Guideline on Pest Risk Analysis Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests Version N3

PEST RISK ANALYSIS FOR : Apriona spp.

Stage 1: Initiation Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section A: Pest categorization Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Probability of entry of a pest Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Probability of establishment Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Conclusion of introduction Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Probability of spread Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Eradication, containment of the pest and transient populations Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Assessment of potential economic consequences Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Degree of uncertainty and Conclusion of the pest risk assessment Stage 3: Pest Risk Management

Stage 1: Initiation

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section A: Pest categorization

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Probability of entry of a pest

2.01a - Describe the relevant pathways and make a note of any obvious pathways that are impossible and record the reasons. Explain your judgement (edit in the part justification)
Background on life cycle of relevance for the pathways: adults lay eggs on the bark on branches. Larvae bore into the wood (trunk or branches). At the end of their development, larvae .... Adults ... The Dutch PRA (2010) mentions plants for planting and wood packaging material of host plants from countries where the pest occurs as possible pathways. Wood packaging material is not considered in detail for reasons indicated below. 1. Pathways studied in detail in this PRA The four pathways below are studied in details in the PRA. The hosts plants considered are those in Appendix 1, and the origin the countries listed in section 1.07 for each pest. Differences between the three Apriona spp. are made in the answers were necessary. The pathways were separated according to the type of plant and their use in the PRA area (see 1.14) because of differences in association and management of different types of plants for planting, as well as management. Because of import requirements in the PRA area, fruit trees and bonsais were considered as separate pathways, whereas forest and ornamental species are considered together. Pathway 1. Plants for planting (except seeds and bonsais) of ornamental and forest trees (non-fruit crops) from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs The main focus of this pathway are Populus spp. and Morus spp., which are host of the three species considered. However the pathway also covers host species. A few species were not considered further for reasons given in 1.14 and -- below. [to EWG. please review list in Appendix 1, 1.14 and here, and compare it to above. I have focused on the plants above, but might have missed some species or genera that are important in the EPPO region] As per the list of hosts in Appendix 1 and further division in 1.14, this pathway covers the following plants for each of the Apriona spp.: A germari: Albizia saman, Alnus formosana, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bombax malabaricum, Broussonetia papyrifera, Camellia oleifera, Celtis sinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, Crataegus cordata, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Lagerstroemia indica, Malus baccata, Melia azedarach, Morus sp. (incl. M. acidosa, M. alba, M. laevigata that are specifically mentioned as hosts), Paulownia sp., Pinus yunnanensis, Populus sp. (incl. P. x euramericana, P. tomentosa), Prunus pseudocerasus, Pterocarya stenoptera, Quercus sp., Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix sp., Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Vernicia fordii, Ulmus sp. A. japonica: Celtis sinensis, Enkianthus perulatus, Fagus crenata, Morus sp., Populus sp. (incl. P. x euramericana), Robinia pseudoacacia, Zelkova serrata. A cinerea: Morus sp. (incl. M. indica), Populus sp. (incl. P. alba, P. casalae, P. ciliata, P. deltoides, P. nigra, P. x euramericana), Maclura pomifera, Salix sp. Plants for planting (except seeds and bonsais) of fruit species from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs Among the hosts covered in Appendix 1, this covers species that are planted as orchard trees in the PRA area: Malus spp. (apple), Pyrus communis (pear), Citrus aurantium (sour orange), Juglans regia (walnut), Prunus persica (peach), Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), Ficus carica (fig), Castanea spp. (chestnut). These trees are also to a certain extend cultivated in gardens or for ornamental purposes, or present in the wild. Eggs may be present on foliage and larvae in the trunks (or branches?). This pathway also covers cuttings/budwood, although no indication has been found that the pest could be carried by these [to EWG: are there indications of this, or the place attacked by Apriona on the trees?] As per the list of hosts in Appendix 1 and further division in 1.14, this pathway covers the following plants for each of the Apriona spp.: A. germari: Citrus aurantium, Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus carica, Juglans regia, Malus sp. (incl. Malus domestica, Malus asiatica, Malus pumila) A. japonica: Eriobotrya japonica, Ficus carica. A. cinerea: Ficus carica, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis. Bonsais of host plants from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs This covers those trees used as bonsais, ad might cover some species already mentioned above. Some host species commonly produced and traded as bonsais are for example: Celtis sinensis, Enkianthus perlatus, Fagus crenata, Ficus retusa, Ulmus, Zelkova serrata. A tranferer ailleurs. reports of non-compliance include examples of other such large Cerambicydae found on bonsai

(e.g. Batocera rubus on Ficus microcarpa, B. rufomaculata on Ficus - EPPO RS 2011/140). Round wood with bark of host plants from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs Larvae may be present in the wood. Some host species for which wood is used (logs, veneers, biofuel) are: Artocarpus, Quercus, Populus, Malus, Pinus, Pyrus, Ulmus, Zelkova. This also theoretically covers firewood, although no information has been sought on such wood from areas where the pests occurs, and such a trade is considered unlikely. In the PRA for Anoplophora chinensis, it was considered that China, Japan and Korea are large importers of wood and as far as known no tree trunks are imported into the EU (van der Gaag et al., 2008). However this is considered here for the sake of completion of this first draft. 2. Pathways identified but not considered in detail in this PRA Wood packaging material. Larvae may be present in wood packaging material as shown by records of interceptions on wood packaging material reported in the Dutch PRA (Apriona sp. intercepted twice in 2000 in Austria, originating from China, twice uin USA between 1985 and 2000; Apriona sp. (1x) and Apriona germari (1x) intercepted in Germany between 1991 and 2004; in the Netherlands, one larvae (2008) and one adult (2009) intercepted from China). Although Apriona have been intercepted in wood packaging material, reflecting a certain movement on this pawthay, this is not studied in detail in this PRA. a. there is no detailed data available on association with the pathway and volume, i.e. on the amount of host wood that is part of the preparation of wood packaging material from countries where the pest occurs. b. most countries (including in the PRA area) require that wood packaging material be treated according to ISPM 15, whose treatments are internationally considered as effective to destroy larvae in such wood. the current context, ISPM 15 is considered as an appropriate pest risk management measure against pest. The cases of interceptions above probably result from non-compliance (i.e. treatments were not or incorrectly applied or non-effective treatments were applied), or treatments were not required at the time (prior to 2005). Other aspects cannot be covered in the PRA. Movement of individuals, shipping of live beetles Cerambicydae are large beautiful insects that are widely collected. As such Apriona spp. might be sent to hobbyist entomologists. This pathway is difficult to regulate as such but could be covered once the pest is regulated. Plants for planting of hosts not found to be grown in the PRA area. Some species listed in Annex 1 are considered unlikely to be grown in the PRA area. No reference was also found to their availibility in Europe in nurseries, or use in gardens. They are therefore not covered, although they may occasionally be cultivated in private gardens or botanic gardens. No further data has been sought on this species. They are: -Cajanus cajan is a shrub/tree grown in tropical areas and grown for seeds for human consumption. It is assumed to not be cultivated in the PRA area and would also not be used as an ornamental. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Cajanus_cajan.htm -Artocarpus chaplasha and A. integra, Dalbergia spp., Debregeasia hypoleuca, Schima superba, Trema amboinensis, Trema orientalis. Similarly to other tropical trees in the host list, these may be used. However, no reference was found to their use in the PRA area. They were therefore not considered further, although the market of ornamentals is very changeable, and these species might be used some day. -Ficus hispida, F. infectoria, Morus indica and laevigata were similarly not found, but Ficus as a whole is covered through F. retusa and F. carica and Morus sp. is also considered. 2. Pathways less likely Wood without bark, sawn wood. larvae in wood without bark or sawn wood would be exposed to dessication, which they probably cannot survive. Relatively low volumes of processed and treated wood (plywood, flooring and furniture) are probably imported from China but it is considered unlikely that a living specimen is associated with these after processing. Wood chips. Processing of wood into wood chips is a destructive process that would destroy larvae, which are quite large, unless the chips are big (e.g. McCullough et al., 2007). While wood chips are known to be imported from North America, there is no indication that wood chips are imported from countries where Apriona occurs and this pathway is not considered further. Natural spread. There are indications that adults can fly up to 2500m to find food with an average flight of 250 to 550m (Pan Hong Yang, 2005). However, there is no indication that some natural spread may have occured between countries where A. germari, A. japonica and A. cinerea occur toward the PRA area. It is not considered likely. Natural spread between countries of the PRA area will be possible if the pest establishes, and this is covered under the "spread" section. 3. Pathways not considered

Fruit, seeds of host plants, bark, soil. No life stage of these pests are not found in these commodities. Hitch-hiking. There are no indications that this might be a relevant pathway. Cut branches. It is not known whether larvae may be present in cut branches, and there is no information available to consider this pathway in details. Wooden objects made from wood of host plants. Although this may be a pathway as wood packaging material or wood, there is not enough information to deal with this pathway in detail.

2.01b - List the relevant pathways that will be considered for entry and/or management. Some pathways may not be considered in detail in the entry section due to lack of data but will be considered in the management part. Plants for planting (except seeds and bonsais) of non-fruit crops from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs Plants for planting (except seeds and bonsais) of fruit crops from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs Round wood with bark of host plants from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs Bonsais of host plants from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs

Pathway 1: Plants

for planting (except seeds and bonsais) of non-fruit crops from areas where A. germari, A. cinerea or A. japonica occurs 2.03 - How likely is the pest to be associated with the pathway at the point(s) of origin taking into account the biology of the pest?
moderately likely Level of uncertainty: high

A. japonica. Oviposition was observed on host branches and stems above 10 mm. (Esaki, 2007a)
A. cinerea is reported to lay eggs on stems usually 4-4.9 cm in girth (Bathia et al., 2007).

A. japonica. Only trees above a certain diameter, in the range 40-50 mm, were attacked (Esaki, 1995).
Eggs are laid singly over a long period (A. cinerea, Bathia et al., 2007)

A. swainsoni lays eggs in trees above 8 cm in diameter (Duan Yu, 2001) Association. A. japonica. There are differences in hosts, for example Esaki (2007a) found that Zelkova stems were not as favorable to larval development than mulberry stems. (Esaki, 2007a) Association. Young larvae begin tunneling upward at the interface between bark and sapwood for 10 mm, and then tunnel into the wood. They can tunnel down the rhizosphere on small trees. (Shui et al., 2009). The length of tunnels might be 5 m, with the longest 8 m (Shui et al., 2009 citing Yan et al., 1994). Association. A. cinerea. In India, very common in North-West Himalaya and adjoining plain regions (FAO, 2005) A. cinerea attacks mostly 1-3 years old plants in India (FAO, 2005) A. japonica. Adults seem to have feeding preference, and this is important for infestation of other host plants (e.g. mulberry in vicinity of Zelkova plantation, Esaki, 2007a), but females may oviposit on other species. It is not clear how the feeding requirements of the adults will influence infestation. Distribution. A. cnerea. In India, very common in North-West Himalaya and adjoining plain regions (FAO, 2005) Found infestation of branches from 0.28 to 3.05% of branches of mulberry infested depending on provinces (Yoon et al., 1997) Adults of A. germari have a preference to feed on mulberry and rose plants in period for supplement nutrition, and plants should be vcut around poplar forest (1000 m), and planting repellent species around the plantation. Also used as attraction of insects (Li Kerzheng, 1996). Over 85% of larvae moved downwards in branches (Yoon et al., 1997). Adults feed on the tender bark of young branches (Tillesse et al., 2007). Larvae bore vertical galleries (2-3 m long) and can reach the roots of young trees (Tillesse et al., 2007). Eggs laid eggs in thin fig branches ca. 2 cm diameter and larvae get into branches just after hatching (Yamashita et al., 1999) A. germari on mulberry: laid eggs on 1.7 cm branches. (Yoon et al., 1997). The egg laying scar was 2.38 on 1.45 cm. In general one scar per branch. A. germari. Adults fed on twigs of Broussonetia payrifera and 75% were feeding 1.1-2 m above ground (Gao Ruitong et al, 2000).
The female excavate a crescent shape niche to lay egg (A. cinerea, Bathia et al. 2007).

A. japonica. Avoids laying eggs on exposed parts of trees and oviposition marks are found were weeds or near the base of branches (Esaki, 2006 & 2007a).

2.04 - How likely is the pest to be associated with the pathway at the point(s) of origin taking into account current management conditions?
likely Level of uncertainty: high A lot of the hosts concerned are grown as ornamental trees. As the pest may remain in the trees without symptom for some time, it might not be noticed at origin.

Detection. Bleeding sap or sawdust-like frass emanating from the defecatory holes ar a certain distante in the stem. Frass on the ground, fresh bleeding sap around holes and number of fresh holes may give an indication of the level of damage by young larvae. (Shui et al., 2009) A. japonica. Oviposition marks on shoots, branches and stems (Esaki, 2006). Detection. A. japonica. Initial occurrence of boring injury can be confirmed by finding oviposition marks and frass around the base of the branches. (Esaki, 2007a). Oviposition sites are easily detectable (clear marks made by females). (Esaki, 2006) A. germari. Oviposition sites are U-shaped ca. 14 mm long to 7 mm width (varying with the diameter of the branch and the thickness of the xylem (Jin Feng et al., 2007). A. germari. U-shaped slit in the branches and insects eggs in the phloem (Shui et al., 2009). A. germari. Eggs are relatively large small (2.32 mm x 6.6 mm). Larvae measures 6.36 cm in average (Yoon et al., 1997). Detection. Apriona spp. Frass expulsion holes are made at intervals,, from which sap often exsudes (Hill, 2008). A. japonica. (Esaki, 2007a). On Zelkova, larvae started expulsing frass 16.9 days after oviposition. (might not be noticed immediately=. A. germari feeds in daytime and reproduces at night (Gao Ruitong et al, 2000)

2.05 - Consider the volume of movement along the pathway (for periods when the pest is likely to be associated with it): how likely is it that this volume will support entry?
unlikely Level of uncertainty: high

Unlikely for A. cinerea. Moderately likely for A. germari and A. japonica. Rajouter des donns sur les importations d'arbres/buissons en gnral. Data provided by some EPPO countries regarding dispatch of plants for planting in 2010 was used. From the data available below, no host plants are imported from India or Pakistan where A. cinerea occurs. However, the data was provided by three major plant importers inthe EU, but some others might import such plants. For A. germari and A. cinerea, the data indicate small pathways. Quantities mentioned with * were indicated for a genus, not for the specific species, and these plants might have been the host or another plant. Table 1. Plants for planting of host species of A. germari in trade (2010) Plant / origin Countries where A. germari Others (Asia) Others (non-PRA area) occurs# Camellia oleifera1 China 1700* Japan 333* Thailand 514* Celtis sinensis2 China 100* USA 6* Cinnamomum camphora Thailand 40* Sri Lanka 5* Crataegus cordata3 Japan 24* Eucalypstus tereticornis India 800* Lagerstroemia indica Indonesia 12* USA 259* Melia azedarach Thailand 10 Sri Lanka 25* Morus spp. Indonesia 113 USA 2 Paulownia sp. Inde 500 Australia 12780 Pinus massoniana, P. Japan 9548* yunnanensis4 China 2* Thailand 2* Populus sp. USA 2000 Prunus pseudocerasus5 Quercus sp. USA 5430 Schima superba6 Ulmus sp. Taiwan 3 USA 200 # Burma, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Nepal. * for these, the plant traded was indicated only at the genus level, i.e. it could have been the host species or not. In certain cases, species are indicated and related species that are traded are indicated below. 1. Other Camellia spp. in trade: C. japonica (Japan 1, USA 79, China 2000), C. sasanqua (Japan 19), C. sinensis (China 20000, USA 3). 2. Other Celtis species in trade: Celtis occidentalis (150 USA). 3. Other Crataegus spp. in trade: Crataegus cuneata (Japan 21) 4. Other Pinus spp. in trade: P. parviflora (Japan 15), P. pentaphylla (Japan 150) 5. Only other Prunus in trade: P. persica (details in table 2 above), P. avium (China 9000), P. laurocerasus (USA 15) 6. Only other Schima in trade: S. wallichii (Thailand 2). Table 2. Plants for planting of host species of A. japonica in trade (2010) Plant / origin Celtis sinensis1 Enkianthus perulatus Countries where A. japonica occurs (Japan) 0 Japan 84 + 26* Others (Asia) China 100 China 15629 + 119686* Indonesia 458* Taiwan 550* Korea Rep. 56* Indonesia 113 Others (non-PRA area) USA USA 6 485

Morus spp. USA 2 Populus sp. USA 2000 Zelkova serrata Japan 124 + 17* * for these, the plant traded was indicated only at the genus level, i.e. it could have been the host species or not. In certain cases, species are indicated and related species that are traded are indicated below. 1. Other Celtis species in trade: Celtis occidentalis (150 USA). Table 3. Plants for planting of host species of A. cinerea in trade (2010) Plant / origin Countries where A. cinerea Others (Asia) occurs (India, Pakistan) Others (non-PRA area)

Morus spp. Indonesia 113 USA 2 Populus sp. USA 2000 * for these, the plant traded was indicated only at the genus level, i.e. it could have been the host species or not. In certain cases, species are indicated and related species that are traded are indicated below.

2.06 - Consider the frequency of movement along the pathway (for periods when the pest is likely to be associated with it): how likely is it that this frequency will support entry?
moderately likely Level of uncertainty: high The frequency is unknown, but volumes are relatively low, so frequency is also supposed to be low.

2.07 - How likely is the pest to survive during transport or storage?

Larvae in plants for planting will survive transport and continue feeding in the trees. There have been interceptions of Apriona on imports to the PRA area. Saperda. Larvae live in the trunk for 2-4 years, eggs are laid in the bark, pupae are in the trunk as well as adults before emergence (Hess, 1940). Plants are stored cool during transport. Larvae inside plants can survive temperatures around zero for prolonged period of times. S. candida is present in areas with minimum temperatures during winter far below zero (Linsley & Chemsak, 1995). Transport conditions are not detrimental to the plants and are therefore not detrimental to the pest, which can survive during transport/storage. Other Cerambycidae with a similar biology (e.g. Anoplophora spp.) are regularly intercepted in Europe in plants for planting from Asia (Van der Gaag et al, 2008). In addition, transport time for plants from North America will be shorter than that from Asia (about 2 weeks instead of 4-5 weeks), which will favour survival.

Yoon & Mah (1999) on artifical diet. Average egg period: 17.95 days. Most larvae pupated at the 8th or 9th instars, but others from the 7th to 11th instars. Total duration of the larval stage was 176.2 days for the 9th instar and 251.5 days for the 11th instar. Low temoperature terminates diapause and accelerated pupation. Pupae ca. 18 days. Longevoty of adults og 40.5 days for female and 44.3 days for males. Mating occured around 10 days after emergence, and laid 1-2 deggs per day. Female oviposited 47.7 eggs on average. Total life span in the lab was 197.5 to 331.5 days. (Yoon & Mah, 1999)

2.08 - How likely is the pest to multiply/increase in prevalence during transport or storage?
Larvae (as well as eggs, pupae and adults pre-emergence, depending on the time of the year) can be transported in the trunk. Larvae and pre-adults might continue their development but will not be able to multiply.

2.09 - Under current inspection procedures how likely is the pest to enter the PRA area undetected?
Some countries have requirements in place for certain hosts. In the EU, a number of prohibitions are in place (see 7.10 for this pathway) as well as requirements against other pests for other host plants. Some requirements ensure that trees and shrubs are clean (i.e. free from plant debris) and free from flowers and frutis, have been grown in nurseries, have been inspected at appropriate times and prior to export and found free from symptoms of harmful bacteria, viruses and virus-like organisms, and either found free from signs or symptoms of harmful nematodes, insects, mites and fungi, or have been subjected to appropriate treatment to eliminate such organisms. Inspections may be carried out at origin, and at destination if the import phytosanitary requirements are in place. However, there are no direct requirement against these pests. The current requirements are not sufficient to detect the pest EU prohibitions in Annex III, Part A: Pinus (non-European countries) (article 1) (derogations authorized from Japan and Korea), Quercus with leaves, other than fruit and seeds (Non-European countries) (article 2), Crateagus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus intended for planting, other than dormant plants free from leaves, flowers and fruit (non-European countries) (article 9), Plants of Citrus (article 16) (third countries). In addition, some plants for planting of hosts are submitted to requirements: 11. 4 Plants of Fraxinus L., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Ulmus davidiana Planch., Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. and Pterocarya rhoifolia Siebold & Zucc., intended for planting, other than seeds and plants in tissue culture originating in China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia, Taiwan (requirements for Agrilus planipennis - Annex IV.A. 11.4) 13.1 Plants of Populus L., intended for planting, other than seeds - free from symptoms of Melampsora medusae. 15. Plants of Crataegus L., Eriobotrya, Malus Mill., Prunus L. and Pyrus L., intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in nonEuropean countries (requirements in relation to Monilinia fructicola) 17. Plants of Amelanchier Med., Chaenomeles Lindl., Cotoneaster Ehrh., Crataegus L., Cydonia Mill., Eriobotrya Lindl., Malus Mill., Mespilus L.,

Photinia davidiana (Dcne.) Cardot, Pyracantha Roem., Pyrus L. and Sorbus L., intended for planting, other than seeds (requirements regarding Erwinia amylovora). 36.1 Plants, intended for planting, other than bulbs, corms, rhizomes, seeds, tubers, originating in third countries (requirements for Thrips palmi) 38.1. Plants of Camellia L. intended for planting, other than seeds, originating in non-European countries (requirements for Ciborinia camelliae) 39. Trees and shrubs, intended for planting, other than seeds and plants in tissue culture, originating in third countries other than European and Mediterranean countries (official statement that the plants are clean (i.e. free from plant debris) and free from flowers and frutis, have been grown in nurseries, have been inspected at appropriate times and prior to export and found free from symptoms of harmful bacteria, viruses and virus-like organisms, and either found free from signs or symptoms of harmful nematodes, insects, mites and fungi, or have been subjected to appropriate treatment to eliminate such organisms. 40. Deciduous trees and shrubs, intended for planting, other than seeds and plants in tissue culture, originating in third countries other than European and Mediterranean countries. Official statement that the plants are dormant and free from leaves. Annex V B. should be submitted to inspection in country of origin. 1. Prunus, 2. Parts of plants, other than fruits and seeds of: Populus L., Quercus L. conifers (Coniferales), Prunus L., originating in non-European countries,

Following EU Directive 2000/29 (EU, 2000), Plants, intended for planting, other than seeds, of Amelanchier Med., Cotoneaster Ehrh., Crataegus L., Cydonia Mill., Malus Mill., Prunus L., other than Prunus laurocerasus L. and Prunus lusitanica L., Pyrus L. and Sorbus L must be accompanied by phytosanitary certificate (or a plant passport for internal movement). Phytosanitary requirements that must be fulfilled before the issuance of the phytosanitary certificate are described in Annex IV (Part A, section I, point 39) of EU Directive 2000/29 which stipulates that "Trees and shrubs, intended for planting, other than seeds and plants in tissue culture, originating in third countries other than European and Mediterranean countries" should "have been inspected at appropriate times and prior to export and found free from symptoms of harmful bacteria, viruses and virus-like organisms, and either found free from signs or symptoms of harmful nematodes, insects, mites and fungi, or have been subjected to appropriate treatment to eliminate such organisms." In addition, annex IV (Part A, section I, point 40) stipulates that deciduous trees and shrubs, intended for planting, other than seeds and plants in tissue culture, originating in third countries other than European and Mediterranean countries should be "dormant and free from leaves".

Detection of oviposition slits and bore holes is considered possible (Solomon, 1995) but requires careful examination and can be easily overlooked during the early stages of the infestation. Recent experience with inspection of imported plants for planting for Anoplophora chinensis has shown that such organisms are very difficult to detect during their hidden stages (Van der Gaag et al, 2008).

2.10 - How likely is the pest to be able to transfer from the pathway to a suitable host or habitat ?
The hosts are widely grown in the PRA area, in commercial cultivation, as ornamentals, in forests, parks, gardens or in the wild. It is likely that if adults emerge they will find a host.

2.11 - The probability of entry for the pathway should be described

The answers are visualized below. The probability is considered moderate for A. germari due to low volumes of import, and even lower for A. cinerea and A. japonica.

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Probability of establishment

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Conclusion of introduction

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Probability of spread

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Eradication, containment of the pest and transient populations

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Assessment of potential economic consequences

Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment Section B: Degree of uncertainty and Conclusion of the pest risk assessment

Stage 3: Pest Risk Management