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Standard Test
Section:
ASPHALT MIXES
Procedures Manual
Subject:
1.
SCOPE
1.1.
Description of Test
The standard test procedure is used to correlate the density results of asphalt concrete
pavements obtained with a nuclear density gauge and with a laboratory test on a cored
sample.
1.2.
Application of Test
This test is to be performed at the beginning of each paving contract for each lift, for
every change in lift thickness, for every change in the job mix formula and anytime there
is a substantial change in the material of the underlying layers to calibrate the density-inplace by nuclear gauge (obtained by STP 204-6) with the density obtained from cored
samples.
2.
Equipment Required
A calculator and the form BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. Alternatively a computer using Microsoft Windows,
Microsoft Excel and a disk containing the Microsoft Excel Workbook
DENSCOR.XLS.
A printer for hard copy records.
2.2.
Data Required
Seven to ten random test locations where cores and nuclear density readings will be
taken. The test locations are to be determined by STP 107. The core diameter is 150
mm.
3.
PROCEDURE
3.1.
Test Procedure
Determine the sample locations using the procedure described in STP 107. Mark the
core/nuclear gauge sample locations.
Obtain density-in-place measurements with the nuclear gauge using the procedure
Date: 2003 05 30
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STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
described in STP 204-6. Record the density measurement for each sample location as Xi.
Obtain a core, in the exact same location as the nuclear gauge density readings were
taken, using the procedure described in STP 204-5. Number this core with the same
number that was used to record the in-place-density with the nuclear gauge. Determine
the core density in the laboratory. Record the core density for each sample as Yi.
Enter the results of Xi and Yi on the form BASIC WORKSHEET FOR LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES.
Complete the calculations on the form to determine:
r (n - 2)
2
S xy
S xx
S yy
).
).
(1- r )
Compare the value of the tstatistic to the value of t(0.975) obtained from the Students t
Distribution Table for n-2 degrees of freedom and a 97.5% probability level.
If the tstatistic is larger than t(0.975), there is a 97.5% chance that the correlation
coefficient (r) is significantly different from 0 (a correlation coefficient (r) of 0
indicates a complete absence of correlation and a correlation coefficient (r) of 1 or
-1 indicates perfect correlation). This means that there is a statistically valid
correlation.
If the tstatistic is smaller than t(0.975), there is a 97.5% chance that the correlation
coefficient (r) is not significantly different from zero. This means that there is not
a statistically valid correlation. Two additional random sample locations should
be determined. Cores and nuclear density readings should be obtained. The
correlation procedure should be repeated with the additional samples included.
Plot the sample data and the regression equation on the Correlation Chart to ensure that
the regression line has a good fit to the data and that the data is in fact linear. Check the
value of the standard error Syx. It should be relatively small (less than 1%) compared to
the value of in-place-density by nuclear gauge.
Alternatively enter the values for Xi and Yi into the Microsoft Excel Workbook
DENSCOR.XLS. The program will check for outliers, calculate all of the coefficients
and check for statistical validity.
Page 2 of 13
Date: 2003 05 30
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject:
4.
Calculations
The procedure for correlating the in-place-density by nuclear gauge to laboratory core
densities can best be illustrated by an example.
4.1.1. Determine In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge and Laboratory Core Density
Assume that seven random test locations were determined by STP 107. The
locations were marked and the in-place-density was determined for each location
using STP 204-5. Each location was also cored. The in-place-density by nuclear
gauge was determined as shown below. The laboratory density was determined
for each core.
The in-place-density by nuclear gauge measurements were:
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Date: 2003 05 30
Page 3 of 13
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Individual Core
Density
Individual Nuclear
Density
Xi2
Xi
Outlier
d
Yi2
Yi
XY
di2
(Xi - Yi)
(Yes/No)
2,237.1
5,004,616.410
2,222.0
4,937,284.000
4,970,836.200
15.100
228.010
1.601
No
2,239.8
5,016,704.040
2,196.0
4,822,416.000
4,918,600.800
43.800
1,918.440
0.150
No
2,290.9
5,248,222.810
2,240.0
5,017,600.000
5,131,616.000
50.900
2,590.810
0.210
No
2,312.0
5,345,344.000
2,285.0
5,221,225.000
5,282,920.000
27.000
729.000
0.999
No
2,325.3
5,407,020.090
2,264.0
5,125,696.000
5,264,479.200
61.300
3,757.690
0.735
No
2,354.3
5,542,728.490
2,296.0
5,271,616.000
5,405,472.800
58.300
3,398.890
0.584
No
2,359.9
5,569,128.010
2,289.0
5,239,521.000
5,401,811.100
70.900
5,026.810
1.221
No
X = 16,119.300
X2 = 37,133,763.850
Y = 15,792.000
Y2 =35,635,358.000
XY = 36,375,736.100
d = 327.300
d2 = 17,649.650
4.1.3. Compute the sum of Xi (X), sum of Xi2 (X2), sum of Yi (Y), sum of Yi2 (Y ),
and sum of XiYi (XY).
2
X
n
16,119.300
7
= 2,302.757
Where:
n = number of test locations
4.1.5. Calculate the average in-place-density by laboratory cores ( Y ).
Y =
Y
n
15,792.00
7
= 2,256.000
4.1.6. Calculate the difference (di) and the square of the difference (di2) between the
Nuclear Density and the Core Density for each sample in Table 1: Sample Data
and Base Calculations.
4.1.7. Calculate the average difference between the Nuclear Density and Core Density
( d ).
d =
Page 4 of 13
d
n
327.300
7
= 46.757
Date: 2003 05 30
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject:
4.1.8. Calculate the standard deviation for the difference between Nuclear Density and
Core Density (d).
2
( d) 2
n
n -1
d d
i
17,649.650 =
(327.300) 2
7
7 -1
= 19.774
Base Calculations. Compare that value to the value listed in Table 2: Criteria for
Rejecting of Outliers for a sample size of 7 (n = 7). If the computed value for
d d
i
is greater than the tabulated value, then the sample is an outlier and
should be rejected. Another sample should be taken to replace the sample that is
an outlier.
d d
i
=
d
15.100 46.757
19.774
= 1.601
For a sample size of 7 (n = 7), the computed value of 1.601 < tabulated value of
1.800, so the sample should not be rejected. Enter a No beside the term
d d
i
Date: 2003 05 30
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STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
d d
i
Sample
Size
(n)
d d
i
1.730
12
2.040
1.800
13
2.070
8
9
10
11
1.860
1.910
1.960
2.000
14
15
16
17
2.100
2.125
2.150
2.175
4.1.10. The equations for Step (2) - Step (17) are shown on the BASIC WORKSHEET
FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. An
example follows:
Step (1): XY = 36,375,736.100 __________________________________
Step (2): (X) (Y) n = (16,119.300)(15,792.000) 7 = 36,365,140.800 _
Step (3): Sxy = (1) - (2) = 36,375,736.100 - 36,365,140.800 = 10,595.300 ___
Step (4): X2 = 37,133,763.850 ___________________________________ Step (11): Y2 = 35,635,358.000 ___________________________________
Step (5): (X)2 n = (16,119.300)2 7 = 37,118,833.213 _______________ Step (12): (Y)2 n = (15,792.000)2 7 = 35,626,752.000 ______________
Step (6): Sxx = (4) - (5) = 37,133,763.850 - 37,118,833.213 = 14,930.637 ___ Step (13): Syy = (11) - (12) = 35,635,358.000 - 35,626,752.000 = 8,606.000 _
Step (7): b =
S xy
S xx
(S
=
10,595.300
14,930.637
xy
2
=
S xx
(10,595.300)
14,930.637
2
= 7,518.794 _______________
Step (8): Y = 2,256.000 ________________________________________ Step (15): (13) - (14) = 8,606.000 - 7,518.794 = 1,087.206_______________
Step (9): b X = 0.7096 2,302.757 = 1,634.036 __________________ Step (16): (15) (n - 2) = 1,087.206 (7-2) = 1,087.206 5 = 217.441_____
Step (10): a = Y - b X = (8) - (9) = 2,256.000 - 1,634.096 = 621.904 _ Step (17): S
y. x
(16) =
Page 6 of 13
Date: 2003 05 30
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject:
0.2
0.0
-5.9
-4.7
-3.5
-2.4
-1.2
0.0
1.2
2.4
3.5
4.7
5.9
80.0%
82.5%
85.0%
87.5%
90.0%
92.5%
Degrees of
Freedom
95.0%
96.0%
97.0%
97.5%
98.0%
99.0%
Values of t
3.0777
3.5457
4.1653
5.0273
6.3137
8.4490
12.7062
15.8945
21.2051
25.4519
31.8210
63.6559
1.8856
2.0645
2.2819
2.5560
2.9200
3.4428
4.3027
4.8487
5.6428
6.2054
6.9645
9.9250
1.6377
1.7692
1.9243
2.1131
2.3534
2.6808
3.1824
3.4819
3.8961
4.1765
4.5407
5.8408
1.5332
1.6465
1.7782
1.9357
2.1318
2.3921
2.7765
2.9985
3.2976
3.4954
3.7469
4.6041
1.4759
1.5798
1.6994
1.8409
2.0150
2.2423
2.5706
2.7565
3.0029
3.1634
3.3649
4.0321
1.4398
1.5379
1.6502
1.7822
1.9432
2.1510
2.4469
2.6122
2.8289
2.9687
3.1427
3.7074
1.4149
1.5092
1.6166
1.7422
1.8946
2.0897
2.3646
2.5168
2.7146
2.8412
2.9979
3.4995
4.1.12. The equations for Step (20) - Step (22) are shown on the BASIC WORKSHEET
FOR LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. An
example follows:
Step (20): Sy.x t(0.975) = (17) (19) = 14.746 3.1634 = 46.647 _________
Step (21): r =
S xy
S xx
S yy
r (n - 2)
2
(1 - r )
10,595.300
14,930.637
8,606.000
0.9347 (7 - 2)
2
(1 - 0.9347 )
= 0.9347
= 5.880 _____
The value of the regression coefficient (r) calculated in Step (21) is close to 1.0.
This indicates that there is a strong linear correlation between the equation and
the data. The regression coefficient can be checked for statistical significance by
computing the value of the tstatistic for the regression coefficient. In this case, the
tstatistic calculated in Step (22) is greater than the value of t(0.975) found in Step (19).
This means that there is a 97.5% chance that the regression coefficient is
significantly different from 0. There is a statistically significant correlation.
4.1.13. The equation of the line and the data points can be graphed on the Correlation
Chart to ensure that the equation fits the data and that the data is in fact linear.
The equation of the line can be drawn after Table 3: Sample Data and Regression
Line is filled out.
Date: 2003 05 30
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STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Density by Core
(Yi)
(Xi)
Adjusted
Nuclear
Density
$ i = b Xi + a)
(Y
2,237.1
2,222.0
2,209.4
2,239.8
2,196.0
2,211.3
2,290.9
2,240.0
2,247.5
2,312.0
2,285.0
2,262.5
2,325.3
2,264.0
2,271.9
2,354.3
2,296.0
2,292.5
2,359.9
2,289.0
2,296.5
Correlation Chart
In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge vs. Core Density
2,400
2,350
2,300
Adjusted Nuclear Density
2,250
Core Density
2,200
2,150
2,100
2,100
2,150
2,200
2,250
2,300
2,350
2,400
4.1.14. Check the value of the Standard Error Syx calculated in Step 17. If this value is
relatively small compared to the values for density, then the regression equation
will provide a good estimate of core density. In this example, Syx = 14.746 kg/m3
Page 8 of 13
Date: 2003 05 30
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject:
is relatively small (< 1.0%) compared to the in-place nuclear density values of
2,200-2,360 kg/m3, so it should provide a good estimate of the core density.
4.1.15. Once the correlation has been completed the equation is used to adjust in-placedensity by nuclear gauge readings. If a nuclear density reading of 2,250.0 kg/m3
was obtained, the adjusted density would be computed using the equation:
Y = Adjusted Nuclear Density
= b (X) + a
= 0.7096 (X) + 621.904
= 0.7096 (2,250.0 kg/m3) + 621.904
= 2,218.5 kg/m3
The value of 2,218.5 kg/m3 would be used to determine acceptance.
4.2.
Reporting Results
The Department will develop the regression equation to be used for correcting the
nuclear density gauge readings.
5.
Date: 2003 05 30
Page 9 of 13
ASPHALT MIXES
STP 204-26
Subject: CORRELATION OF NUCLEAR GAUGE DENSITY
AND LABORATORY CORE DENSITY
equation. If the value of Sy.x is relatively small (<1.0%), compared to the values of the inplace-density by nuclear gauge, and the regression coefficient is statistically significant,
the equation will provide a good estimate of the density that would have been obtained
by coring.
5.2.
Sources of Error
Possible sources of error include those listed in STP 204-6 and STP 204-5.
6.
ADDED INFORMATION
6.1.
References
References are STP 204-5, STP 204-6 and the owners manual for the nuclear gauge.
6.2.
Sample Retention
Samples should be retained according to the procedures laid out in STP 204-5.
Correlation worksheets and equations should be retained as part of the contract
documents.
6.3.
Protection of Samples
The core samples should be protected according to the procedures set out in STP 204-5.
6.4.
6.5.
Safety
The current safety regulations are to be followed as outlined in the Traffic control
Devices Manual For Work zones and the Safety Manual.
Page 10 of 13
Date: 2003 05 30
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject:
Xi2
Individual Core
Density
Yi
Y1 =
Y12 =
di
Yi2
di2
(Xi - Yi)
XY
X1 Y1 =
d1 =
d1 =
Y2 =
Y2 =
X2 Y2 =
d2 =
d2 2 =
X32 =
Y3 =
Y32 =
X3 Y3 =
d3 =
d3 2 =
X4 =
X42 =
Y4 =
Y42 =
X4 Y4 =
d4 =
d4 2 =
X5 =
X52 =
Y5 =
Y52 =
X5 Y5 =
d5 =
d5 2 =
X6 =
X62 =
Y6 =
Y62 =
X6 Y6 =
d6 =
d6 2 =
X7 =
X72 =
Y7 =
Y72 =
X7 Y7 =
d7 =
d7 2 =
X =
X2 =
Y =
Y2 =
XY =
d =
d =
X2 =
X2 =
X3 =
Outlier
(Yes/No)
di d
X =
d =
X
n
d
n
= _____________________________________________ Y =
= _____________________________________________ d =
Y
= _____________________________________________
n
( d)2
n
n -1
2
d
= ______________________________________
S xy
S xx
(S xy ) 2
S xx
= _______________________________________
(16) = ___________________________________
Note:
Step (21): r =
Date: 2003 05 30
S xy
S xx
= ______________________________
S yy
r (n - 2)
= ____________________________
(1- r 2 )
Page 11 of 13
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Density by Core
(Xi)
(Yi)
$ = b X + a)
(Y
i
i
X1 =
Y1 =
$
Y
X2 =
Y2 =
$
Y
X3 =
Y3 =
$
Y
X4 =
Y4 =
$
Y
X5 =
Y5 =
$
Y
X6 =
Y6 =
$
Y
X7 =
Y7 =
$
Y
Correlation Chart
In-Place-Density by Nuclear Gauge vs. Core Density
2,400
2,350
2,300
2,250
2,200
2,150
2,100
2,100
2,150
2,200
2,250
2,300
2,350
2,400
Page 12 of 13
Date: 2003 05 30
STP 204-26
ASPHALT MIXES
Subject:
(n)
6
7
8
9
10
11
Sample Size
(n)
1.730
1.800
1.860
1.910
1.960
2.000
12
13
14
15
16
17
2.040
2.070
2.100
2.125
2.150
2.175
0.2
0.0
-5.9
-4.7
-3.5
-2.4
-1.2
0.0
1.2
2.4
3.5
4.7
5.9
80.0%
82.5%
85.0%
87.5%
90.0%
Degrees of
Freedom
92.5%
95.0%
96.0%
97.0%
97.5%
98.0%
99.0%
Values of t
3.0777
3.5457
4.1653
5.0273
6.3137
8.4490
12.7062
15.8945
21.2051
25.4519
31.8210
63.6559
1.8856
2.0645
2.2819
2.5560
2.9200
3.4428
4.3027
4.8487
5.6428
6.2054
6.9645
9.9250
1.6377
1.7692
1.9243
2.1131
2.3534
2.6808
3.1824
3.4819
3.8961
4.1765
4.5407
5.8408
1.5332
1.6465
1.7782
1.9357
2.1318
2.3921
2.7765
2.9985
3.2976
3.4954
3.7469
4.6041
1.4759
1.5798
1.6994
1.8409
2.0150
2.2423
2.5706
2.7565
3.0029
3.1634
3.3649
4.0321
1.4398
1.5379
1.6502
1.7822
1.9432
2.1510
2.4469
2.6122
2.8289
2.9687
3.1427
3.7074
1.4149
1.5092
1.6166
1.7422
1.8946
2.0897
2.3646
2.5168
2.7146
2.8412
2.9979
3.4995
1.3968
1.4883
1.5922
1.7133
1.8595
2.0458
2.3060
2.4490
2.6338
2.7515
2.8965
3.3554
1.3830
1.4724
1.5737
1.6915
1.8331
2.0127
2.2622
2.3984
2.5738
2.6850
2.8214
3.2498
10
1.3722
1.4599
1.5592
1.6744
1.8125
1.9870
2.2281
2.3593
2.5275
2.6338
2.7638
3.1693
11
1.3634
1.4499
1.5476
1.6606
1.7959
1.9663
2.2010
2.3281
2.4907
2.5931
2.7181
3.1058
12
1.3562
1.4416
1.5380
1.6493
1.7823
1.9494
2.1788
2.3027
2.4607
2.5600
2.6810
3.0545
13
1.3502
1.4347
1.5299
1.6398
1.7709
1.9354
2.1604
2.2816
2.4358
2.5326
2.6503
3.0123
14
1.3450
1.4288
1.5231
1.6318
1.7613
1.9235
2.1448
2.2638
2.4149
2.5096
2.6245
2.9768
15
1.3406
1.4237
1.5172
1.6249
1.7531
1.9132
2.1315
2.2485
2.3970
2.4899
2.6025
2.9467
16
1.3368
1.4193
1.5121
1.6189
1.7459
1.9044
2.1199
2.2354
2.3815
2.4729
2.5835
2.9208
17
1.3334
1.4154
1.5077
1.6137
1.7396
1.8966
2.1098
2.2238
2.3681
2.4581
2.5669
2.8982
18
1.3304
1.4120
1.5037
1.6091
1.7341
1.8898
2.1009
2.2137
2.3562
2.4450
2.5524
2.8784
19
1.3277
1.4090
1.5002
1.6049
1.7291
1.8837
2.0930
2.2047
2.3457
2.4334
2.5395
2.8609
20
1.3253
1.4062
1.4970
1.6012
1.7247
1.8783
2.0860
2.1967
2.3362
2.4231
2.5280
2.8453
21
1.3232
1.4038
1.4942
1.5979
1.7207
1.8734
2.0796
2.1894
2.3278
2.4138
2.5176
2.8314
22
1.3212
1.4016
1.4916
1.5949
1.7171
1.8690
2.0739
2.1829
2.3202
2.4055
2.5083
2.8188
23
1.3195
1.3995
1.4893
1.5922
1.7139
1.8649
2.0687
2.1770
2.3132
2.3979
2.4999
2.8073
24
1.3178
1.3977
1.4871
1.5897
1.7109
1.8613
2.0639
2.1715
2.3069
2.3910
2.4922
2.7970
25
1.3163
1.3960
1.4852
1.5874
1.7081
1.8579
2.0595
2.1666
2.3011
2.3846
2.4851
2.7874
Date: 2003 05 30
Page 13 of 13