Let’s have a discussion about a powerful and semi-confusing programming topic – variables. Arduino code variables are like buckets. You choose what types of stuff you want in the bucket and can change the contents as often as you like. When you declare a variable, you are telling the program two things, firstly – what types of things you plan to put in the bucket, and secondly, what the name of the bucket is so you can refer to it later.   If you like this tutorial, click here to check out FREE Video Arduino course – thousands of people have really enjoyed it. If you tell the program you will be putting fluids in the bucket, then you can go all day filling it with beer, water, and iced tea – but the second you try to fill it with rocks, the compiler will call you out on your discrepancy. Only fluids go in a bucket declared for fluids. To declare a variable, you write the type of contents it will hold followed by the name: fluid bucketVariable; 1 fluid bucketVariable; Notice in the above declaration statement that the word fluid is a different color – that is because Arduino knows variable data types – and they get a special color to reduce confusion and of course because they are cool. There are several types of variable data types you can declare. In this lesson, we will discuss the integer data type. You probably know that an integer is a whole number (no decimals). For Arduino, an integer is a number from -32,768 to 32,767. If you try to put a number bigger than that into an integer variable, the value will roll over to the opposite side like a game of Pac-Man. If you add 5 to 32,767, you would get –32,764. If you subtracted 5 from -32,768 you would get 32,763. Integer is abbreviated int. Since an integer is an Arduino data type, it will change color to an orange. int led;// an integer variable called led. 1 int led;// an integer variable called led. The name of the variable can be whatever you want with certain restrictions. There are also a couple good conventions to follow… The variable name should be descriptive of its function, for example, the ledPin variable could be the pin number that you put your LED into on your Arduino board. By convention, most variables start lowercase. Variable names cannot be the same as keyword names. Now, what if we want to put something in the bucket? Well, we assign a value to the variable. When we first assign the value, it is called initialization, and we use the equal sign to do so. It looks like this. intled; //first we declare the variable led = 13; //now we initialize the variable 1 2 3 intled; //first we declare the variable led = 13; //now we initialize the variable Or, we can initialize and declare a variable at the same time… int led = 13; //declare and initialize a variable with a single statement 1 int led = 13; //declare and initialize a variable with a single statement Now if you are going to initialize a variable (that is assign it a value to hold) before the setup() function, then you must do it all in one line like this: int led = 13; void setup(){ } 1 2 3 4 5 int led = 13; void setup(){ } Or you can do it like this: int led; void setup(){ led = 13; } 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 int led; void setup(){ led = 13; } Well, that’s all we will talk about variables for now. I hope you have a basic idea of how they are declared and initialized.