Manual Digital Signal Processing

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Difference Equation Sampling Theorem DTFS & DTFT DFT DT System Response Z Transform Design of IIR Filter(Impulse Invariance) Design of IIR Filter(Bilinear transformation) Rectangular & hamming window Interpolation & Decimation Overlap & add method CONTENTS Page No. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

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EXPERIMENT NO : 01

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: Difference Equation.

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1.1 Aim: To find total response of discrete time system described by difference equation. 1.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 1.3 Theory: Take two difference equation A) y(n)-0.5y(n-1)=x(n) B) y(n)-y(n-1)+0.24y(n-2)=x(n)-2x(n-1) y(-1)=16 x(n)=n2 y(-1)=2 y(-2)=1 x(n)=n

Solve first difference equation by any method either with A) CF+PI OR

B) Natural & forced response approach. 1.4 Lab Session Expectation: A) Implement above two equations in MATLAB & verify the answer of first equation theoretically as well as with the output of MATLB. B) Implement second equation & calculate answer of few indices. 1.5 Questions: A) How many ways are available to solve difference equation? B) What is the relation between convolution & forced response? C) Mention the particular inputs & their respective PI answered?

1.6 Printouts Expected:

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A) MATLAB code B) Output of the code

EXPERIMENT NO: 02 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: Sampling Theorem

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2.1 Aim: To study sampling Theorem & Aliasing. 2.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 2.3 Theory : x(t)=3 cos2000t + 5 sin 6000t + 10 cos12000t A) What is Nyquist rate? B) Let Fs=5000 samples/sec. what is discrete time signal obtained? C) Solve above Numerical. 2.4 Lab session expectation: A) Generate two sin waves (100Hz,600Hz) B) Sample them with Fs=500Hz C) Plot x1(n) & x2(n) 2.5 Questions: A) How do you understand the concept of aliasing from above experimentation? B) What exactly is the meaning of aliasing & why it happens? C) Can aliasing be avoided? D) Is there any application of aliasing? E) If the analog signal is not band limited can we sample it without aliasing? F) Why the range of digital frequencies to ? G) In the above experimentation change the sampling frequency suitably & show that aliasing can be avoided. 2.5 Printouts Expected: A) MATLAB code. B) Output to demonstrate aliasing. C) Output to demonstrate aliased free condition. 2.6 Useful Functions: sin, cos, stem, subplot

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

EXPERIMENT NO: 03 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: DTFS & DTFT

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

3.1 Aim:

To find DTFS for periodic & non periodic signals

3.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 3.3 Theory : A) Take a square wave & represent in terms of DTFS. B) Take exponential signal & calculate its DTFT. 3.4 Lab session expectations: Part A A) B) C) D) Generate a square wave(symmetric around x axis) Calculate DTFS coefficients Generate square wave(with dc shift completely above x axis) Calculate DTFS coefficients Part B A) Generate exponential signal B) Select resolution of frequency axis C) Plot DFT of sequence 3.5 Questions: A) B) C) D) E) What is difference between DTFS & DFT? Why the transform is called DTFT? Comment on the observations of part A Verify the harmonics present in square wave & justify the observation. Comment on the nature of DTFT & how it is different than CTFT.

3.6 Printouts: A) MATLAB code B) waveforms

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EXPERIMENT NO: 04 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: DFT

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4.1 Aim :

To find DFT of DT signal

4.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 4.3 Theory : A) X (n) = [1, 2, 3, 4], Calculate 4 point DFT. B) Write the time shifting property of DFT & justify why we have circular shift & not linear shift. C) Explain concept of DFT. 4.4 Lab session Expectation : A) B) C) D) Take any sequence & find its DFT. Take a sinusoidal signal & calculate its DFT. Verify time shifting property of DFT for the above sequence. Verify results of DFT with the function FFT available in MATLAB.

4.5 Questions: A) Justify the plot of DFT of the sine wave used. B) Can we identify the frequency present in a signal just looking at the plot of FFT? If yes justify. If not justify. C) How many computations are required to calculate N point DFT? D) Explain the concept of convolution in the DFT sense? 4.6 Printouts: A) DFT Program B) Property verification code C) Output of above two steps.

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

EXPERIMENT NO: 05 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: DT system response

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5.1 Aim: To find response of DT system using convolution. 5.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 5.3 Theory: A) Write equation of convolution. B) Take two sequences & calculate convolution. 5.4 Lab session Expectation: Approach 1 A) Take nay sequences h(n),x(n) B) Compute convolution. C) Verify the result using conv function. Approach 2 A) Take discrete time system e.g. y(n)-3y(n-1)=x(n) B) Obtain h (n) from this equation. C) Compute y(n) with above h(n) & input x(n) Hint: y (n) =h (n) when x (n) = (n) 5.5 Printouts expected: A) MATLAB code B) OUTPUT 5.6 Questions: A) Why do we study basic signals? B) What is theme of convolution? C) What is the application of linear convolution? D) Y (n) =x2(n) Will convolution work for such a system? Justify the answer. E) What is the limitation of conv function in MATLAB? x(n)=2^n

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EXPERIMENT NO: 06 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Z Transform

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6.1 Aim: To find inverse Z transform & to sketch pole zero plot of a given rational function. 6.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 6.3 Theory: A) Definition of Z Transform. B) Unit circle importance, ROC concept. C) Take any rational function in Z domain & calculate its inverse using I) Partial fraction method II) Long division method D) Take any function & sketch its pole zero plot. 6.4 Lab session Expectation: A) Implement the above example in MATLAB & verify the results. B) Plot pole zero graph & frequency response. 6.5 Questions: A) Why do we go with Z Transform? B) Comment on stability of system from pole zero plot. C) What is the relation between Z Transform & DTFT? 6.6 Printouts expected: A) MATLAB code B) OUTPUT 6.7 Functions used: zplane, roots, residuez, deconv

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

EXPERIMENT NO: 07 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Design of IIR Filter

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7.1 Aim: To Design, on paper, and implement an IIR filter. Use Butterworth approximation & bilinear transformation. 7.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 7.3 Theory: Design the filter for the following specifications. Pass band edge frequency Stop band edge frequency Pass band ripple Stop band attenuation Sampling frequency 7.4 Lab session Expectation: A) Implement the above filter design in MATLAB & verify the frequency response. B) Generate a composite signal x (n) =sin 2000n+sin 8000n & pass it through the filter & verify output. 7.5 Questions: A) What are methods of IIR filter design? B) What are advantages & disadvantages of Impulse Invariance method & Bilinear Transformation method. 7.6 Printouts expected: A) MATLAB code B) OUTPUT 7.7 Functions Used: buttord, butter, zplane, freqz, roots : : : : : 1.2 KHz. 2.5 KHz. 1dB 20 dB 8 KHz

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

EXPERIMENT NO: 08 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Rectangular & Hamming window

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8.1 Aim: To plot frequency response for Rectangular & Hamming window. 8.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 8.3 Theory : A) Write the equations for Rectangular & Hamming window. B) Calculate coefficients for these window functions.

8.4 Lab session Expectation: A) Assume some order of the filter. B) Implement the equations for Rectangular & Hamming window. C) Plot the magnitude response for these windows. D) Verify your response with the response obtained by using MATLAB functions. 8.5 Questions: A) What is Gibbs phenomenon? B) What is meaning of side lobes? C) What is need of windowing? D) Compare responses of above two windows? E) Mention other window functions.

8.6 Functions Used: Hamming

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

EXPERIMENT NO: 09 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Interpolation & Decimation

9.1 Aim: To Study Interpolation & Decimation.

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

9.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 9.3 Theory: A) Write concept of Interpolation & Decimation. B) Explain Sampling Rate Conversion. 9.4 Lab session Expectation: Consider a C. T. signal, X (t) =A cos (2F1t) + B cos (2F2t). If F1=100Hz, F2=200Hz, A =1.5, B=1, Fs=1000Hz, t=0:1/Fs: 1 A) Generate D. T. signal using MATLAB B) Interpolate the signal by factor I=3 C) Decimate this interpolated signal by factor D=3 D) Plot all signals 9.5 Questions: A) What is Multirate DSP? B) What is need of Interpolation & Decimation? C) What are applications of Multirate DSP? 9.6 Printouts expected: A) MATLAB code B) OUTPUT 9.7 Functions useful: interp, decimate

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

EXPERIMENT NO: 10 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT:

Overlap & add method

10.1 Aim: To filter noise corrupted sinusoidal signal using Overlap & add

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method. 10.2 Equipment / Apparatus: PC with MATLAB software. 10.3 Theory: A) Explain filtering of long data sequences. B) Explain Overlap & add method with one example. 10.4 Lab session Expectation: A) Generate a sinusoidal wave. B) Generate Random signal. C) Add two signals to obtain a noise corrupted signal. D) Input length of moving average filter. E) Generate coefficient vector. F) Perform filtering operation using fftfilt function. g) Plot all signals. 10.5 Questions: A) What methods are used to do linear filtering of long data sequences & why? B) What is the disadvantage of direct computation of DFT? 10.6 Printouts expected: A) MATLAB code B) OUTPUT 10.7 Functions useful: fftfilt

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Manual Digital Signal Processing

Title: Revision Record

Sr.No Section no /Page no. Old revision no / Date New revision Reason for Revision no / Date

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