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Precalculus|PackerCollegiateInstitute
Boxes,LotteryTickets,andInfiniteElephants,Ohmy!
Section1:Puzzles!
Puzzle#1
Howmanylittlesquaresareinthe42nd1figure?
Generalizetheresult:Howmanylittlesquaresareinthenthfigure?
Extendthegeneralization:Howmanylittlesquaresareinthezerothfigure?
Graphtheresult:
squares
figure number
http://ind.pn/NfegPy
`
1
Puzzle#2
PartI:Howmanysquaresareinthe42ndfigure?
Generalizetheresult:Howmanysquaresareinthenth
figure?
Graphtheresults:
PartII:Iftheshadedareaofthefirstfigureis81,whatis
theareaofthe42ndfigure?
Generalizetheresult:Whatistheareaofthenthfigure?
Graphtheresults:
squares
area
figure number
figure number
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2
Puzzle#3a
Thenumberofsmalltilesinthenthfigureis:
Ifyouhad12tiles,thelargestfigureyoucouldbuildwouldbe
the3rdfigure(youdonthaveenoughtilestobuildthe4thfigure).
Ifyouhadexactly7,570tiles,thelargestfigureyoucouldbuild
wouldbethe___figure.
Explanation:
Thenumberofsmalltilesinthenthfigureis:
Ifyouhad12tiles,thelargestfigureyoucouldbuildwouldbe
the3rdfigure(youdonthaveenoughtilestobuildthe4thfigure).
Ifyouhadexactly7,570tiles,thelargestfigureyoucouldbuild
wouldbethe___figure.
Explanation:
Puzzle#3b
Puzzle3a:
small squares
Puzzle3b:
figure number
small squares
figure number
`
3
Puzzle#4:Gardensareframedwithasinglerowofbordertilesasillustratedhere
Drawthe4thgarden:
PartII:Howmanybordertilesarerequiredforagardenof
length30?
PartIII:Howmanybordertilesarerequiredforagardenoflength1000?Showandexplainhowyougotyouranswer.
Nowthatyouvefoundtheansweroneway,comeupwithasecond(different)waytocountthebordertilesfora
gardenoflength1000.
PartIV(generalizetheresult):Ifyouknowthegardenlength(callitn),explainhowyoucandeterminethenumberof
bordertiles.
PartVI:Cantherebeagardenthatuses2012tiles?What
PartV:Showhowtofindthelengthofthegardenif152
about2013tiles?Explainyourreasoning.
bordertilesareused.
PartI:Howmanybordertilesarerequiredforagardenof
length10?
`
4
PartVII:Graphtheresults
border tiles
figure number
`
5
Section2:MathematicalTerminology
Eachofthepuzzleshadyougenerateasetofnumbersforthe1stfigure,2ndfigure,3rdfigure,4thfigure,etc.In
mathematics,wecallthisasequence.
Forexample,forPuzzle#1,yousawthepattern1,3,5,7,
Andwehavenotationforthis.Wellcallthissequence {Rn } (butwecouldjustaswellcallit {Badgern } or {Snaken } ).
Weusethesuperextrafancycurlybracketstoindicateitsasequence,andweusethesubscripttosaywhereinthe
sequenceweare.So:
Insteadofsaying
the5thnumberinthissequence R
Insteadofsaying
Insteadofsaying
thenthnumberinthissequence R
wesay R5
wesay Rn
Asyouveseen,thetermsinasequencecangrowbiggerorsmaller,andweshallseethattheycanbecrazyandget
biggerandsmallerandbiggerandsmaller!2
Althoughthereareanumberofdifferentkindsofsequences(asweshallsee),wewillreallyfocusontwoparticular
kinds.
InPuzzle#1andPuzzle#4,wesawthegraphslooklinearandtheequationforthenthtermwasalinearequation.You
cannowlaugh,becausewedontcallthesesequenceslinear.Wecallthemarithmetic.Thatsbecausearithmeticis
aboutaddingandsubtracting,andforeachterminthesequenceweareaddingandsubtractingafixedamount.The
hallmarkofanarithmeticsequenceisthatthereisacommondifferencebetweeneachterm(ifyousubtractanyterm
fromthepreviousterm,youalwaysgetthesamecommondifference).
InPuzzle#2,wesawthegraphslookexponentialandtheequationforthenthtermwasanexponentialequation.You
cannowlaughagain,becausewedontcallthesesequencesexponential.Wecallthemgeometric,whichhassomething
todowiththegeometricmean(ageometryconceptthatIamgoingtoignorehere).Thehallmarkofageometric
sequenceisthatthereisacommonratiobetweeneachterm(ifyoudivideanytermbythepreviousterm,youalways
getthesamecommonratio).
Somesequencesaretrickytofigureout.Heresafunone:
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6
Section3:ArithmeticSequences
1. Ifyouknowthefirstnumberinanarithmeticsequenceis 5 andeachterminthesequencegoesupby 3 ,come
upwithaformulaforthenthterm.
2. Ifyouknowthefirstnumberinanarithmeticsequenceis 5 andeachterminthesequencedecreasesby 3 ,
comeupwithaformulaforthenthterm.
4. Ifyouknowtheseventiethnumberinanarithmeticsequenceis 5 andeachterminthesequencedecreasesby
3 ,comeupwithaformulaforthenthterm.(Hint:yourworkforthepreviousproblemwillhelpyou!)
ExtraPractice
Arithmetic:Section12.2#3,5,7,10,15,17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,33
`
7
Section4:GeometricSequences
7. Ifyouknowthefirstnumberinageometricsequenceis 5 andthecommonratiois 3 ,comeupwithaformula
forthenthterm.
8. Ifyouknowthefirstnumberinageometricsequenceis5andthecommonratiois 1 / 3 ,comeupwitha
formulaforthenthterm.
ExtraPractice:
Geometric:Section12.3#9,11,13,15,19,21,23,25,27,29,33,35,37
`
8
Section5:TheForwardsProblem:GoFromFormulatoSequence
Example: {sn } {
s1 s2
1
(1) n 1
} ,so:
n
s3 s4
s5 s6
s7
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
Noticewhatishappeningtothissequenceaswegofurtherandfurtheralongalthoughthenumbershopaboveand
belowthexaxis,weseethatthetermsaregettingcloserandcloserto0.
Willanyofthedotseverlieonthexaxis?Howdoyouknow?Convinceme.
GeogebraInterlude
Tomakethisgraph,openGeogebra.Intheinputbaratthebottomtype:
Sequence[(n,(1)^(n+1)/n),n,0,16]
Whatthisdoesisitgraphsthepoints (n,
(1) n1
) forn=0ton=16.Becarefulwiththeparenthesesandwatchoutfor
n
thatextranwhichIbolded.
Toresizeyourwindowsoyoucanseeeverything,clickonthe
buttonatthetop,andthenplaceyourarrowonthe
yaxis,clickandholddownthebuttonwhiledragthecursorupanddown.Thesamegoesforthexaxis.
`
9
Armedwithbasicgeogebraknowledge,answerthefollowingquestions:
Giventhefollowingsequences,writeoutthefirstseventermsandthengraphbothingeogebra.
1.(a) {an } {
n2 1
}
2n
(b) {bn } {
2n
}
n2
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
a7
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
UseGeogebratographthefirst16valuesofthesesequences.
WhatIenteredinGeogebrafor {an } :
WhatIenteredinGeogebrafor {bn }
Sequence[]
Sequence[]
Changeyourwindowto[0,16]x[0,10]
Changeyourwindowto[0,16]x[0,250]
AroughsketchofwhatIsee:
AroughsketchofwhatIsee:
`
10
Section6:TheBackwardsProblem:GoFromSequencetoFormula
1. Giventhefirstfewtermsofasequence,canyoucomeupwithaformulathatdefinesit?Isthesequencearithmetic,
geometric,orneither.Brieflyexplainhowyoudecidedyouranswer.
WORK
(circleone)arithmetic,geometric,orneither
Explanation:
(circleone)arithmetic,geometric,orneither
Explanation:
(circleone)arithmetic,geometric,orneither
Explanation:
1 1 1 1
,
, ... thus an
(d) 1, , ,
3 9 27 81
(circleone)arithmetic,geometric,orneither
Explanation:
`
11
(e) 1,
1
1 1
1
, ,
, , ... thus an
3
9 27
81
(circleone)arithmetic,geometric,orneither
Explanation:
(f)
2 4 6 8 10
, , , ,
, ... thus an
11 9 7 5 3
(circleone)arithmetic,geometric,orneither
Explanation:
(h) (babychallenge)
1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720 ... thus an
(i) (challenge)
2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56 ... thus an
(j) (uberchallenge)
... thus an
(k) (ultrachallenge)
Hintsforthechallenges:
(h)http://bit.ly/Mcg3FT
interesting!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(i)itsaquadratic
(j)itsacubic
(k)theansweris an
(1 5)n (1 5)n
.Weird,huh.
2n 5
Iguessthatisntmuchofahintastheanswer.Butisntit
strangethateventhoughtheformulainvolves 5 ,you
alwaysgetanintegeroutput.
`
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Section7:AnIntroductiontoArithmeticSeries
Aprelude(fromhttp://bit.ly/MC7YHk)
About 100 years ago, a young boy (who grew up to be a great mathematician) by the name of Gauss (pronounced
"Gowss") was at school when the class got in trouble for being too loud and misbehaving. Their teacher, looking for
somethingtokeepthemquietforawhile,toldherstudentsthatshewantedthemto"addupallofthenumbersfrom1
to100andputtheansweronherdesk."Shefiguredthatwouldkeepthembusyforanhourorso.
About 30 seconds later, the 10yearold Gauss tossed his slate (small chalkboard) onto the teacher's desk with the
answer"5050"writtenonitandsaidtoherinasnottytone,"Thereitis."
Letuslookatthefollowingdiagram.Wecancomeupwithasequenceforthenumberofboxesineachfigure.
Thesequenceis1,3,6,10,15,21,
However,ifwewanttofindthenthterminthesequence,wehaveaproblem.Itturnsout(andwellshowthis)thatthe
formulais: sn
1 2 1
n(n 1)
n n orwrittenmoreelegantly, sn
.
2
2
2
WHATINTHEWHAT?Howintheworlddoesthatwork?
1. Compareeachfiguretothepreviousone.Describehowthenthfigureischangingbasedonthen1thfigure.
Ifwewantthenumberofsquaresinthenthfigure,wehavetoaddtogetherabunchofnumbers.
Forthefifthfigure,weadd s5 1 2 3 4 5
Fortheninthfigure,weadd s9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Forthenthfigure,weadd sn 1 2 3 ... (n 2) (n 1) n
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13
2. Butifwewanttofindwhatthissumis,wearegoingtohavetoaddtogetheralotofnumbers.Whichis
annoying.Heresashortcut.Letscalculate s5 inaspecialway,thatmightseemconvoluted.Welladdthesum
toitself,butinaspecialway.
s5 1 2 3 4 5
s5 5 4 3 2 1
2 s5 6 6 6 6 6
Nowweseethat 2 s5 6(5) 30 .Thus s5 15 .Whichweknow.
Checkyoself!Usingthismethod,find s10 .
Practiceonemoretime.BeGauss.Findthesumofthefirst100positiveintegers: s100 .
3. Nowtryitmoregenerallyfor sn 1 2 3 ... (n 2) (n 1) n
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14
4. Doesthisworkforothersequences?Trythistechniqueoutwith:
4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19...
Findthesumofthefirstfivenumbersbyaddingthem:__________
FindthesumofthefirstfivenumbersbyusingthetechniqueDoesthetechniquework?(Ifitdoesnt,explain
whynot.)
5. Trythistechniqueoutwith:
2, 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, ...
Findthesumofthefirstsixnumbersbyaddingthem:__________
FindthesumofthefirstsixnumbersbyusingthetechniqueDoesthetechniquework?(Ifitdoesnt,explain
whynot.)
6. Trythistechniqueoutwith:
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...
Findthesumofthefirstfivenumbersbyaddingthem:__________
FindthesumofthefirstfivenumbersbyusingthetechniqueDoesthetechniquework?(Ifitdoesnt,explain
whynot.)
KeyMathematicalConclusion:Thistechniqueofaddingthesumtotheoriginalsum,butreversingtheorderof
theterms,worksfor__________________________seriesbecause___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Itwillnotworkfor___________________________seriesbecause___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
`
15
7. Generalizethingsnow!Tofindthesumofanarithmeticsequence,youneedtoknowthefirstterm,thelast
term,andthenumberoftermstotal.Writeanequation(usingonlythetermsfirsttermlasttermand
numberofterms)whichgivesyouthesum.
8. Aproofwithoutwords.
Yeah,itmaybeaproofwithoutwords,butyouneedtowordstoexplainthatyouunderstandit.Explainhowthis
proofwithoutwordsisavisualillustrationoftheequationyoucameupwithinthepreviousproblem.
`
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Section8:SigmaTerminologyandNotation
Sowevetalkedaboutaddingtheintegersfrom1to100together.Thereisamathematicalwaytosaythat.Itlooksfancy
andpossiblyscary,butitisnt!Promise.
100
1 2 3 ... 98 99 100 i
i 1
Ifyoudontunderstandthis,letmeshowyouafewotherexamplesofourfancynotationinaction:
6
1 4 9 16 25 36
n 1
(2 p 5) 1 1 3 5 7 9
p 2
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2
3
3
3
3
k 5 3
8
n
n 1
1 1 1 1
1
1
... (weirdfact3)
1 4 9 16 25 36
Thevariableitselfisjustaplaceholderanyletterwilldo!Justmakesureyoupayattentiontothetopandbottom
numbers!
1. Representthefollowingsumsusingsigmanotation:
(a)(problem4fromtheprevioussection): 4 7 10 13 16
(b)(problem5fromtheprevioussection): 2 3 8 13 18
(c)(problem6fromtheprevioussection): 2 4 8 16 32
Okay,heresahugesurprise.Ifyouaddallthesetermsup,thesumwillgetcloserandcloseto / 6 .WHAAAAT?WHYISPI
INVOLVEDINTHISATALL?!Iknow,soverystrange.Isitrelatedtocircles?Calculuscanhelpyouunderstandthishere.Iknow,I
know,youllhavetowaitabit.Also,thisseriesistiedupwithsomethingcalledtheRiemannZetafunction.Youmightnothave
heardaboutit,butunderstandingthezerostothisfunctionwillliterallymakeyouamillionaire.Checkoutthemilliondollar
problems(includingtheRiemannHypothesis)here:http://bit.ly/LX4nHv
3
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2. Expandthesigmanotationtoshowthesum.Youdonotneedtoactuallyfindthesum:
(a)
5 3(i 1)
i 1
2
(b) 9
k 1 3
5
(c)
(10)
i1
(d)
i2
i 2
i 3
(e)
n2
2
4
n
n 3
3. Nowweregoingtocyclebacktoarithmeticseries.First,lookatthefollowingproblemsbelowandbeforeyou
findthesum,explain(inwords)howyouknowthesearearithmeticseries(asopposedtogeometric,or
somethingelse).
Explanation:
10
(a)
2 3i
i 5
10
(b)
2 3(i 1)
i 5
15
(c)
5i 2
i 1
`
18
(d)
1 67i
i 6
100
(e)
1 67i
i 23
AdditionalProblems:
SigmaNotation:
`
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Section9:AnIntroductiontoFiniteGeometricSeries!
Lotto!MoneyforLife!
Youaregoingtoseeifyouregoingtowinamilliondollars!Belowarethreescratchoffsbutsomeonehasalready
scratchedoffthefirsttwocircles.Ifthethreescratchoffsallshow$underthem,youwinamilliondollarsthatwillbe
paidtoyouin$50,000installmentsattheendofeachyearfor20years.Ifyouseeacherry,youwinapieceofcandy.If
youseeanythingelse,youwinnothing.
Someofyouwon,someofyoulost.Forus,here,now,inmathclass,letsassumeyouwon,andyouwanttomaximize
yourmoneyinsafeway,sowhenyoure36or37youhaveapileofmoneythatyouaresittingon.4Youhaveatonof
patience,soyouhavethismoneydirectdepositedinabankaccountwhichgivesyou2%interest,earnedatthe
beginningoftheyear.Letschecktoseehowmuchmoneyyourbankaccountwillshowattheendoftheeachyear.
1. Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveattheendofthefirstyear?
Answer:Youhave$50,000.Thisisbecauseyouhaventyetearnedinterestonthis(interestisearnedatthe
beginningofthefollowingyear.)
2. Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveattheendofthesecondyear?
3. Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveattheendofthethirdyear?
4. Howmuchmoneydoyouhaveattheendofthefourthyear?
5. Canyouwriteyouranswerto#4usingsummationnotation?
6. Canyouwritehowmuchmoneyyoullhaveattheendof20yearsusingsummationnotation?
Wearegoingtoignoretaxesfornow.However,theycouldbefactoredinwithalittleeffort.
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7. Doyouseethateachterminthesumaboveformsageometricsequence?
Thefirsttermis_______________andthecommonratiois_______________.
Whatwehaveisageometricseries!Andwesawthatthetechniquetosumanarithmeticseriesdoesntworkfor
geometricseries.
Imgoingtoshowyouatechniquetoaddageometricseries!Letsconsiderafourtermserieswithfirsttermof
5andacommonratioof4.
Letsmultiply s bythecommonratiotoget 4s .
Andnowletssubtractthetwoequations!
4s
3s 5(4) 4 5
Thuswehave s
5(4) 4 5
425
3
Willthistechniquealwayswork?Tryitoutbycalculatinghowmuchmoneyyoullhaveattheendofthefourth
year!Seeifthealgebraworksout.Andthencompareyouranswertoyoursumonthepreviouspage.
`
21
8. Usethistechniquetocalculatehowmuchmoneyyoullhaveattheendofthetwentiethyear!Becauseof
interest,itshouldbemorethanamilliondollars.Howmuchmoremoneythanamilliondollarshaveyoumade?
Practice!
9. Addthefirstseventermsoftheseriesinthismanner s 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
2 4 8 16 32 64
10. Ifyouwroteouttenterms,whatwouldbethetenthterminthissum?Whataboutthefifteenthterm?What
aboutthefiftiethterm?Whataboutthenthterm?
11. Usingthisnewtechnique,exactlyfindthesumofthefirstfifteenterms.
`
22
12. (a)Usingthisnewtechnique,exactlyfindthesumofthefirstnterms.
(b)Asngetsbiggerandbigger,whathappenstothesum?
13. (a)Iftheserieswerealtered,sothatitis: s
1 1 1 1
... ,exactlyfindthesumofthefirstnterms.
3 9 27 81
(b)Asngetsbiggerandbigger,whathappenstothesum?
14. (a)Iftheserieswerealtered,sothatitis: s
23 23 23 23
... ,exactlyfindthesumofthefirstnterms.
3 9 27 81
(b)Asngetsbiggerandbigger,whathappenstothesum?
`
23
15. Iftheserieswerealtered,sothatitis: s
3 3 3
6
12
...
4 10 25 125 625
(a)Explainhowyouknowthisseriesisageometricseries.
(b)Exactlyfindthesumofthefirsteightterms.Writethesigmanotationforthesumofthefirst8terms.
(c)Whatisthenthterminthisseries?
(d) Exactlyfindthesumofthefirstnterms.Writethesigmanotationforthesumofthefirstnterms.
(e) Asngetsbiggerandbigger,whathappenstothesum?
`
24
17. Doesinfinityequal1?
Usingyourbrain,whatisthesumofthisinfinitegeometricseries: s 1 2 4 8 16 ...
Nowletsusethetechniqueweveperfectedabove.
s 1 2 4 8 16 ...
2 s 2 4 8 16 32 ...
s 1
Thuswecanseethat s 1 .
Explanationthediscrepancybetweenyourbrainanswerandourproceduralanswer.Whichisthecorrectsum?
(a)Explainhowyouknowthisseriesisageometricseries.
(b)Exactlyfindthesumofthefirsteightterms.Writethesigmanotationforthesumofthefirst8terms.
(c)Whatisthenthterminthisseries?
`
25
(d) Exactlyfindthesumofthefirstnterms.Writethesigmanotationforthesumofthefirstnterms.
(e) Asngetsbiggerandbigger,whathappenstothesum?
KeyMathematicalConclusion:Thistechniqueispowerfulandcanbeusedtofindthesumofthefirstntermsof
________________sequences.Thereasonthistechniqueworksisbecause_____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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26
Section10:InfiniteGeometricSeries!
Infinity!
0. First,watchthis:http://bit.ly/NbitTN
1. Iamgivingyou8infinitegeometricseries.Addthefirst20termsusingtheformulayoucameupwith!Write
youranswernexttotheseries
1
(a)
n 1 2
1
(b) 3
n 1 2
(c)
1
(e) 4
n 1 10
1.01
n 1
(f)
n1
(g)
n1
(d)
n 1
n 1
n 1
2
5
n 1 3
2
(h) 5
n 1 3
2. Putan*nexttotheonesyouthinkwillgoofftoinfinityifyoukeeponaddingalltheremainingterms!
3. Explainwhy(f)shoulddefinitelyhavean*nexttoit.
4. Explainwhyyouchosetogiveornotgive(c)anasterisk.
5. Explainwhyyouchosetogiveornotgive(b)anasterisk.
6. Explainwhyyouchosetogiveornotgive(d)anasterisk.
`
27
7. Proofwithoutwords.
Yeah,itmaybeaproofwithoutwords,butyouneedtowordsto
explainthatyouunderstandit.Explainwhatthisproofwithout
wordsisavisualillustrationof.(Hint:Thelargesquareisa1by1
square.)
8. Nowwearegoingtoconsidergeometricserieswithanegativecommonratio!Addthefirst20,21,22,and23
termsusingtheformulayoucameupwith!Usethesesums(wecallthempartialsums)toconjecturewhether
theinfiniteseriesisconvergentordivergent(putan*nexttotheonesyouthinkaredivergent).
(i)
2
k 1
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
m 1
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
(l)
p 1
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
1
(k) 3
2
i1
1
4
n 1 10
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
(m)
(j)
(n)
2
5
3
n1
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
`
28
(o)
1.01
(p)
k 1
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
2
5
3
n 1
n1
20terms:
21terms:
22terms:
23terms:
KeyMathematicalConclusion:Infinitegeometricserieswillshootouttoinfinityif___________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
Mathematicallywecallthissortofseriesdivergent.Howeverinfinitegeometricserieswillgetcloserandcloserand
closertoparticular(finite)numberif________________________________________________________________.
Wecallthissortofseriesconvergent.
Iftheseriesisconvergent,youcanfigureoutwhatthesumisapproaching!Inproblem18oftheprevioussection,
youdeterminedthatthesumofthefirstntermsofageometricseriesis:
Asnincreasestoinfinity,wecansaythatoneterminthatequationbecomesnegligible.Whattermisthat,and
why?
Asaresult,wecandeterminethatthesum,aswehavemoreandmoreterms,approaches:
Decideifeachoftheseseriesareconvergentordivergent.Iftheyareconvergent,writedownwhatnumberthe
seriesconvergestonexttothesum.
(a)
n1
convergent/divergent
(b)
2 (3)
(d)
n 1
convergent/divergent
1
3
n 1 2
(e)
convergent/divergent
convergent/divergent
3
(c) 5
2
n 1
100(1.72)
n1
convergent/divergent
10 (1)
(f)
100(0.72)
convergent/divergent
n1
`
29