG-4 video compression to provide high definition TV. This paper describes the technical solutions proposed in order to provide mobile DVB-T services to public transportation systems: antenna diversity, hierarchical modulation, and Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC). These solutions compensate the negative effects caused by the mobility of the receivers, such as fading in the signal due to Doppler shift and the poor coverage at ground level. Furthermore, this paper describes the methodology carried out to evaluate the improvements in mobile reception of the DVB-T network in Colombia by using these techniques. Keywords- Mobile DVB-T, hierarchical modulation, antenna diversity, application layer forward error correction, dynamic simulations.

Most countries have adopted DVB-T using the MPEG-2 standard compression. However, Colombia as well as France, Poland, Norway and other European countries determined to operate the DTT network using MPEG-4 compression, in order to provide high definition and standard definition TV in the same channel and exploit the advantages of this effective compression standard. The future of digital television is the transmission of highdefinition services and multimedia content to portable and mobile devices. Unfortunately, DVB-T was primarily designed for fixed rooftop reception with a very short time interleaving (couple of milliseconds), being very vulnerable to fast fading in mobile channels. However, some of the robust modes of transmission such as QPSK (or 16-QAM) with strong inner coding for high error correcting capability and 2K sub-carriers might allow (limited) TV services for mobile reception at velocities above 200 km/h [1], [2].The impairments occurring in the mobile environment mainly depends on the Doppler effect. This Doppler distortion evolves proportionally both with the speed of the vehicle and the DVB-T signal centre-frequency [3]. The European digital mobile TV standard called DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting Transmission System for Handheld Terminals) is a technological evolution of DVB-T, and was developed specifically for the provision of mobile TV services. DVB-H reuses the physical layer of DVB-T and introduces a set of enhancements in the link layer in order to adapt the transmission to mobile reception. Two main features are added at link-layer, namely MPE-FEC and Time Slicing for better interleaved error protection, and burst-mode transmission respectively. Although it is compatible with DVB-T physical layer, DVB-H encapsulates the IP datagrams in an MPEG-2 Transport Stream using the MPE (Multi Protocol Encapsulation) and the conventional receivers of DVB-T cant receive this information. Most of the DVB-T networks deployed in the world have been designed for fixed rooftop reception. However, these settings do not offer good coverage for portable or mobile reception. The need for providing digital TV services to mobile terminals has led broadcasters in several countries to deploy dedicated DVB-H networks. In countries where it has not yet deployed the DTT network, the possibility of offering DVB-T mobile services from the design phase, brings economic benefits to reduce the necessary network infrastructure to provide service to both terminals fixed and mobile. New technological advances allow planning a DVB-T

I.

INTRODUCTION

During the recent years digital TV has become a big phenomenon for the Information Society all over the world. There are basically four digital television terrestrial standards: ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting) adopted in Japan and with some modifications in Brazil and Peru, DMBT (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) adopted by China, ATSC (Advanced Television System Committee) adopted in United Stated, South Korea, Canada, Mexico, and other Caribbean countries, and the European DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial) standard, that forms the largest digital audiovisual community of the word with 121 countries of the five continents. In South America, the decision to adopt DVB-T as the national standard for Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT), firstly by Uruguay in 2007, and secondly by Colombia and Panama in August 2008 and May 2009 respectively, opens great opportunities for business and scientific cooperation with the European Union and other countries in the world that have adopted the standard. Furthermore, these Latin-American countries ensure the integration to economies of scale that guarantee availability of equipment, lower costs, investment advantages, employment, exportation and international cooperation.

978-1-4244-4388-8/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

network for both fixed and mobile reception (especially in vehicles). The technical solutions investigated are: antenna diversity at the receivers, the use of hierarchical modulation and/or the implementation AL-FEC. This paper provides an overview of the work results from the cooperation project between the Universidad Politcnica de Valencia (Espaa) and the Universidad ICESI Cali (Colombia) for the technological development of DVB-T in Colombia, an activity integrated inside the COST2100 framework. In the first part of the project, requirements of the new network will be identified, the scenarios will be delimited and customer profiles will be characterized as well as the required bit rate. Later, the DVB-T network will be designed, including coverage estimation for fixed and mobile reception. Finally, field measurements will be realized to check the network. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. The planning and coverage estimation of DVB-T network for Colombia are described in Section II. Technical solutions to improve mobile reception are explained in Section III. An example of dynamic simulations for reception of DVB-T in public buses is presented in Section IV. Finally, Section V summarizes the main expected outcomes of this research and some conclusions. II.
Figure 1. Planning DVB-T networks process

4.7 West, 1710 msnm), at 50 km from the capital, and others will be set into the city in Cristo Rey hill (3 26 10.6 North, 76 33 54 West, 1400 msnm) and in Terrn Colorado hill (3 27 23 North, 76 34 9.1 West, 1710 msnm). These transmitters are expected to cover more than 4.5 millions of potential users in fixed and mobile environments. Geographical information of the scenario is obtained from digital terrain models (DTM) of Colombia with a resolution of 35 meters and digital building heights maps of Cali city with a resolution of 1 meter. From this cartography, the coverage level is estimated in fixed reception for this Andean terrain conditions. Apart from this, main routes of public transportation in Cali are identified and used in dynamic simulations to estimate and predict the DVB-T signal level and the quality of service in buses as it will be explained in Section IV. B. Propagation Models in Andean Environments In all Andean countries and in Colombia in particular, cities have grown on irregular terrains where hills, valleys and buildings are sharing the same environment. This way, signal propagation is affected by different parameters that have to be taken into account to calculate the path loss. Some studies have been realized in this kind of mountainous terrains such as Saunders-Bonar [4], Eliades [5] or Walfish-Ikegami model [6]. Path loss calculation is a hard process to be realized in a determinist way by working with ray lines, even more if the planning computation is performed in big areas such as the DTT scenario due to the required high resolution and long computational time required to process the data. Because of this, a correct DVB-T planning should analyze semi-determinist and empirical propagation models. The first of them is based in approximations to the real path loss, whereas the second model is obtained from field measurements. The advantage of these models is that they are computed with single formulas and few parameters. The best way to estimate path loss correctly is to calibrate the models with field measurements in the evaluation scenario [7], taken into account the test bed defined in the project and in the

DVB-T PLANNING IN COLOMBIA

Generally speaking, the objective of coverage planning for digital terrestrial broadcast networks is to provide sufficient signal quality over the service area with minimal network cost, while keeping the potential interference under a specified level. However, mobile TV network planning requires a different approach compared to fixed rooftop reception because the service quality perceived by the mobile users depends on the time evolution of the transmission errors experienced by the users. Fig. 1 shows the process of the network planning will be followed to design a mobile DVB-T network for Colombia. DVB-T planning is a multidimensional subject that requires many technical inputs: information about the deployment scenario, specifically the position of the potential sites, antenna heights, operation frequency, transmission mode, criteria such as minimum signal levels, protection ratios, bit rates and type of reception. Using this information is possible calculate the coverage provided by each configuration and determine the most favorable. Digital terrestrial television should provide different reception modes: fixed reception, portable reception (outdoor and indoor) and mobile reception. From design phase, the DVB-T network should be able to deal with all of these reception modes. To perform planning exercises it is required to estimate the coverage level of each possible network configurations in the target service area. Additionally, these exercises can obtain information about the cost of using transmitters or repeaters in each potential site. The DVB-T network planning for Colombia includes the following stages: A. Deployment Scenario The deployment scenario considered in this project is the city of Cali in Colombia, covered by the three DVB-T transmitters. One in the Flora hill (3 51 55.5 North, 76 15

standard DVB [8]. The path loss depends on a large amount of factors: precision of the maps, suppositions and simplifications of the models, environment variability, frequency, mountainous terrain, etc.
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C. Measurements Procedure To analyze and validate DVB-T technology in mobile environments, it is desirable carry out both laboratory and field measurements. On one hand, laboratory measurements are realized by using DTT modulators and devices capable of simulating Typical urban (TU6), pedestrian or motorway channels. The output signal is connected to a measurement system able to evaluate the quality of reception in these mobile scenarios with different factors of mobiles velocity, power transmission or correlation distance due shadowing. On the other hand, field measurements provide the real signal level received in the evaluation scenario. The measurements procedure must guarantee reliable data. Because of this, path loss calculation must take into account different kinds of environment (dense-urban, urban, suburban, rural, etc). Furthermore, due to the fact that the measurement distribution is an important factor, denser routes will be established near the transmitter and less dense routes far from it. Some of the routes will be analyzed in Cali city as well as in neighbour zones with different kind of terrain (flat ground, mountainous terrain, forest, etc) and user profiles (huge amount of services). To carry out these measurements, some automated equipments are used to receive and store data in real time. These devices allow to measure CNR (Carrier-to-Noise Ratio) or MER (Modulation Error Ratio) level, and BER (Bit Error Ratio), TS-PER (Transport Stream Packet Error Rate) y FER (Frame Error Rate) indicators. In addition, demodulators will be used to receive hierarchical modulation signals and to combine signals in an antenna diversity configuration. Also, MPEG-2 players will be used to evaluate the quality of service in reception, to analyze the diversity or hierarchical modulation gain as well as to carry out optimization studies in fixed and mobile reception in public transportation. A GPS receptor (configuration WGS84) will be used to synchronize measurements with the real position and velocity. D. Coverage Estimation In order to identify and recommend the most cost-efficient DTT network configurations in Andean environments, the coverage level is estimated for DVB-T, taking into account all the solutions exposed to improve the DVB-T signal reception. In addition, the results will be characterized according to the maximum bit rate, quality of service and receptor velocity. As show in Fig. 1, received power from each transmitter is estimated evaluating all the gains and losses experimented by the signal (link budget). Propagation model calculates path losses from transmitters to each receiving point. The time of arrival of each signal is calculated as well. The coverage estimation required to identify and evaluate interference signals due to multipath, which is common in a dense and mountainous terrain like Colombia along with the interference produced by different networks that use similar frequencies. In

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addition, interferences produced by the new DTT network in other networks is estimated. Total useful and interfering signal are estimated with the combination module and finally, using the coverage requirements and the total SINR (Signal to Interference + Noise Ratio), the coverage level is calculated. III.

MOBILITY SOLUTIONS FOR DVB-T

The most dominant factors that impair the DVB-T system performance in the mobile environment are the Doppler effect, the fast fading and shadowing. In this situation, techniques such as hierarchical modulation, antenna diversity or application layer forward error correction (AL-FEC) can be used to compensate this degradation. A. Antenna Diversity In this technique the receiver should have several versions of the same transmitted signal, where each version is received through a distinct channel. In each channel the fading is intended to be mostly independent, so the chance of deep fading (and hence loss of communication) occurring in ail the channels simultaneously is very much reduced. Then, using different combination techniques like selecting, equal-gain, or maximum ratio combining, the diversity receiver behaves like receiving continuously a perfect signal. The behavior of the receiver using dual antenna in a Typical Urban channel model (TU6) can be characterized by the curve presented in Fig. 2 [9]. For a given DVB-T mode (8k 16QAM CR 1/2 GI 1/4) and depending on whether or not the use of diversity, each curve has a "C/N floor", giving information about the minimum signal requirement for correct demodulation of DVB-T signal, and presents an upper Doppler limit, giving information about the "maximum speed" reachable by the receiver. The Doppler shift breaks the orthogonality law of the COFDM signal and it causes intercarrier interference (ICI). The maximum Doppler frequency permitted on DVB-T depends of the FFT size (due to it defined the carrier-spacing), guard interval, RF channel, modulation scheme and the maximum permissible ICI level of the receiver. Antenna diversity is a good option to compensate channel variations.The gain achieved by the introduction of antenna diversity in DVB-T receivers is very significant in terms of C/N, this vary between 0 dB and 8 dB depending on the

channel profile, the DVB-T configuration, the signal combination technique and number of the antennas. Furthermore, antenna diversity overcomes the problem of dependence on speed, because it is able to maintain the CNR almost constant by increasing the Doppler. The gain in maximum Doppler frequency (i.e. maximum speed) is also significant but is more dependent of the receiver technology. Nevertheless, that gain is approximately 100% for urban profile and almost 150% for the rural profile [3]. B. Hierarchical Modulation Hierarchical modulation is a DVB-T feature where the data stream is separated into two streams. One stream, called the "High Priority" (HP) stream is modulated in QPSK and embedded within a "Low Priority" (LP) stream used 16QAM or 64QAM modulation. Typically, the LP stream is of higher bitrate, but lower robustness than the HP one. For example, in a 16-QAM or 64-QAM hierarchical configurations, the two most significant bits (MSB) are used for the robust HP stream as a QPSK modulation, defining the quadrant in the constellation. The remaining bits (LSB) determine the exact constellation point within the quadrant and are used for LP stream with the same robustness as the original modulation (16-QAM or 64-QAM). However, the HP stream is affected by the LP stream as a noise and suffers degradation in terms of increased CNR requirement. This penalty is an increase of CNR up to 6.8 dB depending on the type of hierarchical modulation, code rate and type of channel. Table I summarizes the required CNR for HP stream (QPSK) in a Rayleigh channel.
TABLE I. REQUIRED CNR FOR QPSK IN RAYLEIGH CHANNEL Required CNR for BER= 210-4 after Viterbi QEF after Reed -Solomon
Code rate Non hierarchical Hierarchical Modulation QPSK in 16QAM =2 16QAM =4 64QAM =1 64QAM =2

receivers of the HP stream, very good coverage could be achieved to fixed receivers of the LP stream. C. Application Layer Forward Error Correction FEC (Forward Error Correction) is a protection mechanism based on the transmission of parity data in order to recover lost portions of information. The physical layer of DVB-T implements FEC mechanisms designed to cope with noise and interference. However, DVB-T implements no time interleaving and cannot combat the impairments of mobile channels. AL-FEC operates above the physical layer in order to recover lost data units by means of erasure codes. The information to be protected is partitioned in source blocks and the source symbols are encoded to generate repair symbols. In reception it is possible to recover the lost symbols if enough source and repair symbols are received without errors. AL-FEC protection can be used in DVB-T in order to increase the robustness of the transmitted information and improve the reception in mobile channels. The insertion of the AL-FEC parity data in DVB-T can be done in a backwards compatible without altering the proper operation of legacy DVB-T receivers [10]. The protection provided by AL-FEC depends on the code rate and the protection period. The code rate is the proportion of source data with respect to the total amount of information transmitted, accounting both source and repair data. The protection period refers to the duration of the information encoded in each source block. The channel switching time and memory requirements are given by the protection period, as all the information of at least one source block must be stored in reception before it can be decoded. Higher protection periods take advantage of the temporal diversity derived from mobile reception and are capable to recover greater amounts of lost information in mobile environments. Although AL-FEC can operate with a protection period over 10 seconds, this value is generally limited due to channel switching time and memory considerations. However, this is not the case of public transportation scenarios, and the protection period can be set to values well above the limits of handheld terminals. The channel switching time is not a problem in public transportation services as the information can be transmitted in a single channel. Memory issues are not critical in vehicular reception either, as vehicular receivers can generally implement larger amounts of memory than handsets. IV.

Modulation

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The constellation ratio () is used to determine the spacing between the groups of constellation points. The value is the ratio of the spacing between the groups to the spacing between individual points within a group. The degradation of HP stream can be offset by use values of 1, 2 or 4, at the expense of the robustness of the LP stream. The selection a higher value is a lower penalty of CNR to HP stream, it is shown in Table I. The bits of the HP stream can additionally be transmitted with a greater error protection than those of the LP stream i.e. with a lower code rate (e.g. 1/2 or 2/3). Using these error-protection techniques, the HP stream may require a considerably lower C/N. The hierarchical modulation would be used for planning a combined mobile and fixed service. Mobile services require higher field strength than for fixed services, so if service planning was carried out on the basis of operation to mobile

DYMANIC DVB-T SIMULATIONS

Conventional DVB-T network planning is based on a static approach that targets to guarantee a certain coverage level (i.e., percentage of locations where average signal strength exceeds a given value with a high probability target). However, with AL-FEC and a large protection period the service availability cannot be considered a static measure, since the performance depends on the mobility of the users. Dynamic simulations allow evaluating the quality of service depending on transmission parameters and user mobility. These simulations are usually referred to as systemlevel simulations, and are widely used in cellular networks.

Figure 3. Architecture of DVB-T Dynamic Simulator

Figure 4. Public bus route in Valencia (Spain)

Dynamic system-level simulators allow evaluating the overall system performance perceived by the users statistically with Monte Carlo simulations [11]. The architecture of a DVB-T dynamic simulator is show in the Fig. 3 [12]. It is made up of four parts: mobility model, coverage model, performance model and AL-FEC module. The mobility model defines the routes and calculates the user position and velocity depending on traffic jam, other vehicles, traffic lights, service time and sampling time. The coverage model calculates the mean SINR value in every position. The performance model is based on a Markov Process with four states calculates the correct packets depending on the velocity and the SINR value calculated previously. Finally, the ALFEC module emulates the protocol decapsulation and FEC decoding at the application layers, and computes the QoS metrics. Common metrics for streaming services in DVB-T are TS PER (Transport Stream Packet Error Rate), ESR (Erroneous Second Ratio), and ESR5(20), which represents the percentage of time intervals of 20 seconds with at most 1 erroneous second and is the metric that reflects most accurately the QoS of a streaming service perceived by the users. An example of simulation was performed for vehicular urban reception conditions across a public bus route in Valencia (Spain) Fig. 4 and the same procedure will be used with Cali city information. We have used the DVB-T physical layer performance model for the TU6 channel model. This model is parameterized for a transmission mode used in Spain (8k 64QAM CR 2/3 GI 1/4). The coverage area is estimated for Torrent transmitter (39 25 44.9 North, 0 34 1 West, 1710 msnm) setting PIRE 12Kw, height antenna 100m and 770 MHz. The simulation dynamic results are show in the Fig 5. The simulation estimates the MPEG-2 TS packet error information at the physical layer of the whole multiplex, based on the time-variant reception conditions as indicated by the received signal strength and receiver velocity. By recording the packet error trace at the physical layer it is possible to reproduce the quality experienced by the terminals across the

simulated trajectory and emulate any type of upper layer protection. To evaluate the performance of the proposed FEC mechanism, different protection period and coding rates are analyzed. The results of the simulation on the same bus route are showed in Fig 6. In the transmission mode used actuality in Spain by using a higher protection period and a lower code rate, TS PER can be reduced from 51% to less than 33%. It is a large improvement but not enough to achieve a good quality of service (TS PER < 5%). The use of other techniques in jointly manner such as antenna diversity or hierarchical modulation increases the quality services experimented by the users. For this reason, the performance of AL-FEC combined with hierarchical modulation is simulated and the HP stream (QPSK, =2, CR 1/2, IG 1/4) is used to transmitter mobile service. In this case, the use of protection period above 100 s and FEC overhead of 1/2, 2/3, or 3/4 enabling the DVB-T network to provide mobile services with a good QoS to users.

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REFERENCES

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Figure 6. Performance of AL-FEC mechanism across the public bus route shown in Fig. 4

V.

EXPECTED RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

This paper discusses techniques that were not taken into account when designing DVB-T networks in Europe such as antenna diversity at the receivers, the use of hierarchical modulation and the implementation AL-FEC. These solutions can turn DVB-T into a technology capable of delivering digital TV services to public transportation systems or in general to vehicles. The design and deploy of DVB-T network for both fixed and mobile services enables efficient usage of resources and prevents the immediate deployment of a new DVB-H network. In the design of mobile DVB-T networks, the dynamic simulators can be used as a complement of traditional coverage planning tools for broadcasting networks to estimate the overall QoS perceived by the users dynamically over time, giving a better understanding of the network behavior. To validate the technical solutions proposed in this paper, partners of the project will deploy a DVB-T pilot network in the city of Cali Colombia and carry out measures campaigns across some routes of public transportation system. This tests will analyze the gain of each technical solution and estimate the total gain to be implemented in a jointly manner. The outcome of this work is to develop recommendations for network planning and deployment of DVB-T networks in Andean environments contemplating fixed and mobile public transportation systems reception services. It is expected that these recommendations for DVB-T deployment in Colombia become a model for the transition from analogical to digital TV in the entire South America. The results of this research will be used for broadcasters, regulatory television institutions and audiovisual enterprise for the progressive deployment and operation of the DVB-T network. The methodology described in this paper to planning DVB-T network in Colombia wants to motivate the companies and research centers to propose innovation projects as an instrument of cooperation to increase productivity and competitiveness of industries in the Iberoamerican community.

P. Pogrzeba, R. Burow, G. Faria and A. Oliphant, Lab and field test of mobile applications of DVB-T, Proc. International TV Symposium, Montreux, Switzerland, 1999. [2] U. Ladebusch and C. Liss, Terrestrial DVB (DVB-T): A Broadcast Technology for Stationary Portable and Mobile Use, Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 183-193, Jan. 2006. [3] G. Faria, Mobile DVB-T using antenna diversity receivers, IBC 2001, Amsterdam, Sep. 2001. [4] R. Saunders, Simon R. and Bonar, F. R. Prediction of mobile radio wave propagation over buildings of irregular heights and spacings. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 137-144, Feb. 1994. [5] Eliades, D.E. Terrain simulation for the cascaded cylinder diffraction model. IEE Proceedings-H. vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 285-291, Aug. 1993. [6] F. Ikegami, T. Takeuchi, and S. Yoshida, Theoretical Prediction of Mean Field Strength for Urban Mobile Radio. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 39, no. 3, 1991. [7] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1708, Field-strength measurements along a route with geographical coordinate registrations, 2005. [8] ETSI TR 101 190 v1.2.1, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Implementation Guidelines for DVB Terrestrial Services; Transmission Aspects, Nov. 2004. [9] DiBcom, Advantages of diversity implementation on mobile & portable Tv receivers, white paper no.3, Sep. 2007. [10] D. Gozlvez, D. Gmez-Barquero, and T. Stockhammer, Mobile Reception of DVB-T Services by means of Application Layer FEC Protection, Proc. IEEE BMSB, Bilbao, Spain, 2009. [11] J. Poikonen and D. Gmez-Barquero, Validation of a DVB-H Dynamic System Simulator using Field Measurements, Proc. IEEE BMSB, Las Vegas, USA, 2008. [12] D. Gmez-Barquero, Cost Efficient Provisioning of Mass Mobile Multimedia Services in Hybrid Cellular and Broadcasting Systems, Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, spain 2009.

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