SIMPLE SENTENCE A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete

thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.

A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. COMPOUND SENTENCE A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.

A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English. B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping. The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went

shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence? COMPLEX SENTENCE A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying. When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong. Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.

A. The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which Abraham Lincoln was born in is still standing. D. The town where I grew up is in the United States. Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.

independent clause A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. An independent clause (unlike a dependent clause) can stand alone as a sentence. Examples and Observations:

A clause is a group of words that [contains] a subject and a verb. There are two major types:independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, beginning with a capital letter and ending with terminal punctuation such as a period. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence; instead it must be attached to an independent clause." (G. Lutz and D. Stevenson, The Writer's Digest Grammar Desk Reference, 2005)

"When liberty is taken away by force, it can be restored by force. When it is relinquished voluntarily by default, it can never be recovered." (Dorothy Thompson)

"The average man does not want to be free. He simply wants to be safe. (H.L. Mencken)

"When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen. (Ernest Hemingway) Independent Clause An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.

Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)

Dependent Marker Word A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.

Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever,whether, and while. Connecting dependent and independent clauses There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words. 1. Coordinating Conjunction

The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

main clause A group of words made up of a subject and a predicate. A main clause (unlike a dependent orsubordinate clause) can stand alone as a sentence. A main clause is also known as anindependent clause. When people talk, listen completely. Most people never listen. (Ernest Hemingway) The Subordinate Clause

Recognize a subordinate clause when you see one. A subordinate clausealso called a dependent clausewill begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought. Here is a list of subordinate conjunctions:

after although as because before

once provided that rather than since so that

until when whenever where whereas

even if even though if in order that

than that though unless

wherever whether while why

Here are your relative pronouns:

that which whichever

who whoever whom

whose whosever whomever

Now take a look at these examples: After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad After = subordinate conjunction; Amy = subject; sneezed = verb. Once Adam smashed the spider Once = subordinate conjunction; Adam = subject; smashed = verb. Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee Until = subordinate conjunction; Mr. Sanchez = subject; has = verb. Who ate handfuls of Cheerios with his bare hands Who = relative pronoun; Who = subject; ate = verb. Remember this important point: A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not provide a complete thought. The reader is left wondering, "So what happened?" A word group that begins with a capital letter and ends with a period must contain at least one main clause. Otherwise, you will have written a fragment, a major error.

After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad. So what happened? Did Amy throw it down the garbage disposal or serve it on toast to her friends? No complete thought = fragment. Once Adam smashed the spider. So what happened? Did Belinda cheer him for his bravery or lecture him on animal rights? No complete thought = fragment. Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee. So what happens? Is he too sleepy to work, or does he have a grumpy disposition? No complete thought = fragment. Who ate handfuls of Cheerios with his bare hands. So what happened? Were the roommates shocked, or did they ask him to pass the box so that they could do the same? No complete thought = fragment.

Correctly attach a subordinate clause to a main clause. When you attach a subordinate clause in front of a main clause, use a comma, like this:
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

+,+

MAIN CLAUSE

Even though the broccoli was covered in cheddar cheese , Emily refused to eat it. Unless Christine finishes her calculus homework , she will have to suffer Mr. Nguyen's wrath in class tomorrow. While Bailey slept on the sofa in front of the television, Samson, the family dog, gnawed on the leg of the coffee table. When you attach a subordinate clause at the end of a main clause, you will generally use no punctuation, like this:

MAIN CLAUSE

++

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

Tanya did poorly on her history exam because her best friend Giselle insisted on gossiping during their study session the night before . Jonathon spent his class time reading comic books since his average was a 45 one week before final exams. Diane decided to plant tomatoes in the back of the yard where the sun blazed the longest during the day.

Punctuate carefully when the subordinate clause begins with a relative pronoun. Subordinate clauses can begin with relative pronouns [and thus are called relative clauses, a type of subordinate clause]. When a subordinate clause starts with who, whose, or which, for example, punctuation gets a little bit trickier. Sometimes you will need a comma, and sometimes you won't, depending on whether the clause is essential or nonessential. When the information in the relative clause clarifies an otherwise general noun, the clause isessential and will follow the same pattern that you saw above:
MAIN CLAUSE

++

ESSENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSE

Nick gave a handful of potato chips to the dog who was sniffing around the picnic tables. Dog is a general noun. Which one are we talking about? The relative clause who was sniffing around the picnic tables clarifies the animal that we mean. The clause is thus essential and requires no punctuation. When a relative clause follows a specific noun, punctuation changes. The information in the relative clause is no longer as important, and the clause becomes nonessential. Nonessential clauses require you to use commas to connect them.

MAIN CLAUSE

+,+

NONESSENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSE

Nick gave a handful of potato chips to Button , who was sniffing around the picnic tables. Button, the name of a unique dog, lets us know which animal we mean. The information in the relative clause is no longer important and needs to be separated from the main clause with a comma. Relative clauses can also interrupt a main clause. When this happens, use no punctuation for an essential clause. If the clause is nonessential, separate it with a comma in front and a comma behind. Take a look at these examples: After dripping mustard all over his chest, the man who was wearing a red shirt wished that he had instead chosen ketchup for his hotdog. After dripping mustard all over his chest, Charles, who was wearing a red shirt, wished that he had instead chosen ketchup for his hotdog.

Use subordination to combine ideas effectively. Writers use subordination to combine two ideas in a single sentence. Read these two simple sentences: Rhonda gasped. A six-foot snake slithered across the sidewalk. Since the two simple sentences are related, you can combine them to express the action more effectively: Rhonda gasped when a six-foot snake slithered across the sidewalk. If the two ideas have unequal importance, save the most important one for the end of the sentence so that your reader remembers it best. If we rewrite the example above so that the two ideas are flipped, the wrong point gets emphasized: When a six-foot snake slithered across the side walk, Rhonda gasped.

A reader is less concerned with Rhonda's reaction than the presence of a giant snake on the sidewalk! 1. (grammar) a clause that is the subject of a sentence 1.
o

Example: "The cat with no tail" in "The cat with no tail ran across the road.

) Subordinate Subject Clauses have the function of the subject to the predicate of the main clause. They are introduced by: - Conjunctions: That / Whether - Conjunctive Pronouns: Who / What /Which - Conjunctive Adverbs: When/ Where / How / Why Eg: That he will come is certain. Who broke the glass window remained unknown. How she managed to do it seemed a mystery to me. Sometimes, the impersonal pronoun it is used to introduce the subject clause: Eg: It is necessary that we should all be present. It is still unknown when we will come. * The subject clauses are not separated by a comma. ) Subordinate Predicative Clauses have the function of the predicate. They are introduced by the same conjunctions and if, conjunctive pronouns and adverbs as in the subject clauses. The linking verb is in the main clause. The predicative clause together with the linking verb forms a compound nominal predicate to the subject of the main clause: Eg: The question is whether it may rain or not. It looks as if it were going to rain. That is why she is so happy.

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and a predicate, and it modifies a verb. I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I) He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he) According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990):

We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause) We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase) Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

I like to fly kites for fun. Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:

Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform. The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses kind of clause common conjunctions when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. function example

time clauses

These clauses are used to say when Her goldfish something happens by died when she was referring to a period of young. time or to another event.

conditional if, unless, lest

These clauses are used If they lose weight

clauses

to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.

during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

purpose clauses

in order to, so that, in order that

They had to take These clauses are used some of his land so to indicate the purpose that they could of an action. extend the churchyard.

reason clauses

I couldn't feel These clauses are used anger against because, since, as, given to indicate the reason him because I liked for something. him too much. My suitcase had become so These clauses are used damaged on the to indicate the result journey home that of something. the lid would not stay closed.

result clauses

so...that

concessive clauses

These clauses are used to make two statements, one of although, though, while which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that

I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.

place clauses

These clauses are used He said he was to talk about the happy where he location or position of

answer the question "where?")

something.

was.

clauses of manner

as, like, the way

These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.

I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them.

Adverb Clause of Manner

10 September 2002

As the name suggests, an adverb clause of manner tells us 'how' you do something. As all adverbs and adverb clauses modify the verb, telling us 'how' we do something, this is the most difficult to understand. The connectors used in an adverb clause of manner are as, as if, and as though. They all have the same meaning. For example: Good students come to class on time as the teacher tells them to. He ate as if he were starving for months. She acts as if it's a joke. When someone's pager goes off in the cinema, Sam looks as though he wanted to tear the owner to pieces. 'As if' and 'as though' have a sense of comparison. However, the comparison can be either realistic or unrealistic. If it's realistic, we use normal tenses of the verbs to agree with the main clause. If it's not, we use 'more past'. ) Adverb Clause of Time We use adverb clause of time to modify verb in main clause and to tell the time that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: when, whenever, anytime, before, after, till, until, while, since, just as, as soon as, as often as, now that, as long as

Example: - She ran away while I was sleeping. - While I was sleeping, she ran away. b) Adverb Clause of Place We use adverb clause of place to modify verb in main clause and to tell the place that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: where, as far as, as near as, wherever, anywhere Example: - She is always drunk wherever I meet her. - Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk. c) Adverb Clause of Manner We use adverb clause of manner to modify verb in main clause and to tell how an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: as if, as though, as Example: - The boy speaks as if he is sick. - As if he is sick, the boy speaks. d) Adverb Clause of Cause/Reason We use adverb clause of cause/reason to modify verb in main clause and to tell the cause that an action takes place. Subordinating Conjunctions: because, as, for, that Example: - I come here because I want to meet you.

- Because I want to meet you, I come here. e) Adverb Clause of Condition We use adverb clause of condition to modify verb in main clause and to tell the condition that an action takes place or someone does something. Subordinating Conjunctions: if, whether, if not, unless, supposing that, provided that, in the condition that, as long as that Example: - I will commit suicide unless you love me. - Unless you love me, I will commit suicide. f) Adverb Clause of Purpose We use adverb clause of purpose to modify verb in main clause and to tell the aim that someone does something or something happens. Subordinating Conjunctions: so that, in order that, Example: - I tell him everyday in order that he can remember. - In order that he can remember, I tell him everyday. REMEMBER: Sometimes we can use so as to, in order to to stand instead of so that, in order that. Sentence + so that / in order that + subject + verb + complement. Sentence + so as to / in order to + verb + complement. Example: - I bring my dictionary with me in order that I can check.

- I bring my dictionary with me in order to check. g) Adverb Clause of Result/Consequence We use adverb clause of result/consequence to modify verb in main clause and to tell the result that someone does something or something happens. Subordinating Conjunctions: that is used to recognize adverb clause of result Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb + comp Example: - She is so hungry that she has lunch early. - That she has lunch early, she is so hungry. Subject + verb + such + noun(s) + that + subject + verb + complement Example: - She acts such a rude manner that no man loves her. - That no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner. h) Adverb Clause of Concession/Contrast We use adverb clause of concession/contrast to modify verb in main clause and it is introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions: Subordinating Conjunctions: though, however, even though, even if, although, so, in spite of the fact that, the fact that, despite that, whether or, granted that, whoever, whatever, whichever, no matter what, whereas, while Example: - I have never committed crime although I am poor. - Although I am poor, I have never committed crime.

i) Adverb Clause of Degree We use adverb clause of degree to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating Conjunctions: according to as, according to how Example: - She will be paid according to how she works. - According to how she works, she will be paid. j) Adverb Clause of Means We use adverb clause of means to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating Conjunctions: by the fact that, by whatever means, by what means. Example: - You can recognize her easily by the fact that she speaks loudly. - By the fact that she speaks loudly, you can recognize her easily. k) Adverb Clause of Comparison We use adverb clause of comparison to modify verb in main clause. Subordinating Conjunctions: small, fast, hard, slow, late Subject + verb + as + adjective/adverb + as + subject + verb + comp Example: - Your book is as small as my book is. - You speak as fast as she does. Sub + verb + adj/adv-er /more-adj/adv + than + sub + verb + comp

Example: - She runs faster than I do. - They speak more fluently than he does. Posted by Chhorn Khea Labels: CLAUSES Adverb Clause of Concession Definition & Usage This states something opposed to the main clause but does not deny its validity. It is introduced by 'although', 'even though', 'even if', 'while', 'whereas','however', 'whatever'. Examples 1. He is determined to go through with his plans even if he loses everything as a result. 2. Even though we treat her kindly, she is suspicious of us. 3. Bob could not find the asnwer to the physics question, however hard he tried. Adverbial clause of condition Discuss the meaning of the word condition. This clause tells ussomething that may happen under certain conditions. Note alsothe use of the subjunctive mood. You would need to go to hospital if you were bitten by a venomousspider. in the case that Finite verbs : would need, were bitten Main clause : you would need to go to hospital Conjunction : if Subordinate clause : you were bitten by a venomous spiderAdverbial clause of condition , modifying the verb would need inthe main clauseComplex sentence

Adverbial clause of result This clause tells us something which happened as a result of another happening. My sister likes insects, so she reads about them in the encyclopedia. as a result Finite verbs : likes, reads Main clause : my sister likes insects s taken. Read the following sentence. Because he likes his master, he helped his master. In this sentence, why he helped his master has been answered by the AdverbClause because he like his master. Such an Adverb-Clause may be of AdverbClause of Cause or Reason type. I did this work, because this work is part of my educational project. In this sentence, why I did this work has been answered by the adverb-clause because this work is part of my educational project. The Adverb-Clauses of Cause or Reason will begin with because, since, as that etc Examples: In the following sentences the Adverb-Clauses of Cause or Reason have been colored blue. The Adverb Clause of Purpose may indicate the purpose which the verb may address. Examples: We have to eat so that we may live.

Here the Adverb-Clause so that we can live is the purpose for which we eat. That means the verb eat is addressing the purpose. Such an Adverb Clause of Purpose will begin with 1.So that 2.In order that 3.In order to 4.Lest etc I will give you a map so that you can find the way to your relatives house. In this sentence also the purpose for giving the map has been noted in the sentence in the form of an adverb-clause. Such is the nature of an Adverb-Clause-of-Purpose. I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it. Because he is rich, he thinks he can buy all of us juices. I am glad that you like this town. As he was not there, he spoke to his brother. He was very pleased that you got admission in to this university.