EXPERIMENT # 7

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of reactive loads on transmission lines and measure using smith charts. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Transmission Line Analyzer, 10 MHz CRO with X-Y display.

Block diagram of instrument showing its principle of working. PROCEDURE: 1. Set up the equipment as before. 2. Connect a transmission line at the Load Out connector. 3. Keep the other end of the line open circuited. 4. The scope shall display a standing wave pattern due to reflections from the other end of the line due to impedance mismatch. 5. Adjust the display so that a maxima is formed at left side of end of display and minima is formed at right end side of display. The center frequency reads say 100 MHz. 6. Now shorting the load end shall result in maxima and minima changing their places and line reversing its phase by 180 degrees. 7. Thus CRO X can be calibrated to read phase as 180 means the ends of display. 8. Now at the load end connect a 33pF capacitor. Observe the change in the position of minima and measure it in degrees. 9. From the smith chart move clockwise from right end. 10. Say the measured phase shift was 90 degrees that would show up as an Normalized Xc of 1 on the smith chart. For system impedance of 50 Ohms Xc shall be 50 Ohms. Since Xc=1/(2.pi.f.C). For f=100MHz, Xc=1.59/C in KpF.

Capacitance can be crosschecked thus to be 31.8pF which is close to what the capacitor had been put. 11. Now connect 220pF and 10KpF capacitors and observe the change in patterns. 12. Observe that for higher capacitance the phase difference shall be close to 180 degrees and thus indeterminate. Reducing the frequency of operation shall result in less phase difference. Hence a 330pF would result in same phase difference of 90 degrees at 10 MHz as 33pF would at 100 MHz. 13. Now terminate the line into an low loss inductance. Observe the shift of the standing wave pattern

Experiment #1
OBJECTIVE: To setup the standing waves formation on a transmission line and observe their maxima and minima using frequency domain method. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Transmission line Analyzer, 10 MHz CRO with X-Y facility, Transmission lines EQUIPMENT SETUP:

Block diagram of instrument showing its principle of working. PROCEDURE:

4. Bring the CRO into X-Y mode of operation. This is done by disabling the internal time base of CRO. Usually this is done by rotating the time base switch to its extreme. Check your CRO for exact operational controls. 5. In X-Y mode the CRO will only show a bright spot on the CRT. 6. Adjust the intensity on CRO to get a bright spot. 7. Adjust the position of the spot with horizontal and vertical position controls. 8. Now connect a BNC lead from TLA Horizontal output to CRO X or Horizontal input. 9. CRO will start displaying a horizontal line. 10. Adjust the AC/DC/GND switch at CRO X input to DC. 11. Adjust the line length to ten cm by adjusting the X gain. 12. Adjust the vertical position of line to three graticules below center line by adjusting CRO Y position control. 13. Adjust the AC/DC/GND switch at CRO Y input to DC. 14. Now connect a BNC lead from TLA vertical output to CRO Y or vertical input 15. Adjust the attenuator setting of TLA with all the switches in upward direction; indicating full power being applied at load. 16. There will appear another line on top of the previously adjusted base line. 17. Adjust the Y input attenuator of scope to separate the line by six divisions. 18. This line will indicate the direct power level available at load terminal. 19. Adjust the tune control on TLA to read a frequency of around 100MHz.
TLA-03 Transmission Line Trainer & Analyzer

12 20. Adjust the span control fully clockwise. 21. The upper line will show little overshoot and sag somewhere. 25. Now connect a transmission line at the Load Out terminal through a suitable connector. 26. The scope shall display a standing wave pattern if the line is open circuited or shorted. 27. This is due to reflections from the other end of the line due to impedance mismatch. A coaxial BNC lead shall suffice as a real transmission line. 28. Connect the other end of the transmission line to the Load Input via suitable adapter. 29. The underlying principle is that when a transmission line is terminated into its characteristic impedance no power is reflected from the end of the line and hence there are no standing waves being formed in the line. 30. Rotate the impedance measure controls to fully counter-clockwise. 31. This will present a short circuit at the end of the transmission line in place of load. 32. The LCD shall read 0 Ohms in this case. 33. Hence there will be a current maxima or voltage minima being formed at the load end of the transmission line. Note the waveform on the CRO in this case. 34. Now rotate the measure control fully clockwise wise. The LCD shall read around 1000 Ohms as the load termination. Note the waveform on the CRO. 35. There will be a voltage maxima and current minima being formed at the load end.

36. Please note that the maxima and minima simply change their places in the two cases. 37. Or that the voltage maxima becomes voltage minima and current minima becomes current maxima when the load termination is changed from zero to infinity. 38. Note that they pass through the condition when maxima equals minima when load is the characteristic impedance.