Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

CE 319 F
Daene McKinney
Control Volumes
Approaches to Solving Fluids
Problems
Experimental Analysis
Differential Analysis
Control Volume Analysis
Single most valuable tool available (White, Ch. 3)
Systems
Laws of Mechanics
Written for systems
System = arbitrary quantity of
mass of fixed identity
Fixed quantity of mass, m
0 =
dt
dm
dt
m d ) ( V
F

=
dt
dW
dt
dQ
dt
dE
=
Conservation of Mass
Mass is conserved and
does not change
Momentum
If surroundings
exert force on
system, mass
will accelerate
Energy
If heat is added to
system or work is
done by system,
energy will change
Control Volumes
Solid Mechanics
Follow the system, determine
what happens to it
Fluid Mechanics
Consider the behavior in a
specific region or Control
Volume
Convert System approach to
CV approach
Look at specific regions, rather
than specific masses
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Relates time derivative of
system properties to rate of
change of property in CV
) (extensive energy momentum, mass, =
}
=
}
=
CV CV
d b bdm B
) (intensive mass unit per of amount B
dm
dB
b
=
=
CV Inflow & Outflow
Area vector always points
outward from CV
A V

= Q

=
=
=
CS
in out
A V A V Q Q
A V
A V A V


1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
CV Inflow & Outflow

= = =
CS CS
in out in out net
m b b m b m b B B B



A V
B m b

=
in out t t CV t t sys
in out t t CV t t sys
B B B B
M M M M
A A + =
A A + =
A + A +
A + A +
, ,
, ,
Reynolds Transport Theorem

+
}
=
+ =
A
A A
+
A

=
A
A A +
=
A

=
A
A +
A
A +
A
A +
A
CS
CV
sys
net
CV
in out
t
t CV t t CV
t
t CV in out t t CV
t
t CV t t
t
sys
b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
B
dt
dB
t
B B
t
B B
t
B B B B
t
B B
dt
dB
A V

0
, ,
0
, ,
0
,
0
lim lim
lim
lim
Steady vs. Unsteady CV

+
}
=
CS
CV
sys
b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
A V



=
CS
sys
b
dt
dB
A V

Continuity Equation
Reynolds Transport Theorem
) (extensive
sys
M B =
) (intensive 1 = = =
dm
dM
dm
dB
b
sys

+
}
=
CS
CV
sys
b d b
dt
d
dt
dB
A V

+
}
=
CS
CV
d
dt
d
A V

0
=
CS
A V

0
Unsteady Case Steady Case
Example (4.57)
Continuity equation
s m V
g V x
A V A V
dt
dh
A
A V A V h A
dt
d
d
dt
d
in
in
out out in in tank
out out in in tank
CS
CV
/ 47 . 4
) 0025 . 0 ( 1 * 2 ) 0025 . 0 ( 10 1 . 0 * 1 . 0
) (
0
2
=
+ =
+ =
+ =

+
}
=

A V

Example (4.61)
Select a CV that moves up
and down with the water
surface
Continuity Equation
CS
V
A
=2V
B
V
B
rising is surface 0
) ( 2 0
; 6 ; 3
2 0
0
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
4
2
4
> =
+ =
= = =
+
}
=

+
}
=
B B
B B B B
B A B A
B B A B
CV
CS
CV
A V
dt
dh
A
A V A V
dt
dh
A
A A A A
A V A V d
dt
d
d
dt
d
t t

A V

h
HW (4.80)
HW (4.81)
HW (4.82)