MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY

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What is a Microprocessor?

Processors are the brains of computers. Other components allow a computer to store or retrieve data and to input or output data, but the processor performs computations and does something useful with the data.

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What is a Microprocessor?

Processors in early computers were created out of many separate components, but as technology improved it became possible to integrate all of the components of a processor onto a single piece, or chip, of silicon. These integrated circuits are called microprocessors.
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Microprocessor Evolution
1971: 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor. 4 bit microprocessor

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Microprocessor Evolution

Intel 4004

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Microprocessor Evolution

1972: 8008 Microprocessor The 8008 was twice as powerful as the 4004. The Mark-8 is known as one of the first computers for the home

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Microprocessor Evolution

1974: 8080 Microprocessor 8080 became the brains of the first personal computer 8 bit microprocessor

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Microprocessor Evolution

1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor 16-bit data bus 20 bit address bus The 8088 is a less expensive version with only 8 bit data bus

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Microprocessor Evolution

1982: 80286 Microprocessor 24-bit address bus Enhanced with memory capabilities Introduced protected mode Backwards compatible

protection

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Microprocessor Evolution
1985: Intel386 Microprocessor 275,000 transistors--more than 100 times as many as the original 4004. Multi tasking First 32-bit processor 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus

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Microprocessor Evolution

1989: Intel 486 DX CPU Microprocessor

Go from a command-level computer into point-and-click computing. A color computer for the first time Combined coprocessor functions for performing floating-point arithmetic Later versions introduced energy savings for laptops
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Microprocessor Evolution

1993: Intel Pentium Processor 64-bit data bus Wider internal data bus 128-and 256-bit wide The Intel Pentium processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate "real world" data such as speech, sound, handwriting and photographic images.
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Microprocessor Evolution

1995: Intel Pentium Pro Processor 36-bit address bus Each Intel Pentium Pro processor is packaged together with a second speedenhancing cache memory chip. The powerful Pentium Pro processor boasts 5.5 million transistors.
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Microprocessor Evolution

1997: Intel Pentium II Processor Introduced multimedia (MMX) instructions Doubled on-chip L1 cache 16 KB data, 16 KB instruction Introduced comprehensive power management features; Sleep, Deep sleep In addition to the L1 cache, has 256 KB L2 cache
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Microprocessor Evolution

1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon Processor Designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-range and higher servers and workstations.

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Microprocessor Evolution

1999: Intel Celeron Processor Enhances the performance of advanced imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, video and speech recognition applications. It was designed to significantly enhance Internet experiences, allowing users to do such things as browse through realistic online museums and stores and download highquality video. The processor incorporates 9.5 million transistors
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Microprocessor Evolution
1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon Processor The Intel Pentium III Xeon processor's advance cache technology speeds information from the system bus to the processor, significantly boosting performance. It is designed for systems with multiprocessor configurations.

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Microprocessor Evolution

2000: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Users can create professional-quality movies; deliver TV-like video via the Internet; communicate with real-time video and voice; render 3D graphics in real time; quickly encode music for MP3 players; and simultaneously run several multimedia applications while connected to the Internet. The processor debuted with 42 million transistors
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Microprocessor Evolution

2001: Intel Itanium Processor 64-bit processor Uses 64-bit address bus 128-bit data bus Introduced several advanced features

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Microprocessor Evolution

2003: Intel Pentium M Processor The Intel Pentium M processor, the Intel 855 chipset family, and the Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 network connection are the three components of Intel Centrino processor technology. Intel Centrino processor technology is designed specifically for portable computing, with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It enables extended battery life and thinner, lighter mobile computers .

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Microprocessor Evolution
And finally Dual Core Technology

The first microprocessor that uses the 65nm semiconductor technology The first to have dual core on a die Dual core computing capabilities

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Moores Law

In 1975, Gordon Moore observed that shrinking transistor dimensions were allowing the number of transistors on a die to double roughly every 18 months. For microprocessors, the trend has been closer to a doubling every 2 years, but amazingly this exponential increase has continued now for 30 years
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The Future of Moores Law

No exponential trend can continue forever, and this simple fact has led to predictions of the end of Moores law for decades. There have already been a number of new fabrication technologies proposed or put into use that will help continue Moores law through 2015.

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References
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The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 -Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, Sixth Edition, Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2003. "Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design", S. Dandamudi, Springer, 2003.

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References
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Intel Technology Journal, Intel Centrino Duo Technology, Vol.10, Issue 2, May 2006. Microprocessor Design, Grant McFarland, McGraw-Hill, 2006

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Thank You
With all best wishes !!

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