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CHAPTER
12
Cerebral dominance
Designates the hemisphere dominant for language (left hemisphere in 90% of people)
Right hemisphere
Insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills
Left and right hemispheres communicate via fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter
Cerebral White Matter Myelinated fibers and their tracts Responsible for communication
Commissures (in corpus callosum)connect gray matter of the two hemispheres Association fibersconnect different parts of the same hemisphere Projection fibers(corona radiata) connect the hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord
Longitudinal fissure Lateral ventricle Basal nuclei Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus Thalamus Third ventricle Pons
Superior
Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Association fibers Corona radiata Fornix Internal capsule Gray matter White matter
Projection fibers
Decussation of pyramids
Figure 12.10a
Functionally associated with the subthalamic nuclei (diencephalon) and the substantia nigra (midbrain)
Fibers of corona radiata Caudate nucleus Lentiform Corpus nucleus striatum Putamen Globus pallidus (deep to putamen) Projection fibers run deep to lentiform nucleus (a)
Figure 12.11a
Anterior
Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Putamen Lentiform Globus nucleus pallidus Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Figure 12.11b (1 of 2)
(b)
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Posterior
Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Thalamus Third ventricle Inferior horn of lateral ventricle (b)
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Figure 12.11b (2 of 2)
Functions of Basal Nuclei Though somewhat elusive, the following are thought to be functions of basal nuclei
Influence muscular control
Help regulate attention and cognition Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movements
PLAY
Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Interventricular foramen Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Corpus callosum Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina MidCerebral brain aqueduct Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum
Figure 12.12
Thalamus 80% of diencephalon Superolateral walls of the third ventricle Connected by the interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass)
Pulvinar Anterior nuclear group Reticular nucleus Ventral Ventral Ventral posteroanterior lateral lateral
Ventral nuclei (a) The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that cap the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.)
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Figure 12.13a
Thalamic Function
Gateway to the cerebral cortex Sorts, edits, and relays information
Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body
Impulses from the hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function Impulses from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct the motor cortices
Paraventricular nucleus Anterior commissure Preoptic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Fornix Dorsomedial nucleus Posterior hypothalamic nucleus Lateral hypothalamic area Ventromedial nucleus Mammillary body
Optic chiasma Infundibulum (stalk of the pituitary gland) (b) The main hypothalamic nuclei.
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Figure 12.13b
Hypothalamic Function Autonomic control center for many visceral functions (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility) Center for emotional response: Involved in perception of pleasure, fear, and rage and in biological rhythms and drives
Hypothalamic Function Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst
Epithalamus Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
Cerebral hemisphere Septum pellucidum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Interventricular foramen Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Corpus callosum Fornix Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Posterior commissure Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Corpora quadrigemina MidCerebral brain aqueduct Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum
Figure 12.12
Brain Stem Similar structure to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei
Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb (synapse point of cranial nerve I) Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Mammillary body Midbrain Pons Temporal lobe Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Spinal cord
Figure 12.14
View (a)
Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Mammillary body Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Middle cerebellar peduncle Abducens nerve (VI) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Pyramid Ventral root of first cervical nerve Decussation of pyramids
Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain)
Trigeminal nerve (V) Pons Facial nerve (VII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI)
Spinal cord
(a) Ventral view
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Figure 12.15a
Thalamus
View (b)
Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata Brainstem
Figure 12.15b
Thalamus
View (c)
Diencephalon
Pineal gland
Anterior wall of fourth ventricle Choroid plexus (fourth ventricle) Dorsal median sulcus Dorsal root of first cervical nerve (c) Dorsal view
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Midbrain Superior Corpora colliculus quadrigemina Inferior of tectum colliculus Trochlear nerve (IV) Superior cerebellar peduncle Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle Medulla oblongata Inferior cerebellar peduncle Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Diencephalon
Brainstem
Figure 12.15c
Cerebral peduncles
Contain pyramidal motor tracts
Cerebral aqueduct
Channel between third and fourth ventricles
Midbrain Nuclei
Nuclei that control cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear) Corpora quadrigeminadomelike dorsal protrusions
Superior colliculivisual reflex centers Inferior colliculiauditory relay centers
Tectum Periaqueductal gray matter Oculomotor nucleus (III) Medial lemniscus Red nucleus Substantia nigra Fibers of pyramidal tract (a) Midbrain
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Dorsal
Ventral
Pons
Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle Fibers of the pons
Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord
Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
Fourth ventricle Superior cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal main sensory nucleus Trigeminal motor nucleus Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal nerve (V) Medial lemniscus (b) Pons
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Reticular formation
Medulla Oblongata Joins spinal cord at foramen magnum Forms part of the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle
Medulla Oblongata Inferior olivary nucleirelay sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum Cranial nerves VIII, X, and XII are associated with the medulla
Coughing
Sneezing
Fourth ventricle Choroid Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) plexus Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (X) Inferior cerebellar peduncle Reticular formation Lateral nuclear group Medial nuclear group Raphe nucleus Medial lemniscus (c) Medulla oblongata
Solitary nucleus Vestibular nuclear complex (VIII) Cochlear nuclei (VIII) Nucleus ambiguus
Figure 12.16c
The Cerebellum 11% of brain mass Dorsal to the pons and medulla Subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
Anatomy of the Cerebellum Two hemispheres connected by vermis Each hemisphere has three lobes
Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular
Anterior lobe
Cerebellar cortex Arbor vitae
Flocculonodular lobe
(d)
Vermis
Figure 12.17d
Cerebellar Peduncles All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral Three paired fiber tracts connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
Superior peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain
Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction
A blueprint of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex and to brain stem nuclei
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Cognitive Function of the Cerebellum Recognizes and predicts sequences of events during complex movements
Plays a role in nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving