ME 455- Internal Combustion Engine Semi-Final Examination September 21, 2007 Instructions: This is a take-home examination.

Do your best to present a complete and logical analysis to every item, including brief discussion in your solution. You can use STANJAN program in thermochemistry problems. Any form of cheating will be penalized accordingly. Problem 1.0 Explain why constant-volume combustion gives a higher indicated fuel conversion efficiency than constant-pressure combustion for the same compression ratio. The indicated fuel conversion efficiency is equal to indicated work per cycle divided by the product of mass of fuel and lower heating value of fuel. Problem 2.0 A diesel generator unit (directly coupled) when tested for one hour gave the following data and results:

Problem 5.0 Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous propane at 500 K. At this temperature all the water formed during combustion will be vapor. Problem 6.0 Find the net calorific value of gaseous methane at 25oC. Problem 7.0 The gravimetric analysis of dry air is approximately for oxygen is 23.1 percent and nitrogen is 76.9 percent. Calculate (a) the volumetric analysis (b) the gas constant (c) the respective partial pressures (d) specific volume and density at 1 atm, 15.6 degree Celcius (e) How many kilograms of oxygen must be added to 2.27 kg of air to produce a mixture which is 50 percent oxygen by volume? Problem 8.0 Gaseous propane is burned with 150% theoretical air at a pressure of 970 mbars. If the entering air is dry, determine (a) the mole analysis of the product gas, assuming complete combustion (b) the dew point of the gas mixture in degree Celcius, and (c) the percentage of the H2O formed that is condensed if the product gases are cooled to 20oC. Problem 9.0 A gaseous fuel contains the following components on a volumetric or mole basis: hydrogen, 2 percent; methane, 6 percent; and ethane, 34%. Calculate (a) the air-fuel ratio required, in lbair/lbfuel, (b) the equivalence ratio used, and (c) the volume of air required per pound and per pound-mole of fuel, if 20% excess air is used and air conditions are 80oF and 14.5 psia. Problem 10.0 An unknown hydrocarbon fuel CxHy, was allowed to react with air. An Orsat analysis was made of a representative sample of the product gases, with the following result: carbon dioxide, 12.1%; oxygen, 3.8%; and carbon monoxide, 0.9%. Determine the chemical equation for the actual reaction, the composition of the fuel, the air-fuel ratio used during the test, and the excess or deficiency of air used. Problem 11.0 Diesel fuel reacts with 80% theoretical dry air. Determine the (wet) products of combustion on a volume basis. Problem 12.0 Natural gas is burned with dry air from the atmosphere. An Orsat analysis of the dry products gives volume measurement of 10.00% carbon dioxide, 1.71% oxygen, and 1.00% carbon monoxide. What is the percent theoretical air is used during the process? Problem 13.0 Find the adiabatic flame temperature (K) of the following fuels with air at 1 atm, reactants initially at 300K, equivalence ratio of 0.8, 1.0 & 1.2. Gaseous fuels : methane, ethane, propane, octane Liquid fuels: octane, cetane, No. 2 fuel oil, methanol, ethanol Problem 14.0 An engine-type generator with 30 poles generates 3-phase 60-cycle current at 600V. Its rated output is 400 KW engine specifications 40.64 x 50.8 cm. Find the brake mep existing when line current is 360 amp, power factor, 0.8. Problem 15.0 You are designing a four-stroke cycle diesel engine to provide a brake power of 300 kW naturally aspirated at its maximum rated speed. Based on typical values for brake mean effective pressure and maximum mean piston speed, estimate the required engine displacement, and the bore and stroke for sensible cylinder geometry and number of engine cylinders. What is the maximum rated engine speed (rev/min) for your

engine size no. of cylinders stroke no. of electrical poles frequency generator rated capacity power factor fuel rate heating value of fuel generator efficiency mechanical efficiency imep

8 in x 11 in 8 4 20 60 cycles 300 KVA 80% 0.45 lb/bhp-hr 18890 BTU/lb 88% 85% 150 psi

Problem 3.0 Many diesel engines can be approximated by a limitedpressure cycle. In a limited-pressure cycle, a fraction of the fuel is burnt at constant volume and the remaining fuel is burnt at constant pressure. Use this cycle approximation with k=1.3 to analyze the following problem: Inlet conditions: p1 = 1.0 bar T1 =289 K Compression ratio: 15:1 Heat added during combustion: 43,000 kJ/kg of fuel Overall fuel/air ratio: 0.045 kg fuel/kg air(a) Half of the fuel is burnt at constant volume, then half at constant pressure. Draw a p-V diagram and compute the fuel conversion efficiency of the cycle.(b) Compare the efficiency and peak pressure of the cycle with the efficiency and peak pressure that would be obtained if all of the fuel were burnt at constant pressure or at constant volume. Problem 4.0 Liquid octane enters an internal combustion engine operating at steady state with a mass flow rate of 0.004 lb/s and is mixed with the theoretical amount of air. The fuel and air enter the engine at 77oF and 1 atm. The mixtures burns completely and combustion products leave the engine at 1140oF. The engine develops a power output of 50 horsepower. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the engine, in Btu/s, neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects.

design? What would be the brake torque (N.m) and the fuel flow rate (g/h) at this maximum speed? Assume a maximum mean piston speed of 12 m/s is typical of good engine designs. Problem 16.0 Gas is sampled at 1 atmosphere pressure from the exhaust manifold of an internal combustion engine and analyzed. The mole fractions of species in the exhaust are: H2O, 0.0468; 0.772 CO2, 0.0585; O2, 0.123; N2,

Other species such as CO and unburned hydrocarbons can be neglected. (a) The fuel is synthetic fuel derived from coal containing only carbon and hydrogen. What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms in the fuel? (b) Calculate the fuel/air equivalence ratio at which this engine is operating.(c) Is the internal combustion engine a conventional spark-ignition or a diesel engine? Explain.(d) The engine has a displaced volume of 2 liters. Estimate approximately the percentage by which the fuel flow rate would be increased if this engine were operated at its maximum load at this same speed (2000 rev/min). Explain briefly what limits the equivalence ratio at maximum load. Problem 17.0 An engine on test developed 154 BHP steadily 30 min. during which it consumed 15.34 kg fuel. The same fuel when tested at 23.9oC with a 15.68o hydrometer, showed S.G. of 0.905. Calculate thermal efficiency. Problem 18.0 A 39.37 cm x 55.88 cm x 327-RPM 16 cylinder, 4-cycle stationary diesel engine is connected to a 3125-KVA (80% power factor) generator. It also drives a 30-kW exciter. Assume a generator efficiency of 92% and determine BMEP at rated load. Problem 19.0 A four-cylinder, four-stroke automobile engine is running at 4000 rpm, and each cylinder has a displacement of 0365 L. A stoichiometric mixture of octane and air at 20oC and 1 atm is drawn into the engine. The volumetric efficiency at wide-open throttle is 85%. Calculate the pounds mass of octane and the volume of air drawn in per minute. Estimate the gallons per hour of octane used by the engine. The volumetric efficiency is defined as the mass of charge ingested per intake event divided by the mass of charge with volume equal to the displacement and density equal to that entering the port. Problem 20.0 A fuel oil is 87% carbon and 13% hydrogen by weight. Find the difference between the higher and lower heating values. Problem 21.0 An engineer, Pat, calculated the stoichiometric fuel/air ratio for methane and dry air. Pat then did an experiment on a burner with room air and methane gas. Pat measured the mass flow rate of methane and regulated the mass flow rate of air to give a stoichiometric ratio according to the calculations. Later another engineer, Fran, asked Pat if the humidity of the air had been measured. Pat said the air was 80oF and saturated, but didnt think that it mattered. Fran said, I think the fuel to air ratio was not stoichiometric. Pat said, I think the error is small, Who is correct? Justify your answer by calculation. Problem 22.0 Calculate the dewpoint temperature for a stoichiometric mixture of octane and air at atmospheric pressure.