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Report of the Review Team on Total Sanitation Campaign Programme of Andhra Pradesh

Submitted To The Department of Drinking Water Supply Ministry of Rural development Govt. of India

By Review Team Members

1 Shri. P.K. Chakraborty 2 Dr. S. Ponnuraj 3 Shri Pradeep Patjoshi 4 Shri Manu Prakash

Period 13th Sep to 20th Sept, 2004

Content
Executive Summary Team Wise Detail Review Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Department Drinking Water Supply of Ministry of Rural Development, GoI vide their letter No W 11044 / 67 / 2002 CRSP Dated 9th September 2004 constituted Review Team of following 4 members. 1) Sri P.K. Chakraborty, Retired Ex-Chief Engineer, PHED, Govt. of Assam (Team Leader) 2) Dr. S. Ponnuraj, Head faculty of Rural Health and Sanitation, Gandhi Gram institute, Dindigaul, Tamil Nadu. 3) Shri Pradeep Patjoshi, UNICEF, Bhuvaneshwar, Orissa 4) Shri Manu Prakash, School Sanitation Consultant, RGNDWM, GoI, New Delhi. The purpose of the Review Team was to review the progress of the implementation of TSC programme in the State of Andhra Pradesh. For this, 13 districts have been selected to review. The districts visited by the review team along with the dates are given bellow. The Team Members visited the 13 Districts as per following programme. Name of the Team Member Visited Sri. P.K. Chakraborty Sri. P.K. Chakraborty Sri. P.K. Chakraborty Dr .S. Ponnuraj Dr.S. Ponnuraj Dr. S. Ponnuraj Dr .S. Ponnuraj Sri. Pradeep Patjoshi Sri. Pradeep Patjoshi Sri. Pradeep Patjoshi Sri. Manu Prakash Sri. Manu Prakash Sri. Manu Prakash

Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Name of District Ranga Reddy Medak Karimnagar Srikakulam Vizianagaram East Godavari Vishakapattnam Chittoor Anantapur Kurnool West Godavari Guntur Mahabubnagar

Date of Visit 16-09-04 15-09-04 14-09-04 16-09-04 17-09-04 19-09-04 20-9-2004 14-09-04 15-09-04 16-09-04 14-09-04 15-09-04 16-09-04

II. Methodology On arrival at Hyderabad on 13 September, 2004, the Review Team had preliminary briefing meeting with Shri V. Nagi Reddy, Secretary to Govt., Panchayat Raj & Rural Development Department and other senior officers of the State Government at Hyderabad before commencing the field visits. The members of the Review Team were divided into four Teams with Team I comprising of Shri P.K. Chakraboty, Team II comprising of Sri. Pradeep Patjoshi, Team III comprising Sri. Manu Prakash and Team IV comprising of Dr. S. Ponnuraj, all the teams spent one day in each district. While Team I, II, & III returned to Hyderabad on 16th night, and exchanged field visit observations and information on 17th morning. Teams IV completed the visit on 20th. The Review Mission had a wrap-up meeting on 17th November, 2003 with Sri M. Rama Murthy, Project Director (FAC), PMU, SWSM, Sri. K. Satyanaraya Executive Director, HRD (Chief Engineer, PR Department) and other senior officers of the State Government, wherein they were apprised of the major observations in respect of implementation of Total Sanitation Campaign. III. Field Visits As mentioned earlier, the Mission had been divided into four teams and each team had visited three districts. The report of the field visit of each team is attached in subsequent chapter. Major Observation Institutional Set Up The Review Team observed that the SWSM, which had been constituted by GoAP and registered under Society Act has been playing the important role in steering the TSC programme in the State. This SWSM chaired by Mission Director and Secretary to Govt., PR & RD Dept. and supported by Project Director, who is presently Superintending Engineer from the RWS, Panchayat Raj Department. This SWSM is supported by PMU. Other Supporting Staff: 1) Additional Project Director 2) Assistant Engineer

3) HRD Specialist 4) Community Management Specialist 6) Water & Sanitation Coordinator 7) Finance Management coordinator WSP-SA coordinator also helping the Mission. The PMU is effectively providing support to the Mission in respect of Training, IEC, Holding Regional Workshops to Mandal level workshops, helping in PIP preparation, developing Hoardings, posters etc. In each of (22) districts, DWSM and DWSC are constituted and registered. Each of the DWSC is supported by DSU. In each of DSU 3-7 members of professionals having expertise on technical, IEC and Community Mobilization are engaged on contract basis. There are financially supported from earmarked administrative charges of TSC/ SRP funds. The review teams observed that the DSU role in the implementation of TSC is very effective. In most of the Districts at Mandal level Water and Sanitation committees are headed by President, Mandal Parishads. At village level, VWSCs are constituted & registered under Society Act headed by Sarpanches as Chairman and supported by Members, which range 7 to 11, in which 50% of the members are women. The VWSC has been empowered to receive the funds & distribute the funds to the beneficiary in the TSC Programme. The VWSC is acting as main motivator to mobilize the community to construct the toilets. It has been mentioned by Sri V. Nagi Reddy, Mission Director, SWSM and Secretary to Govt., PR & RD Dept., that major focus on TSC campaign have been too lower, the present IMR in the State which is as high as 72 per 1000 against State like Kerala which is only 12 per 1000. He also mentioned that the no. of children that each family has is limited to just one or two children who are very precious. UNICEF supporter UNICEF supporter UNICEF supporter UNICEF supporter 5) Monitoring & Communication Specialist -

Other focus area is women dignity & also propagating open defecation as social crime. For giving boost to the TSC programme, State Govt. decided to dovetail resources from other programmes namely State Finance Commission and 11th Finance Commission funds to GPs. SGRY (SC) rice, HUDCO Loan etc. Unit cost of IHHL including Bathing facilities and super structure is estimated as Rs. 3050/-. The subsidy from various sources for BPL families is Rs. 2750/- per unit. For APL families there is no subsidy. The source of subsidy to BPL families from GoI share of TSC project @ Rs. 375 / House hold. The funding from State Finance Commission / Eleventh Finance Commission is Rs. 375 / BPL House hold. Each of the beneficiaries has been also provided with either 2.5 Quintals of rice as reported by District Mission from SGRY (Special Component) or Rs. 2000 from the HUDCO Loan taken by GoAP. The subsidy either from SGRY (SC) OR HUDCO given only to those beneficiaries for construction of permanent super structure and bathing facilities. For schools, the unit cost is Rs. 20,000/-. But the pattern of funding varies case to case. In some cases, it has been liked with rice component or SSA fund. In few cases, community contribution has not been mobilized. Some of issues related with non-negotiable principles are as follows: Demand Generation The GoAP has promoted a unique strategy through which sanitation has been successfully linked with livelihood issues as well as issues on survival, IMR and so on. The idea was to take the best advantage of the availability of an important resource like rice and making it conditional to construction and usage if IHLs. In that respect, a phenomenal demand has been created. It is a different question altogether as to what other strategy has to be thought of when this scarce resource is no more available. Decentralization and Involvement of PRI The interplay between distribution of rice, sanction of IHLs and the mandatory eligibility criterion (being a BPL Household) has resulted in devolution of power to the

Gram Panchayat. In addition, the concept of clean village (promoted in Anantpur) has also leveraged funds from the GP funds. This means that the Gram Panchayats are involved very actively in the entire TSC process. This positive aspect was also visible in the School Sanitation Programmes, where the local Sarpanchs and the Ward Members were seen to be very vocal and active. Community Participation Discussions in the village revealed that the community has been involved in contributing labour in construction of the IHLs. Their participation has not gone beyond this level. The community still views the programme as one of the standard government schemes and are not really involved in more mundane issues like hygiene behavoiur, water handling and storage, maintenance of the assets and monitoring their own health status. This is one area that needs more substantive support as this is time for initiating a social mobilization as opposed to the conventional IEC activities. IEC and Social Mobilization. The TSC in Andhra Pradesh has had many IEC interventions. These include high impact campaigns, mobile messages painted on Government buses, billboards at strategic locations focusing on IMR, a plethora of pamphlets, leaflets, slogans, jingles, street plays and so on. The Project has also been able to take the local media into confidence as is evident from the many paper clippings that were shown to the Mission Team. All these have contributed to the positive hype on construction of toilets and perhaps were required at the initial stages. However, what was not visible is the much required long-term Social Mobilization Plan as to what the community must know and do once the toilets are completed. This involves proper use and maintenance of the toilets, doing away with open defecation, working towards better hygiene behavior at the household level, sustaining the school sanitation intervention, and maintaining the village environment. The challenge is to sensitize the community that it is their social responsibility and must be done by them. Issues which need to be strengthened (Summary of the above) Capacity building of the PRI representatives Revisit the IEC programme and identify a fresh strategy for social mobilization

Facilitate participatory micro plans for all habitations towards integrated development Initiate community-based monitoring system

It is reported by Secretary, PR & RD Dept. the newly formed Government also very keen in continuing the Sanitation Programme in the rural areas. Some of the important recommendation: 1. Regarding the production centers, none of the District made any financial, physical progress. The material required is procured from the open market and none of the district is facing any problem in procurement. 2. The drawing design for school toilet need to be standardized, as per the guide lines given by GoI, providing the Water storage, Washing, child friendly urinals and Water Closets (WC) 3. At Mandal level more stress required for proper use and maintenance of toilets in schools. 4. Spacing between two leach pits should not be less than 1 Meter and in the lining, there should be proper holes. The vent pipe should not be used and the wherever the vent pipe are provided in ISL and School toilet they should be removed. 5. Though it has been indicated by SWSM some initiatives have been taken for the procurement for the pan, having steep slope maybe used more for reduction of water use, as per the requirement of the pour flush latrine. This process need to be expedited. 6. In few cases, it is observed, the permanent super structure above the leach pit has been constructed. This practice need to be rectified. 7. According the requirements of TSC, the fund availability & expenditure incurred is to be displayed in GPs. In most of the cases, this practice is not implemented. 8. It is observed the data on APL house holds constructing toilets is not being captured. Therefore, it is recommended that regarding monitoring & information collection on construction of toilet in APL households needs to be done. 9. In some cases, it is observed that APL House holds are not following the toilet technology as promoted by TSC. They need to be motivated & their knowledge regarding leach pit technology need to be built.

Recommendation The Review Team recommends release of subsequent installment, after the submission of duly audited UCs and the request of DWSC in report of the (9) District namely Ranga Reddy, Medak, Karimnagar, Srikakulam, Chittor, Ananthapur, Kurnool, West Godavari, Guntur and Mahaboobnagar. The recommendation of other 4 district i.e. Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari, and Vishakapattnam, is enclosed separately in Team IV review report.

Team Wise Detail Review Report Team I REPORT ON RANGA REDDY DISTRICT. Sri P.K. Chakraborty along with Mr. Rakesh K Agarwal from PMU, SWSM visited Ranga Reddy District to review Total Sanitation Campaign Programme. The TSC- Project was sanctioned in the district in June-2003 by the GOI at the total cost of 835.29 Lakhs of which GOI share Rs.1164.91 Lakhs and state share 396.72 lakhs and beneficiary share is Rs.273.66 Lakhs. Activity Wise Cost:Startup Activity Administration Charges IEC Activity IHHLs : School Toilets RSMs :20.00 Lakhs, :40.00 Lakhs :302.69 Lakhs 1200.00 Lakhs : 336.60 Lakhs : 35.00 Lakhs

Up to till now GoI in two installments released Rs. 349.47 lakhs. Total funds availability including GOI to TSC project is as follows Availability of funds:1) GOI Share (Released): 2) State Share (Released): 3) EFC: 4) SFC: 5) HUDCO: 349.47 lakhs 83.66 lakhs 266.13 lakhs 145.45 lakhs 357.10 lakhs

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Out of the above serial No.1,2 & 5 fund is canalize through the Member Secretary DWSC and other items through DPO Ranaga Reddy District to the concerned Gram Panchayats in the District. Up to date Expenditure details of GoI share : 1) Startup Activities 3) IEC Activities: 4) IHHLs 5) School Toilets : : 11.16 12.26 32.50 102.72 51.22 _____________ Total: 209.89 _______________ Off till now from GOI release for the district 349.47 lakhs. The expenditure made is 209.89 Lakhs which is 60.05 % According to the Member Secretary, DWSC, Ranga Reddy District, the District Committee is taking steps for auditing the expenditure released by GoI and will submit the proposals for the release of subsequent installment. According to the District Water & Sanitation Committee, the expenditure incurred under IEC activity is 32.50 Lakhs. Major activates taken up (1) Mobile exhibition, (2) Poster displaying, (3) Hoardings, (4) Painting on buses regarding women dignity and Social crime of open defecation - Mortality of child hood., (5) Kalajatha programmes, (6) Wall writing, (7) Through advertisements in News papers. The Physical Progress achieved so far i) ii) iii) No. of IHHLs : 74259 School Toilets Anganwadis : 1231 : 25

2) Administration Charges :

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And on RSMs, no expenditure is met till now the materials are procured from the open market and enterprises During the visit following 3 villages were visited, where IHHLs, School Sanitation are inspected. S N Name of the Village Visit House hold (2001 centres) House hold without latrine before TSC APL 1 2 3 BPL 4 APL 5 BPL 6 House hold latrine constructe d during TSC APL 7 BPL 8 9 10 11 No. of Schools No. of Schools without toilet Toilet constru cted in Schools

Tummalur (Maheswaram mandal )

267

169

101

129

91

Pothaipally (Shameerpet mandal)

42

229

96

32

Ahmedguda (Keesara mandal)

180

270

170

264

20

116

Under progress

Major Observations and Comments :i) All the three (3) villages visited found maintaining good cleanliness in the village and in the household. Peoples response to sanitation programme very much encouraging. ii) Sarpanches and other functionaries taking keen interest in the programme. The technology adopted for construction of toilet is one pit and offset from the super structure. Construction of second pit to be taken up as an advance section in case of avoiding any complicacies while pit get filled up.

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iii)

In few cases it is found that, the people erected bent pipes which to be removed. All care to be taken so that in future such mistakes not get repeated.

iv)

Three schools toilets were inspected of which two are in use and one is under construction. It has been observed no standard design is followed for the School toilet construction. The SWSM has been advice to develop the Standard designed and develop school toilet keeping provision of water storage and hand washing facility.

v)

The team visited Pothaipally Primary School and interacted with the Students, it has been noticed that the children have got educate knowledge of Hygiene education particularly regarding personal hygiene.

vi)

Construction of school toilet no contribution from PTA been collected. PTA contribution must be made compulsory to generate senses of owner ship and ensuring the involvement.

vii)

DWSC reported that they are in the process of submission of request for the release of next installment from GoI. The review team recommend the GoI may consider to release next installment after the receipt of due proposal.

REVIEW OF THE MEDAK DISTRICT Sri PK Chakravarthy team leader of the reform team constituted by the Government of India visited Medak district along with Mr KLS Murthy HRD specialist of State Water and Sanitation Mission on 15.09.2004 for reviewing the Total Sanitation Campaign Programme in the District. The Total Sanitation Campaign Project in the district was sanctioned by the Government of India in March 2003 at the approximate project cost of Rs 1577.76 lakhs which include Start up activities, Admn charges, IEC activities, IHHLs, Institutional Toilets and alternate delivery mechanism. Base on the information furnished by the district mission to the review team the physical progress achieved upto August 2004 is IHHLS 118617, School Toilets 1320 and total expenditure made against the available fund is Rs1029.68 lakhs.

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Available fund 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Government of India Share State Share Beneficiary Sahre Interest accrued HUDCO loan Eleventh finance commission State finance commission District Collector Janmabhoomi grant Rs 289.53 lakhs Rs 33.82 lakhs Rs 174.67 lakhs ----Rs 187.50 lakhs Rs 295.43 lakhs Rs 53.72 lakhs Rs 122.34 lakhs Total Rs 1157.01 lakhs

In addition 24,386.75 MTs of SGRY special component rice is also made available to the programme. Sl No 1 to 5 is released by the Member Secretary, Sl No 6 and 7 released by the Chief Executive Officer and Sl No 8 by the District Collector. Expenditure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Construction of IHHLs of BPL families Drainage/Garbage/Soakge School Sanitaion Start up activities IEC Alternate delivery mechanism Administrative Charges Beneficiary share Hudco Rs 513.28 lakhs --Rs 124.81 lakhs Rs 5.32 lakhs --Rs 24.58 lakhs Rs 1.72 lakhs Rs 174.67 lakhs Rs 185.20 Total Rs 1029.68 lakhs

Under IEC programme following items are taken up. 1 Making of Live models Rs 95000.00 2 Public motivation programmes by all section officers Rs 687000.00 3 Digital Cameras Rs 1156000.00 4 Pamphlets and posters Rs 200000.00 5 Books and Broachers Rs 50000.00 6 Updating the data on online including photographs Rs 50000.00 7 Training to the village level workers at Mandal headquarters Rs 270000.00 8 Painting on buses Payment to be made 9 Posters Payment to be made -------------------Rs 2571000 In the IEC programme much more stress is given on 3 basic issues a) b) c) Reduction of infant mortality rate Women dignity Eradication of open defecation and treating it as social crime.

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The DWSC is chaired by the District Collector and the Member secretary is Superintending Engineer RWS and supported by the DSU members 2 persons one is Public Health Engineering Specialist and MIS specialist and the entire mechanism is mobilised for successful implementation of TSC programme. According to the present project sanctioned the physical target for IHHLs is 1,66,560 but according to PIP this was increased to204245, and the target for school toilets was 1333 but as per PIP requirement is2323. No expenditure is made on RSMs. These are procured from Nirmith Kendras and local enterprises. During the review team visited the following villages 1 2 3 Ameenpur of Patancheru Mandal Indiranagar of Tellapur of Ramchandrapuram Mandal Chintapally and Pothireddypally of Sangareddy Mandal

Major observations and Comments 1 The Quality of construction of IHHLs is found to be satisfactory, in most of the cases the technology adopted is two pit and the lining is done through RCC rings and the pan and trap are procured from the local market made of ceramic. 2 Most of the cases it has been observed that the beneficiary is putting the vent pipe which is not required. The district functionaries mentioned that though they are pressing not to put the vent pipe, the people are putting vent pipe on their own which has got no utility. The district functionaries are requested to make rigorous motivation so that the vent pipes are removed, otherwise these are getting replicated. 3 In between two pits there is a need of at least keeping 1m gap, but in most of the cases these gaps are not maintained. The one meter gap between the pits must be maintained for having proper leaching effect. 4 In the rings used for lining the holes are required, in most of the cases not being provided, the district functionaries notice has been invited in this regard for taking immediate correction 5 The area is suffering form acute water scarcity for drought situation, the pan and trap which is available in the market needs more water for washing. So it

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is has been advised to explore the possibility of procuring rural pan, which needs lesser water. 6 In few cases it has been noticed that the beneficiaries are constructing the permanent superstructure over the pit, which will hamper future cleanliness etc,. During the field visit as well as during the discussions it has been strongly recommended all care should be taken similar mistake is not repeated in future constructions and in present constructions certain modifications to be incorporated to avoid future complications. 7 8 In School Toilets, one teacher has explained that the toilet is for teachers only it shows that more awareness about the programme is required. In panchayat level while examining the records of the accounts it has been suggested that more care is to be taken in keeping the accounts, particularly they should maintain separate accounts for TSC programme funds received from GOI and HUDCO. The Member Secretary DWSC has mentioned that he has already taken steps to verify the accounts of each of the panchayat by deputing the personnel form district. 9 During the discussions the Member Secretary revealed that until now audited UC amount for GOI is Rs 100.47 lakhs and for state Rs 33.82 lakhs has been already submitted. Though the expenditure for the GOI released fund as on today is Rs 212.35 lakhs which is more than 60% of the amount released by the GOI and district mission is arranging auditing for the balance expenditure and will be submitting the request for subsequent release shortly. The subsequent releases of GOI is recommended after the receipt of the request along with UC

REPORT ON KARIMNAGAR DISTRICT


Sri PK Chakraborthy of the review team visited Karimnagar district on 14.09.2004 along with Sri K.L.S. Murthy, HRD specialist, PMU, State Water and Sanitation Mission, Hyderabad. During the visit important stake holders met and discussed related with, programme is placed in Annexure. Government of India approved the TSC project of the district in March, 2003 with the project outlay of Rs. 1526.99 Lakhs which includes startup activities, Administrative charges, IEC activities, IHHLs, Women Sanitary Complexes, School Toilets, RSMs/PCs.

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The up to till Now GoI in 3 Installment released Rs. 292.02 Lakhs. As per the information is provided by the DWSC. Availability of Funds 1. GoI release 2. Interest accured 3. State Share 4. Beneficiary Contribution Rs. 292.02 Lakhs Rs. 0.08 lakhs

Rs. 337.50 Lakhs Rs. 92.54 Lakhs

5. HUDCO (including intrest) Rs. 53.37 Lakhs _______________ Rs. 471.76 lakhs _______________ Expenditure incurred (up to 31.08.2004) 1. GoI Share 2. State Share 3. Beneficiary Contribution 4. HUDCO Rs. 225.65 lakhs Rs. 32.80 lakhs Rs. 92.54 lakhs Rs. 30.91 lakhs ______________ Rs. 381.90 lakhs ______________ In addition 19,928.50 MTs of rice of SGRY (SC) programme being distributed @ 2.5 Quintals for IHHL cum Bath construction and @ 12.5 Quintals for each toilet Block constructed in school.

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SFC/EFC fund released by GoAP directly to Gram Panchayat through District Panchayat Officer is also utilized by the Gram Panchayats for the construction of IHHLs and School Toilets as per the instructions of the state government, the authentic information regarding amount spent on this account could not be made readily available. The SWSM being requested to furnish the same to the DDWS. DWSC along with the request for release of the 2nd installment submitted audited utilization certificates for GoI amount Rs. 1,92,86,560/- and GoAP Rs. 29,69,106/- . However in this utilization certificate the fund received from other sources namely EFC/SFC not provided because of the reason as reported by the DWSC as these funds to Panchayat not Channelised through DWSC. Physical achievement as reported to the review team by the District Mission up to August 2004. IHHLs School Toilets : : 75161 1137

Rs. 24.47 Lakhs have been reported to be spent for IEC activities broad activities taken Distribution of pamphlets, posters, advertisements in daily news papers, bus paintings, banners, hoardings, wall writings in the prominent places, street play, drama etc were taken up. Competitions on various aspects like essay writing, songs, debate, drama etc on TSC among the school students were also organized. Though there is a provision of Rs. 35.00 Lakhs for RSMs/PCs up to till now no expenditure was incurred in this regard. Pan and materials are procured from open market. The pre cast components, rings bricks, slabs are done by private production centers. The quality of pre cast components found to be good. However Pan and Trap are procured from market are mostly ceramic and slope at reach is not in conformity according to the rural pan. It has been reported that SWSM has taken initiative to mobilize entrepreneurs for supply of rural pans. This need more concentrated effort. The district have been facing serious problem of Water Scarcity, Pan and Traps which are in use need more water for flushing than rural pan. As per the sanction project the target for IHHL had been 144000 No.s . The District completed the base line survey on the basis of which PIP submitted to GoI. The PIP

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proposed for subsidy for 2,37,816 BPL family. It DWSC reported to the review team. A recent survey conducted by the State Govt. (VELUGU) for BPL families which indicate that the subsidy to be given to 3,00,850 BPL families. STATUS OF IHHL OF THE VILLAGES VISTED House Holds Sl . No. Population Village visited 2001 census Total House Holds BPL House Holds APL House Holds not having toilet before TSC BPL 1 Jillella 2 Thangalapally 3 Ragudu 4 Vemulawada 5 Vardavelly 4840 5707 1688 27970 1773 1130 1469 329 5793 455 458 677 143 2877 204 672 792 186 2916 251 443 674 138 2827 136 APL 652 762 176 2841 136

ISLs constructed during TSC BPL 117 65 45 155 108 APL 35 26 23 200 15

During the visit detailed discussion with field level functionaring Sarpach of the concern panchayat held peoples willingness for construction of toilet and for the proper use of toilet very much visible. However more thrust need to be given for increasing construction of toilet by APL. During the visit of the villages IHHL and School toilets being visited. IHHL toilet in most of the cases constructed including bathroom. Latrines are with two pits and brick masonry super structure Requisite spacing (1 Meter) between the two pits found to be not kept in many cases. These need rectification DWSC Chaired by the District Collector has been playing the role of implementing agency. Superintending Engineer RWS is the Member Secretary of DWSC and Drawing and Disbursement officer. DWSC have been playing very effective role in driving the programme. DWSC for the purpose duly assisted by District Supporting Unit. The Expenditure of no professionals engaged in the DSU met from Administration charges.

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Suggestion put forward for improvement: 1. In the most of IHHL and School Toilet vent pipes where fixed should be remove. 2. The spacing between the two pits should be at least 1.00m in many cases this is not observed closer spacing will interfere leaching effect. 3. The rings utilized for the pit lining should have the holes according to the drawings, during the visit it was noted in most of the cases the same have not being provided. 4. Much stress to be given for proper utilization of completed toilet blocks in schools. Appropriate IEC programmes are to be designed and evolved for promoting Hygiene Education among the school children. This point is also highlighted during the discussion with the District Collector out of four schools toilet visited only one school toilet is in use, remaining school toilet are not in proper use. This aspects also being brought to the notice of District Collector during discussion. 5. As the utilization certificate for more than 60% of available GOI fund being submitted. It is recommended Government of India may consider for release of 2nd installment to the district.

Dated: 17-09-2004

P.K. Chakraborty, Team Leader, Review Team.

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Team-II Review on TSC - Andhra Pradesh Chitoor, Anantapur and Kurnool Districts 13-16 September 2004 As a part assignment of the RGNDWM Mission mounted for the review of the TSC Programme in Andhra Pradesh, three field visits were made to 13 districts between 14 and 16 September 2004 By team 2 comprising Shri Pradeep Patjohsi who along with Shri N. Srinivasa Rao of the State WATSAN Mission, Hyderabad visited three of these districts, viz. Chitoor, Anantapur and Kurnool. The following is a consolidated report of the visit. 1. Itinerary - See annexure 2. Persons Met - See annexure 3. District Profiles Indicator Population (Lakhs) Rural Pop (lakhs) Mandals (Blocks) Villages Rural HHs APL HHs BPL HHs Primary Schools UP Schools High Schools Anganwadi Centres 4. TSC Implementing Modalities The District Water and Sanitation Missions are formed under societies Act consisting of all MPs in the District, all MLAs in the District and selected District Officers. The District Water and Sanitation Committee is the Executive Body, where the District Collector is the Chairman and Superintending Engineer (RWS) is the Member Chitoor 37.35 29.75 66 1529 6,96,741 1,62,715 5,34,026 4086 685 386 2581 Anantpur 38.39 30.9 63 1006 618219 184114 434105 3069 506 361 2316 Kurnool 35.14 28.01 54 900 4,80,000 61,800 4,80,000 1896 413 294 549

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Secretary. At the field level, the implementing agencies are the Gramapanchayat and Village Education Committee. 5. TSC Project Status Cost Break-Up Initial Project Cost (Lakhs) GOI Share (Lakhs) Received So Far (Lakhs) GoAP To be Received (Lakhs) Chitoor 2024.24 1354.87 812.92 310.00 541.95 Anantpur 1371.15 902.12 541.28 1002.51* 360.84 Kurnool 2015.03 1336.07 400.08 419.00 935.94

*Also includes (a) SFC Funds (515.34 Lakhs) and (b) EFC Funds (457.177 Lakhs). These funds have to be reimbursed to Gram Panchayats on receipt of releases from Government of India. A district-wise status of the Project is as follows: Chitoor The TSC Project in Chitoor was sanctioned by the Government of India vide sanction Order No.W.11044/7/2000/CRSP dated 22-03-2000 as per following details. Project Cost A. GOI Share B. Received So far C. Amount to be received Release of GOI funds: The Govt. of India through Sanction Order No.W.11044/6/2000/CRSP dated 30-032000 released an amount of Rs. 80.00 lakhs and through Sanction Order No.W.11044/6/2000/CRSP dated 05-07-2000 released an amount of Rs. 326.46 lakhs to the CWSS, Chittoor towards the first instalment of the central share. The Govt. of India through Sanction Order No.W.11044/6/2000/CRSP dated 24-12-2003 released an amount of Rs. 406.46 lakhs. Total releases are Rs.812.92 Lakhs. : : Rs.2024.24 Lakhs Rs.1354.87 Lakhs : : Rs.812.92 Lakhs Rs.541.95 Lakhs

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Release of GoAP funds: The Government of Andhra Pradesh through GO Ms No.165 dated 09-05-2002 of the PR & RD (RWS-III) department released Rs. 130.48 lakhs towards 1st instalment of the State share. Subsequently Released Rs.179.52 Lakhs as second Instalment. Total releases are Rs.310.00 Lakhs. In addition the District has identified left over and additional activities for which Additional Project worth Rs.60.32 Crores was submitted to cover all the leftover BPL families in the District. Anantapur The project has been sanctioned by the Government of India vide sanctioned order No.W-11044/22/2001/CRSP dated A. B. C. D. Project Cost GOI Share Receipts so far Amount to be received September 2001. : : Rs.1371.15 Lakhs Rs.902.12 : : Lakhs Lakhs Lakhs

Rs.541.28 Rs.360.84

Release of GOI Funds (TSC) The Government of India through sanction Order No.W-11044/22/2001/CRSP dated September 2001 released an amount of Rs.270.64 Lakhs as 1st installment and through sanction order No.W-11044/22/2001/CRSP dated:27/3/2004 released 2nd installment of Rs.270.64 Lakhs. The total releases being Rs.541.28 Lakhs. Balance amount to be received is Rs.360.84 Lakhs Release of GOAP Funds: The Government of Andhra Pradesh has released Rs.1002.517 Lakhs through the following funds: A. B. Sanitation RSP SFC Funds : : 30.00 515.34 Lakhs Lakhs

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C.

EFC Funds

457.177 Lakhs

The funds received from Govt. of AP through SFC and EFC funds are to be reimbursed. A Revised Project Proposal was submitted to GOI to cover all the eligible BPL families with ISLs as per the Baseline Survey conducted during October 2003 and all the schools with toilet blocks. The revised estimated cost is Rs.4305.21 Lakhs. GOI share proposed is 2841.50 Lakhs. Kurnool TSC project was sanctioned to Kurnool District during the year 2002 to 2003 with a project cost of Rs. 2015.03 lakhs. It includes both the software and hard ware components such as IEC activities, constructed IHHLs and SSBs. The cost break-up of the project is as foll0ows: Original Project Cost : Received so far Amount Requested : Rs. 2015.03 Lakhs : Rs 400.08 Lakh

Rs. 935.94 Lakhs

In addition, a Revised Proposal has been submitted to the GOI for sanction of 272375 ISLs with an estimated cost of 3142.89 Lakhs for covering all the BPL families, all schools and Anganwadi centres in the district. 6. Visit to Villages Although it was proposed to visit at least 3 villages/Schools in each of the districts, it was possible to accomplish less primarily due to constraints of time. Consequently, the visit was confined to the following: Village Verramareddipalem T. Rangampeta Puthalapattu Gollapalli SC Colony Nerawada GP Yerramareddipalem Thenepalle Mandal Renigunta Puthalapattu Rapthadu Rapthadu Kalluru District Chitoor Chitoor Anantapur Anantapur Kurnool

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7. Village Level Observations A. Hardware Activities A large number of toilets have been built with the laid down principles prevailing in the district. It was also encouraging to see bath-cum-toilet units in some households. The Orissa Pan used extensively appears to be the most popular choice. The IHLs constructed were of good quality and in line with the strategy and the model developed by the DWSM in consultation with the State authority. However, it was confusing to see vent pipes in some cases School Toilet One Toilet Block and 2 Separate Urinals with Tiles and a battery of Drinking Water Taps. Grama Panchayat funds (Rs.8,000) leveraged. School Piped Water Supply Linked to SRP (Main Village). Waste water disposal and drainage system are installed in some places. Individual garbage pits were also there in some villages. The villages are very clean and bear a healthy look, thanks largely due to cement concrete roads and drainages built by the villagers leveraging funds from G.P. Some school toilets are under construction and in the final stage. The Team suggested improvements in the base-floor of the urinals so as to prevent spilling, in order to prevent the possibilities of de-motivating the children and subsequent non-use. B. Software Activities People, especially the children had the knowledge of hand washing after defecation and nail cutting, largely due to the efforts of the teachers. IEC conducted by Grampanchayat and Teachers. Teachers involved are knowledgeable. Accounts are reportedly well maintained by the PTA. (They were not available for verification as the Head Master was out of station. However, the villagers were quite satisfied that all accounts are maintained well.) School dropouts have been reportedly brought back to school

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It was also encouraging to see the awareness created by displaying water management act on the school walls (AP-WALTA Act). All officials including those from the Education department are well involved in the process.

Community members expressed that with the ISLs in place, they have benefited from health, convenience and dignity points of view. It was visible from decorations made on the ISLs that the community has started to own the toilets. In specific terms, the community has participated in contributing its labour in the hardware installation. After constructing the ISLs the participation can be seen in maintenance and usage of the ISL, decorating them with good paintings and seeing them as a part of the house. (In some cases, the toilets were installed very near to grinding stones where the community prepares eatables like pickles etc.). It was also encouraging to see that some household have an extended electric bulb point to the toilet, suggesting that they are using it in the night.

The Mandal Organizers appears to be the key motivators in the whole scheme of things. This could be one of the best practices in the TSC programme elsewhere. However, we need to find out a meaningful way of making best use of this human resource created, and their capacity built towards sustaining the programme.

The involvement of the Government officials (from various departments), local teachers, and representatives for the PRI was very encouraging.

8. District Level Observations All Officials including the Collector are involved in the Programme. Regular workshops at Mandal level for village representatives by District Support Unit through designated and trained Resource Persons. Weekly review by the Member Secretary through Wireless Set conference All information regarding IHLs (including digitized photographs) kept online on a monthly basis. Under IEC, important activities included mass campaigns such as the Puskara mela where over 1 crore people gather over a period of 12 days. Discussion with collector and District Officials reveal that there is a need for undertaking a survey for assessing the usage of IHLs. A need was also felt for a strategic campaign for increasing the IHL use by the households

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9. Overall Observations Physical achievements have far exceeded the identified targets in the original proposal. Towards this end, supplementary proposals have been submitted for approval Many innovations have been undertaken by the DWSMs. While it differs from district to district, these include interventions such as (a) integrated WATSAN villages; (b) convergence between SSA and TSC (Vidyamela); (c) local specific designs for physically disabled children; (d) education kit including WATSAN package; (e) deployment of Mandal Organizers as key motivators; (f) involvement of PRI members in motivation; (g) implementation by PRI and leveraging funds; (h) fielding of rapid appraisals as against baselines conducted at the beginning of the project and third party evaluation for monitoring ISL use; (i) attempts towards girls retention in school; and (j) introduction of water harvesting structure as a part of the integrated approach; etc., The DWSMs have been active in providing/organizing training programmes. These include training programs at various levels, creation of resource groups, sustained meetings and workshops at village and GP level. However, there is a need to strengthen this particular aspect in order to bring the community on board. In some districts (Anantapur), a specific IEC action plan for the period 2004 2009 is in place. Based on this perspective plan, short term plans are prepared, approved and implemented on a yearly basis. These include production and dissemination of local specific IEC materials (paintings on buses, hoardings at strategic locations focusing on relevance of TSC in IMR reduction, wall paintings on hygiene behaviours (especially in schools), pamphlets, Kalajatha troops singing folk songs, etc. A close liaison is maintained with local media and all press clippings are disseminated religiously in all workshops, meetings, training programs and shared with all visitors. A proactive and professional relationship with the media has helped disseminating the program message to the masses. A well defined monitoring system is in place that regularly monitors the feedback from the field, which is based on a weekly meeting held on every Saturday by the Member Secretary along with the District Collector. The feedback to Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission is online. Each household

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with a toilet is given a specific SSID number for the purpose of monitoring its progress of installation as well as its use. The concept of neat village is being promoted in a big way by the creation of soak pits, compost pits, drainages, dismantling of dry latrines and closing down of pit taps. Significant technical assistance has been garnered from UNICEF in general and the PMU/SSHE Cell in particular. 10. Recommendations Considering the commendable work done by the Districts, it is recommended that the requested funds be released as soon as possible. However, the following specific areas could be revisited and improved in order to make the TSC in Andhra Pradesh a truly community-based one. 1. Demand Generation The GoAP has promoted a unique strategy through which sanitation has been successfully linked with livelihood issues as well as issues on survival, IMR and so on. The idea was to take the best advantage of the availability of an important resource like rice and making it conditional to construction and usage of IHLs. In that respect, a phenomenal demand has been created. Having done that, it is perhaps the right time to identify an alternative strategy to continue the good work when this scarce resource is no more available. 2. Decentralization and Involvement of PRI The interplay between distribution of rice, sanction of IHLs and the mandatory eligibility criterion (being a BPL Household ) has resulted in devolution of power to the Gram Panchayat. In addition, the concept of clean village has also leveraged funds from the GP sources. This means that the Gram Panchayats are involved very actively in the entire TSC process. This positive aspect was also visible in the School Sanitation Programmes, where the local Sarpanchs and the Ward Members were seen to be very vocal and active. However, these representatives would require a lot of capacity building inputs, especially in the areas of community management, operation and maintenance of assets, book keeping and accounting. 3. Community Participation IEC and Social Mobilisation

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Discussions in the villages revealed that the community has been involved in contributing labour in construction of the IHLs. There is enough potential that their participation could go beyond this level. They could be strengthened to take care of more mundane issues like hygiene behavoiur, water handling and storage, maintenance of the assets and monitoring their own health status. This is one area that needs more substantive support and therefore this is the time for initiating a social mobilization process as opposed to the conventional IEC activities. The deployment of Community Organizers appears as a positive step towards this direction and needs to be encouraged and strengthened. The TSC in Andhra Pradesh has had many IEC interventions. These include high impact campaigns, mobile messages painted on Government buses, billboards at strategic locations focusing on IMR, a plethora of pamphlets, leaflets, slogans, jingles, street plays and so on. The Project has also been able to take the local media into confidence as is evident from the many news paper clippings that were shown to the Mission Team. All these have contributed to the positive hype on construction of toilets and perhaps were required at the initial stages. However, as mentioned earlier, what was not visible is the much required long-term Social Mobilization Plan as to what the community must know and do once the toilets are completed. This involves proper use and maintenance of the toilets, doing away with open defecation, working towards better hygiene behavior at the household level, sustaining the school sanitation intervention, and maintaining the village environment. The challenge is to sensitize the community that it is their social responsibility and must be fulfilled by them. 4. The Task Ahead The obvious question that come to mind is,Where do we go from now? Discussions with the Collectors of Chitoor and Anantapur reiterated the realization that the TSC is indeed an opportunity for building a better Andhra Pradesh and that there is a definite need for a paradigm shift The enormous human resources created/likely to be created could well be utilized for achieving this goal through a specific, measurable, achievable, replicable and time-bound strategy. Conclusion In undertaking this field visit, I received total and wholehearted support from the three Collectors of Chitoor, Anantapur and Kurnool, Officials of the DWSMs, members of

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the Panchayati Raj, Teachers and above all the communities of the villages visited. I express my thanks and deep gratitude to them all. In particular, I wish to put on record my sincere appreciation for the cooperation and support extended by Shri N. Srinivasa Rao of the State WATSAN Mission, Hyderabad.

Pradeep Patjoshi UNICEF, Bhubaneswar 21 September 2004

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Team III Review of the TSC Projects in West Godavari, Guntur and Mehboobnagarur districts of Andhra Pradesh 13th Sept 2004 to 17th Sept 2004 Team III comprising of Shri Manu Prakash, School Sanitation Consultant, RGNDWM, visited three districts i.e. West Godavari, Guntur and Mehboobnagar along with Shri Durga Prasad, Financial Management Coordinator, SWSM, AP from 13th Sept 2004 to 17th Sept 2004. The team spent one day each in the districts which included the briefing and presentation from District TSC Project Officials, field visits to villages, and debriefing. The list persons met are enclosed in the annexure 1 . Accordingly, the consolidated review report has been prepared and given below district wise. Review Report of the West Godavari West Gadavori is rice bowl of Andhra Pradesh, which with 46 mandals, 888 GPs and 30.29 lakh rural populations considered to be one of the richest districts of Andhra. Team III visited this district on 14th Sept 2004. As per the baseline survey findings and PIP submitted1, sanitation coverage in households is 35.61%, which is higher in APL i.e. 49.80% and low in BPL i.e. 25.40%. In schools, it is 55% while in Anganwadis, it is 7%. The TSC project in the district was sanctioned by Government of India in March 2003. The approved project cost is Rs. 1154.53 lakh. The Project outlay with target is given below Project Components and Outlay 84000 ISLs : 2014 school toilets : Alternative delivery mechanism: Start up activities : Administrative charges : IEC activity : Total : Rs. 525.00 lakhs Rs. 402.80lakhs Rs. 35.00 lakhs Rs. 20.00 lakhs Rs. 40.00 lakhs Rs. 131.63 lakhs Rs. 1154.53 lakhs

Based on information provided to the Mission, it was noted that against a target of 84,000 ISLs, 1,29,495 ISLs had been constructed till Aug 2004. Likewise against a target of 2014 under school sanitation, 1962 had been completed. An expenditure of Rs.212.21 lakh had been incurred against

Based on Velugu Survey supported by DIFD and GoAP. In fact, all the districts visited by Team III have found that PIP submitted by these districts has used the data of this survey.

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the total available funds of Rs.223.24 lakh. The state and beneficiary contribution have been Rs. 329.54 lakh and Rs. 24.73 lakh respectively. The details are as under:Financial Status under GOI Share: GOI share as project clearance : 741.98 lakhs No. of installments released : 3 Amount released : 222.60 lakhs Interest accumulated : 0.64 lakhs Total : 223.24 lakhs Amount spent : 212.21 lakhs UC submitted : 211.36 lakhs

With HUDCO-TSC assistance, 16708 ISLs have been completed. Total 30025 ISLs have been sanctioned with estimated cost of Rs. 915.76. The actual cost of per ISL is Rs. 3050-/- in which TSC share is Rs. 375. GoAP share is Rs. 2375-/ (Rs. 2000-/ through HUDCO assistance or in the form of rice in most of the cases i.e. 250 kg per BPL ISL (SC)). The beneficiary share is Rs. 300-/-. In this costing structure, GOI incentive is given for constructing basic model of ISL not for super structure and bathrooms as promoted by GoAP. On IEC, there has been an expenditure of Rs. 23.7 lakh. Much of the expenditure has been incurred recently because of the State s thrust on IEC. So far, 988 motivators and 1776 masons have been trained. All the GPs are covered with IEC activities like wall writing, hoardings and messages on buses, possessions, pamphlets, posters, advertisements in daily news papers, paintings, banners, street play, drama etc. Competitions on various aspects like essay writing, songs, debate, drama etc on TSC among the school students were also organized. On alternated delivery mechanism, expenditure has been Rs. 11.02 lakh. Most of the RSMs i.e. 92 established at the time of beginning of the project are becoming dysfunctional as the sanctioned programme is nearing to complete. The mission noted that 152 Community Sanitary Complexes have also been constructed with support of State Funds though not sanctioned in the TSC project but termed as a part of TSC as informed. In many of these complexes, septic tanks have been used. The cost of the complex is up to Rs. 3 lakh shared between State (Rs. 1.5 to 2 lakh) and Community (GP and SHG) which is also involved in O&M, in many cases on pay and use basis as informed.

Community Septic Latrines


District: West Godavari Mandal: Attili Village: L.N. Puram

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The Mission observed that the institutional arrangement for implementing the programme at the District level is effective and adequately supported by DSU at district level and GP at village level. Mandal Water & Sanitation Mission though not registered as DWSM or VWSC is playing important role in faster implementation of project. The project officials mentioned that almost the entire district machinery especially officers and staff under the District Collector, District Malaria officer, DPRO, Self Help Groups, District Supporting Unit, Mandal Resource Persons, NGOs are being utilized to build awareness among the people and monitor the implementation of the Programme. The team visited two villages in two different Mandals i.e. Tadepalligudem and Pentaoadu in the district that included the meeting with beneficiary of ISL, schools children and teachers, Sarpanchs, Prerak, Panchayat Secretary, Mandal Level Officials and other. The details of these villages are given below: Mandal Village No. of HH APL Tadepalligudem Tadepalli Pentaoadu 374 BPL 700 448 204 498 591 292 Sanitation Converge in HH APL BPL Toilet Constructed under TSC 475 105 Darsiparru 607

The team also visited the schools and Anganwadis and it was found that especially in Tadepalli, all three schools were covered with water and sanitation facilities. One Anganwadi running in Govt Building is also covered with sanitation facilities though not sanctioned under TSC. In Darsiparru, no school was covered with water and sanitation facilities. The high school of this village was visited which has been newly i.e. constructed in 2004 with two storey structure but lacked water and sanitation facilities. The mission also visited water supply scheme being implemented in Tadepalli, village under Swajaldhara sanctioned in 2003-2004. The total cost of the scheme is Rs. 8.50 lakh in which community contribution is Rs. 0.95 lakh with total capacity of 60,000 liters covering 2 habitations fully. Every 15 days bleaching powder is used to clean the water. The scheme is taken over by VWSM and Rs. 30 is charged per household for using the water, which is ensured through both, pubic water taps and household water taps. Major observation and suggestion

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A large no. of ISLs has been constructed which is more than the sanctioned target which shows the priority of district and State Govt. The district has prepared a revised proposal for full rural sanitation coverage. The total estimated cost of the revised project of GOI share is Rs.1412.23 lakh.

The norms of the construction need to be standardized and followed both for ISL and schools. Certain designs for school and Anganwadi Toilets have been developed by GOI which may be implemented. In many cases, vent pipe is used which should be removed. Instead of rural pan, flat pan is being used which should be avoided, in few cases, over pit toilet has been constructed. It seems that community is aware of one option of toilet viz: single offset pit. It was noted that there was no provision of junction chamber for future expansion.

In schools, one WC and 2 separate urinals are being constructed without taking into account the students strength but the base-floor needs improvement to prevent spilling. Since, most of the children do not wear footwear as seen; it may breed many diseases among them. It is suggested that proper training of Sarpanch, motivator, and teachers should be taken up on technological aspect for better implementation of technology being promoted.

The usage is high especially among women who now feel secure and comfortable but men need to be motivated more to use the toilet who in many cases still go out for open defecation. Mostly women clean the toilets with acid and phenyl and follow hand washing norms as promoted through IEC. In Tadepalli village, Panchayat has imposed a fine of Rs. 500-/- for those who have toilets and still go for open defecation. It has checked the practice and increased the use of toilets. Such pattern, if agreed and accepted, may be replicated in other villages.

In both villages visited, it was

found to be clean with proper waste water disposal and

drainage system are installed in some places along with garbage pits. The schools children are aware of hygiene habits and practicing hand washing after defecation and nail cutting largely due to the personal efforts of the teachers who in the case of schools visited still need to be trained on hygiene education. Certain innovations have also taken in the form of inter-sectoral coordination especially with Education Dept and Health Dept. As a result, hygiene education is a part of school curriculum in most of the schools and 6 monthly health check-up by ANM is also done. PTA is contributing regularly for O&M i.e. Rs. 1-/ per child per month and elderly children are involved

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in cleaning the toilets and tasks are assigned through school cabinet. The schools are taking active part in the IEC activities through rallies, songs, skits, etc on promotion of sanitation in the villages. All the teachers interacted had the toilets in their home. In schools, they use childrens toilets. In some schools, beneficiary contribution has been mobilized from SSA funds (In Tadepalli village). Serious efforts should be placed for mobilizing community contribution. District has a sound monitoring system; 96,000 ISL beneficiary digitized photographs have been uploaded on GoAP website; weekly review meeting at Mandal level i.e. every Monday; twice or thrice DWSM meeting and monthly visit by Officials from SWSM, etc are taking place. But monitoring needs to capture the APL ISL coverage also and sufficient focus on process level monitoring for better implementation. The district monitoring team is suggested to document the progress through online as well on www.ddws.nic.in and visit the said website regularly for new information and documents. Special focus is needed to establish Panchayat based and school based monitoring system for ensuing community ownership. During de-briefing with collector and District Officials, it was felt that there is a need for undertaking a survey for assessing the practice of open defecation especially those who have constructed the toilet. The components of IEC and HRD needs to be more streamlined in relation to their output. IEC can be more effective if the components of local cultures are used. The themes of IEC should include the aspects of O&M which is lacking in existing IEC. The communication plan for districts developed by GOI with the support of UNICEF may be used which is available on our website. Similarly, training programmes need to be more specific and scientific. The trainings programme should focus on mason, teachers, Sarpanch, and Preraks as they are the key for better use of technology and promote hygiene practice. In most of the cases, it was noted that pre-test and post test has not been conducted during the training session. A very few exposure visits have been organized. These aspects should be focused more. It was observed that many masons trained have not been utilized for the construction of school toilets and ISLs. Mechanisms should be evolved to retain them for this purpose. Instead of mass level one day training, small group of participants should be preferred. The efforts of the district in ensuing increased sanitation coverage and hygiene, to some extent, have been effective. For instance, there has been low incidence of diarrhoea cases which have fallen from 40905 to 1080 in 2003 and 258 in 2004 (till June). Recommendation It is recommended that the next installment of the TSC may be released to the district and the district should strengthen on the issues as mentioned above.

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Review Report of the Guntur Guntur is the chilly belt of Andhra Pradesh with 57 mandals, 1024 GPs, 1699 habitations and 31.74 lakh rural populations. The literacy rate is 62.80 % and IMR is 6.04 in the district which was visited by Team III on 15th Sept 2004. As per the baseline survey findings, sanitation coverage in households is 23.43% which is higher in APL i.e. 34% and very low i.e. 12%. BPL In schools, it is 18.86 % while in Anganwadis, it is 11%. The TSC project in the district was sanctioned by Government of India in April 2004. The approved project cost is Rs. 1851.20 lakh. The Project outlay with target is given below Project Components and Outlay 116500 ISLs : 2995 school toilets : Alternative delivery mechanism: Start up activities : Administrative charges : IEC activity : Total : Rs. 1165.00 lakhs Rs. 167.20 lakhs Rs. 35.00 lakhs Rs. 92.00 lakhs Rs. 92.00 lakhs Rs. 300.00 lakhs Rs. 1851.20 lakhs

The mission noted that against a target of 116500 ISLs, 114137 ISLs had been constructed till Aug 2004. Likewise against a target of 1995 under school sanitation, 1451 had been completed. An expenditure of Rs.1100.29 lakh had been incurred against total available funds of Rs.1153.14 lakh. The state share has been Rs. 623.10 lakh which is more than from the original amount i.e. Rs. 485.06-/ lakh. The data on beneficiary was not available as suggested would be shared with RGNDWM. Since, TSC is linked with rice, so far, 26953.234 MT has been distributed in the district as part of incentive for the construction of ISLs. The details are as under:Financial Status under GOI Share: GOI share as project clearance : 883.42 lakhs No. of installments released : 3 Amount released : 530.04 lakhs Interest accumulated : 2.17 lakhs Total : 532.21 lakhs Amount spent : 467.14 lakhs

In Guntur, creative and extensive IEC has been implemented. Many innovations have been carried out in the IEC to ensure better reach and output. So far, there has been an expenditure of Rs. 23.73 lakh which has been utilized in the training, wall-writing, hoardings and messages on buses, possessions, pamphlets, posters, video presentation, head bands,

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banners, street play, drama etc. Schools have been especially targeted by holding competitions on various aspects like essay writing, songs, debate, drama etc. Local culture components such as Burrakathas/Kalajatha have also been used. So far, 124 district and Mandal level conventions and 1864 school level and 820 GP level conventions have been organized. 2919 different categories of stakeholders have been trained;1210 masons have been trained alone. In a year, three phases of IEC is taken up and all the GPs are now covered with IEC. There has been some expenditure on start-up activities i.e. Rs. 7.90 lakh largely due to recent thrust on survey to assess the coverage of sanitation on sample basis. On alternated delivery mechanism, expenditure has been Rs. 7.9 lakh. Earlier 32 RSM have been set up but now it is the private entrepreneurs who have been involved without any funding support to manufacture RCC rings: pan and trap are procured from the local market made of ceramic. In most of the cases, beneficiary himself buys pan and trap from the market. The sustainability of these centres would be challenge to continue till APL families are also covered. At present the production centre are catering to the need of BPL families only. The district has well defined institutional structure and functioning well under the leadership of Collector and SE-RWS. DSU is quite active and Panchayat/VSWS are also taking interest in promoting sanitation coverage in their restive villages. The team visited four villages in the district that included the meeting with beneficiary of ISL, schools children and teachers, Sarpanchs, Prerak, Panchayat Secretary, Mandal Level Officials and other. The details of these villages are given below: Krishnapuram: In this village, there are 74 BPL households and 35 APL households. Under TSC, 34 ISLs have been constructed. The use of ISLs is high and all households are using it except in one case which is not being used. There is one primary school in the village which is covered with water and sanitation facilities along with hygine education imparted by the teachers. Vidya committee (PTA) has contributed Rs. 2000-/ for the construction of the toilet. Interestingly, in this school, the ratio of girl children is higher than boys. There are 11 boys and 15 girls with 3 teachers in the school. Savalyapuram: There are 250 BPL households and 111 APL households in this village. Under TSC, 232 ISLs have been constructed. The use of ISLs is high and 196 households are using these facilites. There are two schools-one primary school and other is higher secondary school. The primary school has been recently provided with sanitation facilities though still to be put in use. In other school, there is no such facility though hygiene education is imparted in both the schools.

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Hassannyuipalem: There are 89 BPL households and 1 APL households in this village. Under TSC, 46 ISLs have been constructed and 44 households are using these facilities. There is one primary school which has been provided with sanitation facilities in April 2004 and hygiene education is also imparted. There are 58 boys and 52 girls and 50% of them have ISL in their HHs. The toilets are cleaned by children and for consumables Rs. 1-/- is contributed by PTA. Monthly visits of ANM also takes place in the school for health check up.

Gonnuguntlavaripalem: There are 429 BPL households and 31 APL households in this village. Under TSC, 68 ISLs have been constructed and 67 households are using these facilities. In this village there is large no. of BPL families, coordination with Adult Education Dept has been forged and their Preraks have been involved to mobilize the community to construct the toilets. The village has mostly SC population. In these villages, incentive is given in two phases- first installment after digging the pit in the form of cash of Rs. 375 and 150 kg rice and last installment is given a cash of Rs. 375 and 100 kg rice.

Major observation and suggestion The district has prepared a revised proposal for full rural sanitation coverage. The total estimated cost of the revised project is Rs. 3771.29 lakh. The District has taken up extensive IEC activities, it is suggested that the implementation should be linked with output and be closely monitored. Similarly, the district has developed HRD plan involving various stakeholders but the form of the training needs to be streamlined and monitored and more focus on pre-test and post test with exposure visit should be incorporated. The themes of IEC should include the aspects of O&M which is lacking in existing IEC. The communication plan for districts developed by GOI with the support of UNICEF may be used. The training programmes should focus on mason, teachers, Sarpanch, and Preraks as they are the key for better use of technology and promote hygiene practice. Instead of mass level one day training, small group of participants should be preferred. The district has taken up the baseline survey and also carried out midline survey in October 2003, and June 2004 which includes KAP aspects of sanitation. They are advised to prepare output based indictor for the survey and include the qualitative such as process level assessment. Baseline survey format developed by GoI may also be considered. The user families were quite satisfied but the use of toilet is more in case of women; thus more focus on IEC on motivating men should be taken up. There is need to improve the quality of construction especially in terms of placement of pan, size of pan, type of pan. In fact, the norms of the construction need to be standardized and

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followed correctly both for ISL and schools. Some of the toilets were small in size and their use might be compromised. The positioning of the footrest is not appropriate. In many cases, vent pipe is used even in schools and instead of rural pan, flat pan is being used which should be avoided, in many cases, over pit toilet has been constructed. In many cases, community is aware of one option of toilet viz: single offset pit. It was noted that there was no provision of junction chamber for future expansion. The pit depth varies from 4 ft to 8 ft. Two pits may be constructed in the same investment as done in other districts. The local masons are also not aware of various options and their capacity need to be built on how to position the pit appropriately in case of constraints of space. The school was exposed to IEC activities and seemed knowledgeable on hygiene practice. Children are able to use toilet as & when required by them but separate toilets for boys and girls need to be provided in co-ed schools. Teachers were teaching them about hygiene but need to be properly trained. There is need to focus on APL families in demand creation and also promote other component of sanitation, which ultimately would contribute to achieving the full sanitation and better hygiene practice. Monitoring needs to capture the APL ISL coverage also and sufficient focus on process level monitoring for better implementation. The district monitoring team is suggested to document the progress on online as well on www.ddws.nic.in and visit the said website regularly for new information and documents. Special focus is needed to establish Panchayat based and school based monitoring system. Recommendation It is recommended that the next installment of the TSC may be released to the district after duly certified UC is received. Review Report of the Mahabubnagar Mahabubnagar is one of the backward districts with water scarcity prone area of Andhra Pradesh. This district was visited by Team III on 16th Sept 2004. As per the baseline survey findings and PIP submitted, sanitation coverage in households is 17.81% which is higher in APL i.e. 74% and very low in BPL i.e. 6.82%. In schools, it is 25% while in Anganwadis, it is 20%. The TSC project in the district was sanctioned by Government of India in June 2001. The approved project cost is Rs. 1898.66 lakh. The Project outlay with target is given below

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Project Components and Outlay 194400 ISLs : Drainage /Garbage/Soakage : 620 school toilets : Alternative delivery mechanism: Start up activities : Administrative charges : IEC activity : Total : Rs. 1215.00 lakhs Rs. 50.00 lakhs Rs. 124.00 lakhs Rs. 35.00 lakhs Rs. 94.93 lakhs Rs. 94.93 lakhs Rs. 284.80 lakhs Rs. 1898.66 lakhs

As per the information provided to the Mission, it was mentioned that against a target of 194400 ISLs, 1,32,415 ISLs had been constructed till Aug 2004. Likewise against a target of 620 under school sanitation, 436 and 1472 additional schools have been completed by tying up with rice. An expenditure of Rs.1567.48 lakh had been incurred against total available funds of Rs.1632.15 lakh. The state and beneficiary contribution have been Rs. 678.21 lakh and Rs. 172.22 lakh respectively. The details are as under:Financial Status under GOI Share: GOI share including interest : 781.72 lakh No. of installments releas : 3 Amount spent : 577.06 lakh

In HUDCO-TSC assistance, Rs. 50.00 lakh and from XI Finance Commission 380.70 lakh and from SFC Rs. 232.51 have been released from the State to the TSC project. Mahabubnagar has developed some good IEC material in the form of flip charts, posters and documentary film and incurred an expenditure of Rs. 35.20 from the center share. No expenditure has incurred from the State share. The district has taken some innovative steps in the recent past and been involved in activities such as Mobile Exhibitions, which were organized in all (64) Mandals during 19th round Janamabhoomi Programme. Documentary film in respect of Health education, sanitation & procedure to construct ISLs was produced and exhibited in Janamabhoomi meetings and Mandal level workshops. Pamplets & Posters on Rural Sanitation programme were distributed Kala Jatha

in Villages. For sanction of ISLs simplified applications were kept at Grampanchayats. Wall writings and advertisements on TSC through News papers were also done. Kala Jatha programmes are conducted at village level to motivate the people regarding sanitation and personnel hygiene. Hoardings on rural sanitation programme were erected at important places such as high way locations, pilgrims places and market places. So far, 68 district and Mandal level conventions and 497

40

school level and 1314 GP level conventions have been organized and all the GPs are now covered with IEC. There has been no expenditure booked on RSM component as informed but a sanitation park in the office premises of Superintending Engineer, RWS has been constructed and would be booked under this component. In physical progress, 15 RSM has been shown, which are actually private entrepreneur motivated to participate in the programme by manufacturing RCC rings. No expenditure on start up activities has been recorded. On the issue of conducting baseline for preparing PIP and revised project report, Velgu survey data has been used which was conducted in 2003. The mission noted that 3 Community Sanitary Complexes using leach pit have also been constructed though not sanctioned in the original TSC project but termed as a part of TSC as informed. The cost of such complex is Rs. 70,000-/- which includes 4 WC units with water supply and are maintained by SHG associated with DWCRA on use and pay basis. The district has suggested to send more details to RGNDWM. No data i.e. both physical and financial progress was available on drainage. The Mission observed that the Institutional Arrangement for implementing the programme at the District level is effective and adequately supported by DSU at district level and GP at village level. Mandal Water & Sanitation Mission though not registered as DWSM or VWSC is playing important role in faster implementation of project. The project officials mentioned that almost the entire district machinery especially officers and staff under the District Collector, District Malaria officer, DPRO, Self Help Groups, District Supporting Unit, Mandal Resource Persons, NGOs are being utilized to build awareness among the people and monitor the implementation of the Programme. The team visited two villages and two tribal habitations in the district that included the meeting with beneficiary of ISL, schools children and teachers, Sarpanchs, Prerak, Panchayat Secretary, Mandal Level Officials and other. The details of these villages are given below: Shainpally: It is located in Bijinepally Mandal and has three habitations with a population of 2600. It has 15 APL and 585 BPL households. Total 108 ISls have been sanctioned out of which 78 has been completed. There are community based one Prerak and one Assistant Prerak who are paid Rs. 700-/- and Rs.500-/ per month for motivating the community. There is one Mandal Parisad High School in Shainpally Village covered with water and sanitation facilities, which is, in fact, very special in relation to the implementation of SSHE component of TSC that has shown progressive achievements in this school over the years. At present, 365 students are enrolled out of which 188 are boys and 177 are girls. SSHE was

41

initiated in 2002-2003. The enrollment rate is surely on increase as in 2002 total 280 students were enrolled which in 2003 increased up to 297 and now in 2004, it is 365. The toilet complex with separate urinal for boys and girls was constructed in 2003 with the total cost of Rs.30,000-/- mobilizing PTA and GP contribution up to Rs. 8,000-/-. The GOI support extended up to Rs. 12,000-/- and State supported with rest of the amount. The design of the toilet definitely needs some improvement but it is noteworthy to mention the software activities, which has made this school a temple of learning and behavior change. And the change agents are none other than children and teachers. This school has hygiene education as a part of curriculum, which is imparted through class rooming teaching, organizing competitions, daily massage in the prayer, etc. Similarly, ANM and Health Worker do health check ups every two months who are also involved in motivation students on hygiene practice. But what attracts is the green and clean school environment, which maintained by the children only adequately supported by a School Committee of students and teachers headed by headmaster. Students on rotation basis clean the toilets and classrooms. For regular consumables like soaps, phenyl and mug, etc, parents contribute Rs. 1-/- per month per student. The headmaster himself monitors these activities. As result, students exhibit good knowledge and practice of hygiene especially the personal hygiene. Teachers are the role model as all of them having toilets in their home. The activities have now institutionalized in the school, which now is taking active interest in promoting sanitation in village for instance, every six month, a sanitation rally is organized in the village by school. In many households where ISLs have been constructed, children played a role in motivating them. Such initiatives have resulted in great health benefits, as there have been no diarrhoea cases last year. Somla Tanda habitation: It is a tribal habitation having 20 households in which 18 households have constructed toilets and most of the ISLs have been constructed last year only. All the households have access to water supply. The usage of these toilets is almost negligible. Most of the ISLs are being used for purpose other than defecation. Special drive is needed for such tribal groups on sanitary habits. In Shainpally village, the team also visited exiting Swajaldhara scheme being implemented by VWSC and chaired by Sarpanch. The total cost of the OHP project is Rs. 6.7 lakh in which Rs .07 lakh community (45) has contributed. The scheme sanctioned in 2002-2003 has been completed and now taken over community. For maintenance, Rs.15-/- per person per month is charged as water tariff. The capacity of the OHP is 60,000 lt. Gunded Village: Gunded is located in Balanagar Mandal with 1630 population in which tribal population is 693. Total 58 ISLs have been sanctioned in this village but completed more than that i.e. 64. Total 320 households (HH) are in the village out which 120 are APL HHs

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and 190 are BPL HHs. Total 115.00 Qntls rice was distributed along with cash of 0.33 lakhs. In this village, within the cost of R. 2750-/-, two-leach pit toilet with bathroom has been constructed. The usage is satisfactory especially among women and in most of the cases, toilets are well maintained.There is one primary school, which is covered with water supply and sanitation facilities. The cost of the toilet constructed last year is Rs. 20,000-/- in which Rs. 10,000-/- has been given in cash and 12.5 Qntls rice. There are 80 girls and 180 boys with 3 teachers out of which one teacher is trained on hygiene education. Toilet was well maintained with greater involvement of School Sanitation committee in the school. Jeedigutta Tanda habitation: It is tribal habitation having 35 households in which 18 households have constructed toilets. Women have played big role in motivating their HH to construct the ISLs from safety and dignity point of view and this has also resulted in high usage and better maintenance of ISLs. Major observation and suggestion Mahabubnagar district has prepared a plan of action, which is in fact, a positive step towards, increased coverage and usage of sanitation facilities. The plan focuses on more IEC and HRD. It is suggested that adequate attention should be also given on O&M and community specific strategies be developed especially for tribal. On technological aspect, the quality of construction is better than other two districts. The use of vent pipe is not as prevalent as in other two districts but it needs to be removed completely. Again, the norms of the construction need to be standardized and followed correctly both for ISL and especially for school toilets. Some of the toilets were small in size and their use might be compromised. Community Contribution is mostly in the form of labour and less in cash. The labour is utilized in digging the pit in most of the cases. The community participation should move beyond labour and be ensured in other activities as well. HRD and IEC intervention needs to be streamlined with outputs and implemented rigorously. The district has developed some excellent IEC material which other district are using but needs to be put in use here. The communication plan for districts developed by GOI with the support of UNICEF may also be used. More over, HRD programme should focus on mason, teachers, Sarpanch, and Preraks as they are the key for better use of technology and promote hygiene practice. It is suggested that instead of mass one day training, small group of participants should be preferred using pre-test/post test and exposure visit component. The implementation of SSHE is effective and some of the schools have really done well; these best practices may be replicated in other schools. Harivillu Picturised Booklet on School Sanitation was really impressive which may be distributed to teachers and Preraks. The worry

43

is the design which is being promoted in schools; its not child friendly. Separate units for girls may be constructed in co-ed schools. GoI has developed technical note on design options for school toilets, which may be considered. APL families need to be focused more for demand creation and promotion of hygiene practice. Monitoring needs to be strengthened for both hardware and software with immediate attention to capture the APL ISL coverage. Sufficient focus on process level monitoring for better implementation. The district monitoring team is suggested to document the progress on online on www.ddws.nic.in and visit the said website regularly for new information and documents. Special focus is needed to establish Panchayat based and school based monitoring system. Recommendation It is recommended that the next installment of the TSC may be released to the district after duly certified UC is received. State Level observation and suggestions The State has shown remarkable commitment to increase the coverage of sanitation but to eliminate open defecation completely from the State requires an innovative and community specific strategies to motivate people to use & maintain facilities created. State has developed SSHE action plan; this needs to be communicated and implemented at district level. At present, there is confusion on policy and programmatic part of SSHE especially in relation to health and hygiene activities, use of toilet technology, separate units for girls, teacher training, community participation, etc. This may be streamlined through this plan. IEC needs more strengthening particularly in relation to IPC. Weak IPC may slow down the impact of mass media campaign; thus, requires greater motivation from Preraks, Mandal Organizers, Teachers, Motivators and Sarpanchs. This may be attended. An effective decentralized structure is noticed but needs more programmatic and technical inputs on software aspect of sanitation drive. Toilet technology and norm of construction needs to be standardized in relation to use of vent pipe, type and size of pan, pit technology and size, positioning of footrest wherever it is being installed, flooring, etc. Many districts are due for project revision; to implement the revised projects alternate delivery mechanism needs to be strengthened; so far the supply of sanitary products had not been affected due to non-supply of requisite hardware

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but it might pose a problem. Many of the districts have not spent much on RSM/PC component. A direction is requested to utilize this money. Capacity developed activities needs to be designed more scientifically using participatory tools. Instead of mass level training, small group should be selected for training. To enhance the quality of training, experience resource persons /institution should be engaged. The Mission noted that so far the major thrust programme has been on BPL but real success of TSC depends how APL households respond to this drive. This needs to be captured especially in hardware terms.

Manu Prakash School Sanitation Consultant RGNDWM, DDWS, GOI 24/09/2004

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Team IV The Review Mission Member visited the Total Sanitation Campaign in 4 districts of Andhra Pradesh from 16 -20th September, 2004. The districts visited were Vizayanagaram, East Godavari, Srikakulam and Vizakapatnam. The major observations of the Member are: The Districts have taken a major leap in the implementation of the Total Sanitation Campaign in the districts in promoting Individual house hold and school latrines. It is observed that a demand had been generated for IHLs in all the districts with the states policy of linking BPL families with food for work scheme (2.5 quintal rice) and the enhanced incentive from state funds Rs 375. The districts inspected were poised to attain full coverage. The actual requirement of Anganwadi, school and IHLs are more than what had been projected in the TSC project proposals and they need revised proposals etc. No constraint of funds flow for the Program from the State share and this share is released promptly. This has been a significant achievement of the strategy adopted so far. Delegation of powers of execution to the Gram Panchayat level with the sanction of IHLs, payment to beneficiaries being made by the Sarpanch and the Panchayat Secretary. Introduction of a unique method of on-line monitoring of the Program with each IHL being given a code number and the IHL photographed digitally with the beneficiary before and after construction of the toilet. The Mission observed high usage of the toilets constructed by the beneficiaries with women especially finding it very convenient and useful. The strategy of emphasis on the issue of womens dignity, need for privacy has started yielding results. However, the usage of facility requires continuous motivation. The involvement of women self - Help Groups with the Program like Velugu has also been of help. In Vizayanagaram, it was observed that the district administration had prepared a plan of action for achieving 100% percent coverage with the Velugu and Sangalp programs.

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Reinforcements of IEC is seen in all the districts, All these media focuses only general mass and target specific audience, hence the impact would be less. Social marketing IEC strategies are missing.

Technology aspect: Double pits with rings having no holes- a problem or solution? Pucca superstructure with hollow blocks tendency for other use No technological options - an option given by the mason or the program manager User preferarence -s septic tank with vent pipe IEC role? School sanitation As regards school toilets, it was suggested that wherever, the water supply is available, the hard were aspect can be taken up first. There must be flexibility while designing school sanitation units taking into the number of boys and girls and site should be selected in consultation with the teacher. The Member observed that it would be appropriate if teachers are given training about their role in promoting hygiene education in schools. It is noted here that the SWSM had already started activities in this direction. A flying squad like staff can periodically visit school latrines and give suggestions to maintain the facilities. Alternate Delivery Mechanism The Member observed that many small entrepreneurs in small towns have started supplying hardware materials to construct IHHL. Unfortunately these small entrepreneurs were not given proper training and the importance of technology of leach pits and the functioning of a toilet. This has resulted a kind of technological fault uniformly in the districts. The funds available for establishing RSM in these districts could facilitate the O&M aspect of the IHHL and Anganvadi toilets including schools in their area. IEC Sanitation is a concept and behavior related. Therefore BCC model alone bring change in the attitude of the beneficiaries.

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The Member felt that so far the major thrust of IEC had been on construction of IHLs through mass awareness and erecting huge hoardings on the high ways and slogan writing on the bus bodies and school walls. There were some posters in the schools and Mandal offices. It is suggested that Focused group/Target specific IEC activities could promote construction, coverage, utilization of assets and could bring a behavioral change in the women, children in the community. In this way the behavioral issues could also be among APL.

The Mission member noted that the District authorities are confident of achieving their objectives in terms of physical targets. It was observed by the Mission that the decision of the State Government to provide 2.5 quintals of rice to those households which constructed the toilets in the drought affected districts has given an excellent fillip and start to the Total Sanitation Campaign project in the Districts . However, droughts need not occur every year and free rice may not be available in future. Hence, greater effort would be required in the years to come and the IEC strategy and capacity development at the Panchayat Level to district.

The leadership in the district is facilitating the TSC and some district collectors have shown interest over it by innovating novel ideas. State has PROJECT SUPPORT UNIT which periodically provides capacity development activities and enabling environment to implement the program successfully

Release of Funds The funds may be released to all these districts wherever it is due. The DWSM may be advised to spent the amount as per the activities mentioned in their PIP and plan of action and with due emphasis on IEC,RSM and Capacity development other wise TSC will end up in behavior change. creating assets without utility and

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Introduction A Review Mission was constitute by the Department of Drinking water, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India vide letter No W 11044/67/2002/CRSP DT 19-08-04 to visit 12 Districts of Andhra Pradesh to review the implementation of the Total Sanitation Campaign. The constitution of the Review Mission was as under the chairmanship of Shri P.K.Chakraborty, Ex-Chief Engineer, and Govt of Assam. II. Methodology On arrival at Hyderabad on 13th September, the Review Mission had preliminary Briefing Meeting with Shri V.Nagi Reddy, Secretary, Panchayati Raj & Rural Development Department and other senior officers of the State Government at Hyderabad before commencing the field visits. The members of the Review Mission were divided into Teams. I visited the four districts- Vizayanagaram, East Godavari, Srikakulam and Vizakapattinam (originally three districts and later Visahkapatinam was added). I started the work from 16th Morning September as decided by our team. One day was allotted for each district. Prior intimation was given to the state ad district water and sanitation missions. The state water and sanitation mission was kind enough to depute one of the members of the PMU Member Sri. Earnest Leslie. The following strategy was adopted in each district: Participatory rapid appraisal techniques were used with Desk Review with the DWSM Discussion with the District collector at his convenience Visit to Mandal for desk review Visit to villages randomly or to those villages selected by the DWSM Visit to IHHL, School Sanitation, Anganvadi Visiting Training or awareness program if any Visit to RSM Units if any Chance encounters if any

It was agreed to send the report to Team leader and GOI.

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Expected outcome of the TSC Program


OUT COME VARIABLES 1.People participate in decision-making 1.1Community members men / women / rich / poor are informed and aware of TSC 1.2Users attend meetings, and participate in making of plans and decisions. 1.3Demand of communities is properly channelled to PRIs and DWSC 1.4Ttechnology options are presented to the community with their technical and cost implications 1.5Technology choice involves all members of community (men / women) 2.Committees function well 2.1Committees are in place and represent ALL people in community. 2.2Committees are informed and aware of sector reforms 2.3Committees have clear rules, meet, decide and act on own decisions 2.4Committees are linked clearly to the panchayat and other committees. 2.5Committees have technical support from district / line department 3.Stronger sanitation demand 3.1Intensive IEC promotion for high household latrine coverage. 3.2Choice of technology options includes low-cost and special conditions (ex high water tables). 3.3Construction is good, low-cost with access to USERS 3.4Latrines are maintained, clean and used by all family members. 4. Consistent hygiene behaviours In schools and IHHL. 4.1Correct hand washing at critical times by all. 4.2Use and maintenance of latrines. 4.3 Area around water source is clean. 5. School sanitation programmes in place 5.1Teachers/parents are informed and involved in tech. choice. 5.2Latrines (separate for boys/ girls), drinking &hand washing facilities in place in sufficient number. 5.3School children, boys and girls consistently use latrine, hand washing and drinking facilities. 5.4Good maintenance with help of children and teachers.. 5.5Hygiene education in class by trained teachers. 5.6Hygiene promotion from schools and children to home. 6.Effective IEC, demand creation 6.1NGOs, PRIs and communities lead demand 6.2 creation combining mass and personal communication, for different groups 6.3Effective IEC strategy in place and adequate timing 6.4Demand for latrines and good use of latrines increases. 6.5Information about RSMs 6.6Sanitary Science Parks 6.7Target specific IEC programs 6.8SSHE based IEC 6.9Informal leaders 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 2 2 6 3 1 3 2 4 3 3 3 1 4 2 4 1 2 0-4 SCALE

13

14

11

16

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7.Local government responding to and enabling local needs 7.1District / Block level institutions have knowledge of TSC 7.2Roles and responsibilities defined for all stakeholders, including NGOs 7.3District and block officials able to respond quickly and clearly to local plans. 7.4Timely, transparent, correct release of funds. Correct reporting.. 8.Efficient support organizations 8.1NGOs, CBOs, private sector, Resource centres participate in TSC 8.2Community participate in participatory planning, gender issues, 8.3Community contribute, manage 8.4Transparent procedures for construction and support contracts. 8.5Realistic workloads and amount of reporting. 8.6DWSM support 8.7SWSM support TOTAL SCORE 105 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 16

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Report of the Observation by the Member of the review Team on TSC Districts: Vizayanagaram, East Godavari, Srikakulam and Visakapattinam 1. Vizayanagarm District Year of launching the scheme 2002 As sanctioned by GOI
Items IHHL HUDCO EE/SW Total School Anganwadi Community Complex RSM Funds Central State SWSM Report 125663 DSWM Report 127947 18222 1600 145485 2152 367 12 SSHE 39.96 19.98 Remarks if any Includes SGRY, TSC, HUDCO Schemes Near 100 percent coverage in all mandals? Various stages Already existing 1795 private without toilets 6 yet to be completed Yet to be institutionalized RSMS/PCs Beneficiary share 42.00 Beneficiary 157.07 6.66 113.64 170.00 Total -

1092 12 IHHL 489.55 489.55

Financial progress as on 31-08-2004 Component Central State IHHL 471.24 471.24 School 39.96 19.98 Start up 18.55 Administrative 10.90 2.50 IEC 42.06 7.20 Release of funds 529.00 584.00

Key issues of the TSC in the district as observed by the Member. 1. Out Come of the Desk Review with the 16 officials representing the district

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The district administration is committed to TSC. It has organizational structure with staff in position. It needs middle level /mandal level coordinators to share the burden of software component of the scheme. The officials need orientation on low cost /technological options in sanitation 1.2 Visits to Villages Kondavellagadu, Meesal Petta -,Gonjing Valla Panchayat, Mandal Gurla
This village is located in Gurla mandal of the district. It is predominantly represented by agriculture families. It was noted that all the houses had constructed IHLs but a pits were of septic tank type with vent pipe and the effluent pipe pointing the drains. All family members except men folk were using the toilets and it was noted that the beneficiaries had constructed bathroom cum toilets. The women Self Help Group (SHG) through Velugu scheme had been actively involved in the Program. It was observed that the cash component was Rs.750 with Government of India share being Rs. 375 as State share of Rs.250 and Beneficiary contribution of Rs.125 with two and half bags of rice played a key role. However, the actual beneficiary contribution was more. Innovative doors are supplied to the IHHLs The local primary school in the village is provided with toilet and the pits are not properly constructed as there was a type design from the top and constructed where there is space for the construction. Further, use of toilet by the student still remains a distant dream as the teachers are not trained or aware of the importance of the sanitation, hygiene practices and its relation to health of the younger generation. A rapid survey in the school was conducted to now the toilet users in the home and found that 30 percent of the students said that they are using toilets in the home which is a good sign. Involvement of teachers from the site selection to training and operation and maintenance is very important. This aspect must be looked into by using the IEC ad capacity development amount in a systematic way The village community through innovative schemes like Velugu and sangalp, they are motivated to have clean village.

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It is observed that the technology chosen by the program managers require review. It is often answered by the managers that the users want septic tank and vent pipe instead of leach pit. This indicates that the awareness about the technology is lacking both in the user as well as managers level. After visit from the villages, the review member had opportunity to have discussion with the District collector Shri.Rajith Kumar., IAS and had his views on TSC. He narrated the immediate plan of Action for next six months in promoting the Total Sanitation in the District.

A. Motivating women group through Sangalp and Velugu. B. Using Base line survey and Primary Health Center Data for intensive IE campaign C. Using village level motivators D. Converging other services E. Institutionalizing RSM F. Target specific IEC programs to sustain the utilization of the assets created so far. Annexure shows the ability to spent and achieve the physical target in the district. Ability to spend the amount is commendable. Weakness and Remedies Sustained IEC is lacking, Village level capacity building is missing .Local masons are the best motivators. Hence they may be given adequate training as motivators and incentives. School teachers need training to manage the assets in the school. Orientation/Refresher course in technology to the program managers and RSM managers is essential to sustain the utilization f the physical assets Specific recommendation:

Additional fund whatever due may be released


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3. District: Srikakulam 17-09-04


The TSC project in Srikakulaum district was sanctioned by Government of India in 2003. The approved project cost is Rs. 1614.46 lakhs The Government of India released share of Rs.308.31 lakhs as Ist, IInd and IIIrd Installments The district has submitted the revised proposal to GOI based on Base line survey for 688.00 lakhs in January, 2004. Based on information provided to the Mission, it was noted that against a target of 184395 APL IHHL and 159220 BPL IHHL, the district was able to achieve 405 and 66839 IHHLs respectively. Under the Institutional sanitation, out of the 3102 sanctioned, 2870 were completed which is higher than the units proposed initially. Under HUDCO 4166 have been completed against the target of 35000 IHHLs. The expenditure details given below shows the political will of the state government and commitment of the district functionaries. Release of Grants S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 Items GOI Share State share HUDCO Xi th Finance Commission DPEP RWS Total Expenditure Incurred as on 11.09.2004 S.No 1 2 3 source Central State HUDCO Scheme Total Visit to Villages Desk reviews were conducted in Rajam Mandal. Amount 29732636.00 20729753.00 14376489.00 64838878.00 Amount in Rs 30831000.00 20865000.00 26250000.00 12076000.00 5730000.00 3000000.00 98752000.00

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Out come of the Desk review at Rajam Mandal The mandal staffs are aware of their responsibilities in promoting TSC in their mandal. The Village level committees are formed with a support of organizational hierarchy at the mandal, district and state. The orientation, training program to line departments and non student youth have been a regular feature in the mandal which resulted a dividend in achieving the desired results in IHHL and School sanitation programs. IEC activities are as usual and as directed by the state Government. Villages visited Penubaka and Maredubaka in Rajam Mandal and Malakam and Thandyam of Ponderu Mandal. Achievements No of IHHL proposed in the mandal in two phases were 3387. 2150 Were Completed and people are using the TOILETS!!!!!. It is noted here that the technology used for constructing leach pits are not scientific. The minimum distance between the pits requires review. The detailed note is attached separately. District DWSM Desk Review The DWSM has a technical advisor and 26 mandal level organizers. They are all committed. The lady mandal organizers are highly motivated and thus mobilizing various stakeholders. The District has a support unit under the leadership of technical advisor .the District Support Unit consisting of personnel catering to Engineering, IEC, monitoring and financial aspects. This is quite a positive scenario; however, these personnel need training/ exposure visits to best Anganwadi and school sanitation and Technological options to work as a team and contribute in more effective manner. The district has submitted a revised proposal for TSC to the tune of 20 crores.

RSM 10 UNITS NOT GROUNDED Mandal organizers are graduates Highly motivated
Areas for improvement and follow up follow up action 1 Individual sanitary latrine

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Promotion of various technological options. The RSMs must be strengthened. The people should know about the various options of home toilet.

Toilet in APL families should also be promoted through IEC. Training/retraining of masons on various options of home toilet, low cost option of soak pit. Strengthening of IEC, especially hygiene aspects viz: hand washing practices, safe handling of water, disposal of wastewater needs to be promoted in the schools.

Overall recommendation

It is recommended that the next installment of the TSC may be released to the district and the district may be advised to strengthen the area of implementation as mentioned in Para suggestion.

3. East Godavari District


19-09-04 1.Methodology: 1. Discussion with the DWSM Members 2. Visit to villages/ Schools, Production Centre 2.0 Observation: 2.1 Discussion with the District Collector The District Collector seemed to be very busy with his routine work and quite involved with the process and he observed that there is great demand for IHHL in Godavari District due to non availability of the land in the delta region. He also mentioned that One Byraj Foundation had adopted villages in 3 mandals to promote sanitation in the rural areas. The foundation was established by the famous Sathyam Soft ware company. 2.2 Interaction with DWSM officials: The District Project Manager who is part of the District Support Unit made a detailed presentation. Some of the highlights of the Godavari East District are as follows:
S.No Item Physical Outlay Financial Physical Achievement Financial

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1 2 3 4 5

IHHL IEC RSM/PC Start up School sanitation Head IHHL School sanitation IEC Administrative Drains Total

194400 10 620

1215.00 50.00 35.00 100.00 124

77987 630

513.18 8.69 146.00

S.No 1 2 3 4 5

Units 68424 480 2 Total 513.18 146.40 8.69 38.64 13.83 720.74

Expenditure GOI GOAP 256.59 256.59 87.84 43.92 6.95 1.74 30.91 7.73 8.3 4.15 390.59 314.12

USER 14.64 1.38 16.02

Amount required for completing the remaining and on going work


S.No 1 2 3 4 Head IHHL School sanitation IEC Administrative Units 5991368424 150 Total Total 449.34 23.20 1500 35.00 522.54 Expenditure GOI GOAP 224.67 224.67 13.92 6.96 12.00 3.00 28.00 7.00 278.59 241.63

The District has prepared PIP and a revised proposal based on base line survey. The district has covered approximately 40% percent under BPL category and but the IEC effort and expenditure incurred is very low and to reach APL needs to be quite strategic and focused for promoting toilet.

The District has set up District Support Unit. The member of the unit needs to be provided orientation on both social and engineering aspects to facilitate community consultation and for technological options and social marketing.

The District has developed IEC material, which are being used at various training. But training of RSM managers are lacking or absent. The capacity building of community in quality assurance for material procurement and construction are lacking as seen from the single faulty design of leach pits having rings with out holes.

The District reports to have completed 630 and many of them are put under use.

Specific observation during the visit to villages, schools and the production centers are as follows:

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1. Hussainpuram of SamalKot Mandal., 2. Uppada of Kothapalli Mandal., 3. Chinnapalayam of Thondangi., 4. Annavaram of Tuni Mandal. The profile of the village is given below:
Mandals Village Samalkot Hussainpuram Kothapalli Uppada Thondangi Chinnapalayam Tuni Annavaram Total Total Popul 3215 12340 4252 11859 31666 Population BPL Lat+ Lat _ 266 800 320 721 2107 274 1700 14 1523 3511 APL La+ Lat45 110 250 524 929 32 45 329 302 708 PS 1-1 4-1 1-1 2-2 8-6 School UPS 1-1 2-1 1-1 4-3 1-1 1-1 ZP Remarks Water stagnation Not fully used Usage satisfactory Satisfactory User rate is low

The toilet construction is reported for BPL and APL families. Women mainly girl children are aware of toilets because of non availability of the space. Type design Single offset pit are seen in all villages. It was observed that there was no provision of junction chamber for future expansion and the women explained that when the pits filled, the effluent will go to the drain. This has created a new problem in the villageproblem of culex mosquitoes and filariasis. The member himself saw few cases of filariasis in one village. Key areas for improvement Technological options for home toilet is not available to the families Rings are not provided with holes Vent pipes septic tank type pits mosquitoes breeds Use of toilet is visible but that by children yet to start. But Promotion of health and hygiene is missing especially disposal of waste water. the Anganwadi sanitation needs improvisation site selection itself is wrong Focus on home toilet only, waste water disposal and hygiene and use of toilet should also be integrated. Masons who were trained were not aware of various options of home toilet. The training and retraining needs to emphasize on theses. Various options for home toilet need to be disseminated at family level.

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School Sanitation: The schools have been provided with separate urinals for both boys and girls. The teacher needs to be sensitized to educate the students about hygiene. The hygiene education needs to be promoted more vigorously and the teachers training need strengthening. A good practice was observed in providing flexibility to schools with respect to design of School toilet. The quality of construction needs strengthening especially in the pit construction, site selection, flooring and hand washing facilities. Anganwadi sanitation and capacity development in this aspect is totally missing. Alternate Delivery Mechanism and RSMs The member was ale to observe few production centers run y the private agencies. The agencies are selling rings and hollow blocks for pits and super structure respectively. All these agencies are not aware of the functioning of leach pit and the depth and distance of the pit from water points. There is urgent need for the DWSM to train those small entrepreneurs about the safe disposal of excreta in the villages in water logged areas in the East Godavari District to prevent point source epidemic and filarial infection later stages. Strength of the district Self demand non availability space in the delta region Water is available Informal, opinion leaders are available Small Production centers are available Corporate sector had already launched a big scheme for sanitation in select mandals District had an experience of conducting new IEC programs like mobile RSM

Areas to be concentrated are; Periodical orientation to Program managers on Technology and Community mobilization FGD and IEC on targeted audiences SSHE and anganwadi Capacity development Establishing and strengthening RSMs and PCs.

Specific Recommendation

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Fourth Installment may be released with a request/direction to DWSM to implement the suggestions given by the Review Mission Member 4. District: Vishakapattnam 20-9-2004 The project was sanctioned in the year 2002 with an outlay of Rs. 1705 lakhs. The base line survey was conducted in the year 2002The base line reported as given below:
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Category APL BPL Total School Anganvadi RSM/PCs Total 315009 316093 631102 4614 2450 10 With latrine 189005 63218 252223 3326 1698 Without latrine 126004 252875 378879 1288 752 Total cost 1164.05 264.20 35.00 20.00 188.25 40.00 1701.00

Outlay
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Activity IHHL School RSMs Start up IEC Administrative Total No of Units 186248 1271 10 GOI Cost approved by GOI State User 232.81 76.25 7.0 0.00 37.00 8.00 361.71 232.81 26.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 258.23

698.43 152.52 28.00 20.00 150.00 32.00 1080.00

Unit cost fixed by the state government is Rs 2750 = TSC= 375+SFC= 375+ Rice = 2000.Under this, the project cost was estimated as follows:
Activity IHHL School RSMs Start up IEC Administrative Total Total cost 784+ Rice = 2875 251.07+ Rice = 502 35.00 20.00 188.25 40.00 1318 + Rice cost Rs 3660.98 in lakhs

Activity Sanctioned IHHL School RSMs Start up 112766 2794 -

Achievements Grounded/completed 90866 1960 Base line survey over, DWSM formed, PIP

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IEC

Rs.48.66

prepared Rs9.94 lakhs spent

Villages Visited: Anakapalli mandal Gopalapuram, Golagam In all these villages the sanctioned IHHL and School latrines in primary school have been completed. The house holds are using toilets. In Gopalapuram, IHHL number is 78 and in Golagam the number is 140. All these toilets are typical AP Model Rings with out holes and vent pipe and super structure with hollow blocks and with bath room or with out bath room. Many of these are mini septic tanks. But the community is using the toilets to the greatest extent. It is a positive sign. But the DWSM or the mandal level managers have no idea of SSHE because the toilet in primary school was constructed in such a way with vent pipe and PVC pipes exposed and broken .The toilet is locked. Teachers and students go for open defecation and urination. Teachers are not trained in SSHE. Teachers are not aware of the TSC program The member had an opportunity of attending the manadal level workshop. The resource persons from the district are well trained by the State Support unit and APARD. It is a one day work shop. Approximately, 70 participated the workshop. More female than male members. The workshop had structured program and materials. Exposure visit/demonstration/group exercise was lacking. Strength The district has self demand as observed and interviewed with the villagers. The DWSM started IEC/Orientation/Workshops at Manadal levels Success stories are there. IEC grounded IEC part must be strengthened Teachers capacity must be enhanced in SSHE, O&m Mandal Level organizers must be exposed to the technological option RSM/PCs must be institutionalized and motivated to market technological options Specific Recommendations Funds may be released to the DWSM with a request to give due share to the IEC and RSMs /PCs to speed up the program.

Areas of concern

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Conclusion The Mission Member received wholehearted support and cooperation from Shri V.Nagi Reddy, Secretary, PR and Rural Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh and officers and field staff at the State Headquarters and of all the 4 districts visited by the Mission, Collectors of the districts and concerned staff members of Gram Panchayats. Member records his gratitude for the support and guiding the review given by Shri. Ernest Leslie PMU from the state head quarters. The member also records his gratitude to the Officials in The department of Drinking Water, Ministry Of Rural Development, GOI for their valuable support in evaluating the TSC in the Fr Districts. Dr.S.Ponnuraj. 4-010-04 Gandhigram 624302

O451-2451256 (O)., 9443024522

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