Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Mark Norris
Engineering Advisor DCS Schlumberger
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Agenda
Drivers for SNS gas stimulation and historical recap Aspects of SNS fracture design Modern methods for maximising reservoir contact Resource availability Questions
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EU Hydrocarbon Consumption
Oil and Gas consumption curves for the EU
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2008
Contribution to GDP
NWY
11.8 %
UK
1.3%
NHL
2.5%
DK
0.8%
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Denmark
Netherlands
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Purpose Built
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The split or fracture is held open using a hard granular material called proppant
Hydrocarbon is then drawn from the fracture faces, between the proppant grains, to the wellbore
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A recent photograph of an OH wellbore drilled in the direction of maximum horizontal stress The fracture is packed with proppant to prevent it closing
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Q P - Pwf
= PI = ln
2 kh
{ ( )- + s }
Bypass near wellbore skin effects
re rw
Folds of Increase
Matrix acid izing San d Matrix acid izing Carb Perf & P ropellan ts Hydraulic fracturing
-8
0 Skin
+20
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Cased/perf
157 ft2
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210 ft2
20,000 ft2
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80,000 ft2
Conductivity
Horizontal stress profile is the key parameter This dictates the shape of the fracture The stress profile is derived from the rock mechanics properties and calibrated for tectonic effects etc. using offset data and core data The stress magnitude drives the decision for proppant grade selection The in-situ formation permeability drives the selection of proppant mesh size The temperature drives the selection of fracturing fluid
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Typical gas targets are the Rotliegendes, Leman, Carboniferous and Silverpit
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Nf = 1 20000 Nf = 2 18000
Production Rate
Nf = 3
16000 Nf = 4
14000
12000
Nf = 5
10000
Nf = 6
2000
Nf = 10
Time (Days)
Nf = 1 4000 Nf = 2 3600
Cum Production
Nf = 3
3200
2800
Nf = 4
2400
Nf = 5
2000
Nf = 6
400
Nf = 10
Time (Days)
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Little or no improvement in PI observed with colinear fracture length Beyond 6 fractures very little improvement in PI observed
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2.5
3-3.5 2.5-3
1.5
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
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Improvement in PI observed upto 3000 mdft conductivity Beyond 6 fractures very little improvement in PI observed
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Economic Optimization
Fracture size and placement is a trade-off between income vs. expenditure Historically calibrated production simulator used to assess production income Economic indicators (NPV, DROI etc.) are then optimized against fracture parameters
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 8
30 50
Length (m) 70
90 2 3 4
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NPV (MM$)
The Process
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The Process
Concentrated Gel Proppant Additives
well
Brine
Linear Gel
POD Blender
HP Triplex Pumps
Process Control
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Material Selection
Placement fluid needs to exhibit high visco-elastic viscosity to prevent fluid leakoff into the high perm sands while also transporting proppant 30 lbm to 40 lbm Delayed Borate XL Guar Injection rates 30 40 BPM Oxidising breakers are used to enhance flowback 16/20 or 12/18 proppant used to maximise conductivity Typically >50% resin coated
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20/40
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16/20
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12/18
Tip screenout techniques are used to maximize fracture width Proppant size & material optimized Wellbore vs. fracture azimuth influences near wellbore fracture width
100.00
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Coil tubing or snubbing used for all wellbore operations (ie. perforating, cleaning out excess proppant and setting retrievable bridge plugs if required) Allows stand alone completions to be performed while rig continues to drill No well control issues due to brine weights
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Well Preparation
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CoilCADE*
60000
50000
Stripper Friction Load - 1000 lbf Well Head Pressure - 1000 psi Coiled Tubing Circ. Pressure - 1000 psi
40000
30000
20000
10000
-10000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
*Mark of Schlumberger
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Frac is allowed to close, before the remaining wellbore proppant is squeezed to form a rigid plug
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Proppant plugs
Comparison of Proppant Plug Setting in Adjacent Zones
Pressure Differential Across Proppant Plug (psi) 9500 Zone 2 Bottom Hole Pressure at Gauge (psi) 8500
7500
540
560
Plug fails at 850 psi reverse differential
580
600
4500 0
100
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Final Clean-Out
CoilCADE*
Solid Transport and Removal - Flow Regime Map 5
300 Minimum Suspension Flowrate 250 Stationary Bed Flowrate Downward Sliding Bed Flowrate 200 150 100
Pipe ID - 3.92 in CT OD - 2.38 in
Seawater
Seawater + J507
50 0
Particle Mean Diameter - 0.025in Particle Specific Gravity - 2.65 CT Standoff - 70 % Density of Slurry - 9.03 lb/gal Fluid Index - 1 2% KCL Water
0
0 0 10 20
1
30
3
70
4
80
5
90
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90 Hmin
45
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6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 4000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Wellbore vs. Perferred Fracture Azimuth (deg)
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8,000
35
7,500
30
7,000
550 Psi
6,500
450 Psi
25
20
200 Psi
6,000
15
5,500
10 5,000
Proppant Slugs
4,500 5
4,000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (mins.)
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1,750 Psi
Anchor
Parameters
2500psi Pressure Drop 1.25 BPM per Jet Require Standoff H2S when Reverse Circulating Reverse Circulating Port
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Typical spread rate $250k - $350k /day Fluid on formation 3 days compared to 21 days Completion time saving 19 days Faster, more complete, well cleanup
Flow well to clean up
11 12
32
33
28
29
30
22
23
24
25
26
27
Perforate Cleanout Stimulate 3 Perforate Cleanout Stimulate 2 Perforate Cleanout Stimulate 1 Perforate Rig up CT and Frac
10
11
10
OH Staged Fracturing
Nipple up Tree
5
Cement
2
Run Liner
1
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2
Stimulate 4
16
6 zone well
Cleanout
17
18
19
20
21
14
15
13
12
13
14
10 12.4
2700 3500
2300 2700
Cons
Need all materials on location to take full advantage of rapid cycle time Larger lower completion OD to run in place Need to mill seat for PLT access
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Stimulation Resources
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Resources
The entire North Sea area is limited
to two Stimulation Vessels
Job Specifications ie. rate, pressure and materials volume dictate deck
area required, commonly 700 900m2 deck A high wind wall is an advantage for protection of personnel and equipment Typically use a pool PVS with Class 2 DP provided by Operator
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Detailed engineering conducted in parallel with regulatory compliance process Full 3D layouts allow equipment fit to be fully optimised Due consideration given for emergency ingress/escape
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SLB
HES
BJS
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FlexSTIM type
Purpose Built
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In Summary
Stimulation of gas fields by multiple proppant fracturing of horizontal wells is the preferred completion method for growing number of operators in the SNS It is a well proven technology that was largely pioneered here in the North Sea for oil wells and latterly in the USA/Canada for gas wells The NS service industry is no longer constrained by low levels of available stimulation resources
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Questions
Flaring Chiswick Alpha following 5 fracs performed by Schlumberger FlexSTIM Autumn 2007
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