Building Construction Part-2

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION
2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION

2.1 TYPES OF WOOD FRAMING
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
1. Light Wood Framing 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing 1. Light Wood Framing
a). Balloon Frame. This the lightest form of framing, in which the studding and corner posts are set up in continuous lengths from first floor line or sill to roof plate. Boards called ribbons are notched and nailed into the studs and corner posts at the proper height to support the second story joists. A joist is brought against a stud wherever possible. This type of frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable to sway and tremble in heavy winds.
Ribbon, Ribband - a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.
b) Combination Frame. A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy timbers with every joint mortised and tenoned. The modification consists of lighter timbers and less mortising and pinning to save material and labor. Girts are framed into the corner posts at the second story level joists as well as to brace the whole frame. The girts which support the floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel to the joists are called raised or flush girts. The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to corner posts and from the corner posts to the roof plate. This type of construction is more rigid than the balloon frame.
Combination Frame.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction
Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Braced Frame, Full Frame 1. The frame of a building in which the resistance to lateral forces or to frame instability is provided by diagonal Wood Stairs bracing, K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. Heavy, braced wood framing for a structure which uses girts that are mortised into solid posts; the posts are full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced. Doors & Door Hardware Girt A horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and acting Windows & Window as the main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded by an adjective indicating its position; for example, front girt, Hardware denotes a heavy timber that runs horizontally along the front of the house; rear girt, along the rear. Miscellaneous
Platform Frame.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems 2.1 Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
c) Platform Frame. A system of framing for a building of wood construction several stories high, in which the studs are only one story high; the floor joists for each story rest on the top plates of the story below or on the sole plate of the first story. Also called Western Framing.
2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is the type of framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are carried by girders, and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor.
Top Plate 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to which the rafters are fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of the partition studs. Sole Plate 1. Same as solepiece. 2. A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition. 3. A plate riveted to the bottom flange of a plate girder to bear on the masonry plate.
2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
1.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing 2.2 Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used in very hasty construction for temporary framing and is made by lapping one piece over the other and nailing then together. It is not a very strong joint.
PLAIN LAP
LAP JOINT
2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness of wood directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and the sides against which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to each other. The joint is toe-nailed.
END JOINT
SCARF JOINT
SQUARE SPLICE
FINGER JOINT
3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at right angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two pieces nailed securely together.
Stop Chamfer Joggle
Easement Eased Edge

Dap CHAMFER
4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)

5. Scarf Joint. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are united to form a continuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc. before bolting, gluing, welding, etc.
Scarf Joint In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electrical cable in which the ends are beveled before soldering.
6. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building wooden framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second piece to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other piece or only part of the way.
Mortise
Stub Tenon BLIND MORTISE
OPEN MORTISE
Through Tenon
MORTISE JOINT
CHASE MORTISE
Undercut Tenon Haunched Tenon FOXTAIL WEDGE
Key
Articulate KEYED JOINT DRAWBORE BRIDLE JOINT
7. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to maintain a level surface at the joint.
END-LAP JOINT
CROSS-LAP JOINT
MITERED HALVING
8. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive the other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.
Rabbet
RABBET JOINT
9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the necessary strength to hold the other piece in place.
Dado Stopped Dado
DADO JOINT
10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner. It is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement. It is made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually 45, and then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.
MITER JOINT SHOULDER MITER
TONGUED MITER
quirk
COPED JOINT
11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is strong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece.
DOVETAIL HALVING
SECRET DOVETAIL
LAP DOVETAIL
COMMON DOVETAIL
DOVETAIL JOINT
12. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right angles to the second piece. Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint
ANGLE JOINT
EDGE JOINT
TONGUE AND GROOVE
SPLINE
BUTTERFLY WEDGE
Shiplap, shiplap boards, shiplap siding Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint. Tongue and Groove Joint, T & G Joint A joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the corresponding groove of another.
COMMON WOOD JOINTS FOR FURNITURE
VARIATIONS OF LAP JOINTS
VARIATIONS OF MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS
2.2.2 SPLICES
The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size. Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and bending.
A. Splices for Compression

1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined. The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to prevent buckling.
Scabs or Fish Plates
Scab A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed, or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together. Fishplate A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension. This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required length and putting the halved sections together.
B. Splices for Tension 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. It
has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination with scabs or fishplates.
Square Splice A type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate; esp. used to resist tension.
C. Splices for Bending 1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in a
horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end, since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the bottom and bolted securely
Fish Plate
2.3
TIMBER CONNECTORS
Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of heavy construction, and save much time and labor. Among the various types of timber connectors are:
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors 2.3 Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
1. Split Rings. These are made in sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in diameter. They used for heavy construction.
2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed and corrugated. They are made in 2, 2-5/8, and 4 4 in. dia. They are used between two timber frames for comparatively light construction.
Split-ring Connector A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as a timber connector.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors 2.3 Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed and other smooth. They are used either singly, in timber to metal connections, or in pairs in timber to timber connections. The female plate is adaptable for use when the connector must lie flush with the timber surface.
4. Shear Plates. When installed these lie flush with the timber surface. They are used singly or in pairs. In timber to metal connections the plate is placed with its back towards the metal.
Shear Plate In structural steel, one of the reinforcement plates added to the web of a steel beam to increase the web capacity to resist shearing loads.
2.4
MASONRY WALLS
Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally efficient in compression. Masonry walls may be constructed as solid walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls 2.4 CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
SOLID WALL
CAVITY WALL
VENEERED WALL
Masonry walls may also be classified as unreinforced or reinforced. Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls, incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond wythes of a solid or cavity walls.
SOLID MASONRY
CAVITY WALLS
MASONRY
Reinforced masonry walls, utilize steel reinforcing bars embedded in grout filled joints and cavities to aid the masonry in resisting stresses.
Wythe refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness. Grout 1. Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to be poured or pumped into joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls and floors, between pieces of ceramic tiles, and into joints between preformed roof deck units. 2. In foundation work, mixtures of cement, cement-sand, clay or chemicals; used to fill voids in granular soils, usually by a process of successive injection through drilled holes.
2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS

The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which are chemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include structural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast stone.
CONCRETE BLOCK
GLASS BLOCK STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE BRICK
2.4.2
MORTAR
Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both, with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL CONSTITUENCY
1. Cement mortar is made by mixing portland cement, sand, and water. 2. Lime mortar is a mixture of lime, sand, and water that is rarely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low compressive strength. 3. Cement-lime mortar is a cement mortar to which lime is added to increase its plasticity and water retentivity. 4. Masonry cement is a proprietary mix of Portland cement and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, airentraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the addition of sand and water to make cement mortar.
TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH 1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500 psi (17,238 kPa).
2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortar recommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral strength are more important than compressive strength; compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411 kPa). 3. Type N mortar is a medium-strength mortar recommended for general use in exposed masonry above grade where high compressive and lateral strength are not required; compressive strength is 750 psi (5,171 kPa). 4. Type O mortar is a low-strength mortar suitable for use in interior non-load bearing walls and partitions.
5. Type K mortar is a very low-strength mortar suitable only for use in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the building code.
2.5
CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION
Concrete Block or Cement Block is a hollow or solid concrete masonry unit (CMU) consisting of Portland cement and suitable aggregates combined with water. Lime, fly ash, air-entraining agents, or other admixtures may be included.
2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction 2.5 On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
A stretcher is a masonry unit laid horizontally with its length in the direction of the face of the wall.
2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB
2.5.3 WALL FOOTING

The wall footing or strip footing is a strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the load to the soil. Reinforcements for wall footings shall equal 0.2% to 0.3% of the cross sectional area of concrete, except for unusual cases.
*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used:
a) Hook or hooked bar a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced concrete, with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint with the wall footing.
b) Dowel-bar reinforcement short, reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the strength of the joint. Used in joint with columns or beams.
2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS

CHB partition walls are ideally supported against lateral movements vertically by stiffener columns and horizontally by stiffener beams. A stiffener column is located at the intersections of CHB walls and at regular intervals (of about 3 M) for a long partition wall. Stiffener columns are in the form of an I, T or an L.
In low cost construction, however, stiffener columns may be substituted for a grouted cell (or, a CHB cell compacted with grout) while stiffener RC beams for bond beams.
Bond-beam block A hollow concrete masonry unit with portions depressed to form a continuous channel in which reinforcing steel can be placed for embedment in grout. A lintel block sometimes is used as a bond-beam block.
A lintel is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel, stone, or wood. In CHB construction, a lintel is constructed with lintel blocks or U-blocks, which have a single core with an open end; usually placed with its open end upright; such blocks form a continuous beam when filled with grout and proper reinforcement.
2.6
ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION
2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction 2.6 Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over soil of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and design by a qualified structural engineer.
2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS

Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane of a concrete slab on grade:
2.6.3 GRADE BEAMS

Grade Beam that part of a foundation system (usually in a building without a basement) which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure; commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column footings, or may be self-supporting, as a long strap footing.
2.7
2.7.1
CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS

WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS
Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforced concrete piers on isolated footings. For the wood post to seat perfectly on the concrete, grout is poured in between the joint.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated 2.7 Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Pier 1. A column designed to support concentrated load. 2. A member, usually in the form of a thickened section, which forms an integral part of a wall; usually placed at intervals along the wall to provide lateral support or to take concentrated vertical loads. Isolated Footing the individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.
2.7.2
WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS
2.8
POSTS
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts 2.8 Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a wood post, the following should be considered: lumber species, structural grade, modulus of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bending and shear stress value permitted for the intended use. In addition, attention must be paid to the precise loading conditions and the types of connections used.
Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load capacity of the post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. As the slenderness ratio of a post increases, a post can fail from buckling.
Modulus of Elasticity In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the corresponding unit strain. Slenderness Ratio Of a column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration.
2.8.1 TYPES OF WOOD POSTS/COLUMNS
2.8.2
WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS
2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FLOOR FINISHES

2.9.1 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING The wood floor framing system consists of the common floor joists, cross bridging, solid bridging, and other members which provide support for the flooring, as follows:
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing 2.9 System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Floor Joist One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is vertically oriented. Common Joist, Bridging Joist A joist on which floor boards are laid; neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist.
Binding Joist, binder A beam which supports the common joists of a wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical posts.
Girder A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length. Bridging A brace, or a system of braces, placed between joists to stiffen them, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load.
Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting Diagonal bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from twisting.
Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting Short members (boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists.
Bridging Floor A floor supported by common joists, without girders.
Principal Joist a large joist that carries much of the floor load. Sleeper Joist any joist resting directly on sleepers Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.
Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip On a beam which carries joists flush with the upper edge of the beam (or girder), a strip of lumber which is nailed to the side of the beam (along its bottom edge), forming a seat for the joists and helping to support them.
Sill a horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure, which rests on the foundation.
Sleepers -1. One of a number of horizontal timbers that are laid on a concrete slab (or on the ground) and to which the flooring is nailed. 2. Any long horizontal beam, at or near the ground, which distributes the load from posts or framing.
2.9.2 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS
2.9.3 FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS/GIRDERS
2.9.4
FLOOR FINISHES
A. Wood Flooring
Strip Flooring Hardwood finish flooring; narrow tongue-andgroove strips; commonly maple, mahogany, oak, etc. Plank Flooring Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece of timber called planks; the specifications vary, but often the minimum width is 8 (200 mm), and the minimum thickness is 2 to 4 (50 to 100 mm) for softwood and 1 (25 mm) for hardwood. Parquet Flooring Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns. Parquet Tile Flooring parquet units glued to paper to form tiles for flooring. The tiles are glued to the cement floor face down; when dry, paper is wet and stripped off the tile surface; sanded and primed to finish.
B. Cement Flooring and Cement Tile Flooring
C. Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile Flooring
2.10 PARTITION WALL FRAMING SYSTEM & PARTITION WALL FINISHES

2.10.1 WOOD WALL FRAMING SYSTEM A partition wall is a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load bearing. Parts of the partition are: Stud an upright post or support, esp. one of a series of vertical structural members which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition. Partition cap, head, plate the uppermost horizontal member of a partition; the top plate of a partition on which the joists rests. Soleplate a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition. Cripple a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a door opening or below a window sill.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & 2.10 Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes 2.10 Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
Bay Window With a Top Plate and Header Extending Across the Opening in the Plane of the Wall
Exterior Walls Constructed in the Shape of a Bay Window
2.10.1 WOOD WALL FINISHES

Wood Boards Lumber less than 2 (5 cm) thick and between 4 (10 cm) to 12 (30 cm) in width, used as horizontal and vertical board siding. The various cuts of wood boards used in finishing works are: HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDINGBEVEL SIDING Clapboard, Bevel siding, Lap siding a wood siding commonly used as an exterior covering on a building of frame construction; applied horizontally and overlapped, with the grain running lengthwise; thicker along the lower edge than along the upper.
BEVEL SIDING
Dolly Varden siding is bevel siding rabbeted along the lower edge to receive the upper edge of the board below it.
DOLLY VARDEN
Shiplap siding wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint. Examples are v-cut, rustic, stone-cut, and corrugated sidings. Rustic siding also called drop siding or novelty siding; an exterior wall cladding of wooden boards (or strips of other material such as aluminum or vinyl), which are tongued and grooved or rabbeted and overlapped so that the lower edge of each board interlocks with a groove in the board immediately below it. VERTICAL BOARD SIDING MATCHED BOARDS boards that interlap or interlock and have flush, vsgroove, or beaded joints.
MATCHED SIDINGS
SHIPLAP SIDING
DROP SIDING
T&G siding Tongue and groove boards, also called dressed and matched boards and are boards or lumber that has been planed smooth; cut so that a tongue along one edge fits into a groove cut along the edge of the adjacent piece.
T&G
V-cut siding any saw cut or cut in wood whose rabbeted joint is v-shaped.
Corrugated siding scalloped wood sheathing with the convex forms visible.
V-CUT
CORRUGATED SIDINGS
SQUARE-EDGE BOARDS - boards used with other boards and battens to protect and enhance the vertical joints and form board-and-board or board-and-batten patterns. Board and Batten or Batten siding narrow battens or wood strips attached to the joints of T&G sheathing. Wood strips are lumber less than 4 (10 cm) wide.
Batten and Board board emphasized, battens at back. Board and Board Siding or Stone-cut siding visible equal sized board and batten.
BOARD SIDINGS
BATTEN
BATTEN ON A BOARD
BOARD AND BOARD
B. Wood Manufactured Boards are panels made of wood but do not appear in their natural state. Types of manufactured wood boards are:
Plywood made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with the grains running at right angles to each other. Use 16 (405 mm) stud spacing for 10 mm plywood; 24 (610 mm) stud spacing for 12 mm plywood. The different types of plywood are:
Soft Plywood used for form lumber Hardwood Plywood used for paneling and finishing work where usually one face is hard-finished. Marine Plywood or Exterior Grade Plywood used for exterior use where waterproof glue is used. Hardboard and/or Plyboard made from wood chips which are exploded into fibers under a stream of high pressure. The lining in the wood itself binds pressed wood together with no fillers or artificial adhesives applied. Pressed wood is equally strong in all directions but very brittle. Its color varies from light to dark brown.
Fiberboard are finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has good insulating properties therefore it is usually applied as a ceiling finish only. Gypsum Board is a non-combustible building board with a gypsum core enclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is designed to be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings or partitions. It is extensively used in dry wall construction, where plaster is eliminated. Brand names: BORAL, ELEPHANT. Fiber Cement Boards Fiber-reinforced cement board is composed of 72% Portland cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate.
Particle Board is manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, strands, shaving, and slivers, bound together and pressed into sheets, molded and shaped. Particle boards have equal strength in all directions in a given cross sectional area, are not brittle and can resist warping.
Dry Wall Construction, Dry Construction The use of dry materials such as gypsum board, plywood, or wall board in construction without the application of plaster or mortar.
2.11 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM

2.11.1 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM
A wood ceiling framing system consists of a framework of joists composed of the ceiling joists, the binding joist or binder, the plate joist and the ceiling strap.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & 2.11 Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Ceiling joist - one of several small beams to which the ceiling of a room is attached. They are mortised into the sides of the binding joists, nailed to the underside of these joists, or suspended from them by straps.
CEILING JOIST
Binding joist or binder a beam which supports the common joists of a wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical posts. Plate joist - a horizontal board which connects and terminates the ceiling joists. It provides the line and rigidity at the ends of the joists and connects the suspended ceiling to the walls.
Ceiling strap a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or rafters, from which a ceiling is suspended or fastened.
2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING
2.12.1 ROOF TERMINOLOGY and TYPES OF ROOF

The term roof means the top covering of a building including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights; provides protection from the weather. Some important roof terms are: Ridge is the horizontal line of intersection at the top between two sloping planes of a roof. Hip is the inclined projecting angle formed by the junction of two adjacent sloping sides of a roof. Valley is an intersection of two inclined roof surfaces toward which rainwater flows. Dormers are projecting structures built out from a sloping roof and housing a vertical window or ventilating louver. Rake is the inclined usually projecting edge of a sloping roof. Shed is a roof having a single slope Eave is the overhanging lower edge of a roof. Soffit is the underside of an overhanging roof eave.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing 2.12 System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
Gable is the triangular portion of wall enclosing the end of a pitched roof from ridge to eaves.
RIDGE
DORMERS
HIP
GABLE
RAKE
SHED
EAVE
VALLEY
The major types of roofs are: Shed Roof, Lean-to Roof or Pent Roof a roof shape having only one sloping plane.
Gable Roof or Pitch Roof a roof having a single slope on each side of a central ridge; usually with a gable at one or both ends. Hip Roof or Hip and Valley Roof a roof which slopes upward from all four sides of a building, requiring a hip rafter at each corner. Pyramidal Roof a hipped roof that usually has four to six sloping surfaces, terminating in a peak. Pavilion Roof a roof hipped equally on all sides, so as to have a pyramidal form; a pyramidal hipped roof.
Gambrel Roof a roof which has two pitches on each side (U.S.); in Great Britain called a Mansard Roof.
Sawtooth Roof - is a development of the shed roof made into a series of lean-to roofs covering one building. This is commonly used in factories where extra light is required through the clerestories formed in the vertical portion of the roof. Butterfly Roof is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at the center of the building. Dome is a hemispherical form of roof usually found in observatories. Conical Roof or Sphire is a steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central point.
2.12.2 RAFTER FRAMING

A. Rafter Framing for Shed Roofs Flat roofs are framed in a manner similar to floor joist framing.
B. Rafter Framing for Gable Roofs
The main components of a gable rafter framing system are:

Common Rafters the main rafters which extend from a wall plate to a ridge board or ridge beam and support the sheathing and covering of a roof. Collar Ties unite two opposing rafters at a point below the ridge, usually in the upper third of the rafter length. Ridge Board is a non-structural horizontal member to which the upper ends of the rafters are aligned and fastened. Ridge Beam is a structural horizontal member supporting the upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a roof.
RIDGE BOARD COMMON RAFTERS COLLAR TIES
RIDGE BEAM
C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs
The main components of a hip rafter framing system are:

Hip Rafter form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof. Jack Rafter is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope, as one meeting a hip or a valley. Hip Jack Rafter is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter. Valley Jack extend from a valley rafter to a ridge. Valley Rafter connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.
2.12.3 TRUSS FRAMING AND PARTS OF A TRUSS A truss is a structure composed of a combination of members, usually in some triangular arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework. The major parts of a truss are: Chord A principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other, primarily to resist bending; usually one of a pair of such members. The two types of chord members are the upper or top chord and the lower or bottom chord. Web In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords. There are two types of web members: the vertical web members and the diagonal web members. King post A vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower ends. A joggle post is a king post having shoulders or notches at its lower end to support the feet of struts. Collar beam A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the rafters.
Panel Length Peak

Truss Plate Top Chord Heel Web
Continuous Lateral Brace
Slope Pitch
Bottom Chord Bearing Point
Splice Panel Point
Wedge Block
Span (Out to Out of Bearings) Overhang Bottom Chord Length
Cantilever
2.12.4 TYPES OF TRUSSES

The main types of wood trusses are: King-post truss 1. A structural support for a roof formed by two inclined rafters joined at the apex of their intersection; a horizontal tie beam. 2. Connects the rafters near their lower ends, and a vertical central member, called a king post, which connects the apex with the midpoint of the tie beam.
KING-POST
Queen-post truss A roof truss having two vertical posts (queen post) between the rafters and the tie beam; the upper ends of the vertical posts are connected by a straining piece, such as a tie rod or cable. Howe truss a truss having upper and lower horizontal members, between which are vertical and diagonal members; the vertical members of the web take tension; and the diagonal members are under compression. Fink truss, Belgian truss, French truss a symmetrical truss, esp. used in supporting large sloping roofs; in the form of three isosceles triangles one in the center with its base along the horizontal tie, and each of the outer two having its base along the sloping sides of an upper chord. Scissors truss a type of truss used to support a pitched roof; the ties cross each other and are connected to the opposite rafters at an intermediate point along their length.
QUEEN-POST
HOWE TRUSS
FINK TRUSS
TYPES OF TRUSSES
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Isolated Footings Paving and Slab on Grade Floor Finish CHB Wall Construction Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing 2.12 Wood Stairs Doors & Door Hardware Windows & Window Hardware Miscellaneous
2.12.5 COMMON TYPES OF ROOF COVER CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING Galvanized iron roofing may either be plain or corrugated. The thicknesses are measured in terms of gauge from ga. 14 to ga. 30. Gauge 26 is the most commonly used for roofing. The standard commercial size width is 0.80 m, with length ranging from 1.50 m to 3.60 m. Plain G.I. sheet commercial size is 0.90 m x 2.40 m. It is also used for roofing, gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls, downspouts and straps for riveting.
*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
B. METAL SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I. sheets)
C. BATTEN SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I. sheets)
D.CLAY / CEMENT TILE ROOFING
Tile roofing consists of clay or concrete units that overlap or interlock to create a strong textural pattern. Like slate, roofing tiles are fire-resistant, durable, and require little maintenance. They are also heavy and require roof framing that is strong enough to carry the weight of the tiles.
Roofing tiles are normally installed over a solid plywood deck with an underlayment of 30 lb. or 45 lb. roofing felt. Special tile units are used at ridges, hips, rakes and eaves.
KINDS OF ROOF CLAY TILES

Plain Tile or Flat Tile - Plain tiles are always 265 x 165mm in overall size and require 60 tiles per square meter. They are sometimes referred to as "double lapped" or "double lap" tiles - a reference to the fact that when they are laid on the roof, at all critical points there must be a double overlap (three layers of tile) to prevent the ingress of water. There are two types of plain tiles as follows:
Overlapping - tiles which overlap the next tile in the same course but which fit together without interlocking bars simply by overlapping Interlocking - Tiles with fully interlocking bars (side and head on the upper surface and the opposing 2 sides beneath). Interlocking tiles are, like overlapping tiles, sometimes referred to as "single lapped" or "single lap" tiles. B. Pantile - The shape most commonly associated with historic clay roofing tiles is probably that of convex or rounded tiles, often grouped together generically as "pan tiles" or "pantiles."
Spanish or S tile S-shape tiles where one interlocks with the other Barrel or Mission tile - Tiles where one halfcylinder overlaps another inverted halfcylinder to form a cover and pan (cap and trough) arrangement.
ROOF CLAY TILE CONSTRUCTION
2.13 WOOD STAIRS

2.13.1 LAYING OUT THE STAIRS
1. Choose the preferred riser height. The riser height is proportional to the tread width in the order of the formula T + R = 45 cm (18 in); where T is tread width and R is riser height. Preferred riser height is between 15 cm (6) to 18 cm (7). 2. Determine the total rise of the stairwell in meters. Divide this number by the preferred height of the riser. If the result is a fraction, convert to a whole number to give you the exact number of steps. 3. Divide the total stair rise with the number of steps. This will give you the actual dimension of the step rise, in whole number or in fraction. 4. Determine the tread width by subtracting the step rise from 45 cm. If a fraction, convert to a whole number. 5. Multiply the number of steps with the tread width in order to get the total stairway run. Check whether this will fit the dimensions in plan.
Riser The vertical face of a stair step. Tread The horizontal surface of a stair step; often has a rounded edge that extends beyond the upright face of the riser below it. Rise - The height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing. Run -In stairways , the horizontal distance covered by a flight of steps.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs 2.13 Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights
2.13.2 PARTS OF THE STAIRS

Header a short transverse joist that support the end of the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. Trimmer is a supporting joist which carries an end portion of a header.
String, Stringer In a stair, and inclined board which supports the end of the steps.
TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO CONSTRUCTION 1.Cut 2.Rabbeted 3.Cleated 4.Built-up

TYPES OF STRINGER ACCORDING TO DESIGN Closed Stringer Face
4.Baluster, Banister 1. One of a number of short vertical members, often circular in section, used to support a stair handrail or a coping. 2. (Plural) balustrade 5.Balustrade an entire railing system (as along the edge of a balcony) including a top rail and its baluster, and sometimes a bottom rail.
BALLUSTRADE
6. Newel-post a tall and more or less ornamental post at the head or foot of a stair, supporting the handrail.
RAIL
7. Rail a bar of wood or other material passing from one post or other support to another; a hand support along a stairway.
NEWEL POST
8. Bull-nosed step a step, usually lowest in a flight, having one or both end rounded to a semicircle and projecting beyond the face of the stair string or strings. The semicircular projection extends beyond and around the newel post. 9. Nosing, Nose the prominent, usually rounded, horizontal edge which extends beyond an upright face below; as the projection of a tread beyond a riser. 10. Nosing Strip In stair construction, a molding which has the same profile as the nosing on the stair treads.
2.14 DOORS AND ACCESSORIES

2.14.1 DOOR OPERATION
Swinging Doors - For exterior and interior use. Normally turns on hinges about a side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from head jamb and threshold
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories 2.14 Windows & Accessories Skylights
Bypass Sliding Doors - For exterior and interior use. Slides on overhead track and long guides or a track on the floor.
Surface Sliding Doors - For exterior and interior use. Surfacehung on an exposed overhead track that provides access through full width of doorway
Pocket Sliding Doors - For interior use only. Slides on an overhead track into and out of a recess within the width of a wall
Folding Doors - For interior use only. Hinged door panels fold flat against one another when opened, used to subdivide interior spaces
2.14.2 WOOD FLUSH DOORS

1. Wood Flush Door Designs Wood Flush Doors are doors with no visible seams on both faces. The available designs are: Flush door Flush door with glass inserts Flush door with louvered inserts
2. Wood Flush Door Construction Hollow Core Flush Doors have a framework of stiles and rails encasing an expanded honeycomb core of corrugated fiberboard or a grid of interlocking horizontal and vertical wood strips. They are lightweight, intended generally for interiors, and have little inherent thermal or acoustic insulation value. Solid Core Flush Doors have a core of bonded lumber blocks, particleboard, or a mineral composition. The bonded lumber core is the most economical and widely used. The mineral composition core is lightest but has low-screw-holding strength and cutouts are difficult. Solid core doors are used primarily as exterior doors, but they may also be used wherever increased fire resistance, sound insulation, or dimensional stability is desired.
Wood Framed Flush Doors have a frame of rail and stile lumber covered with veneer of manufactured boards.
2.14.3 WOOD PANEL (Rail & Stile) DOORS

1.Wood Panel (Rail and Stile) Door Designs Wood rail-and-stile Doors consist of a framework of vertical stiles and horizontal rails that hold solid wood or plywood panels, glass lights, or louvers in place. The stiles and rails may be solid softwood or veneered hardwood. The available designs are:
Panel door Panel door with sash Louvered panel door French door French door with divided lights
2. Wood Panel Door Construction
3. Batten Doors consist of vertical board sheathing nailed at right angles to cross strips or ledgers. Diagonal bracing is nailed between and notched into the ledgers.
2.14.4 SLIDING DOORS may be bypass, surface or pocket sliding doors. Panels may be of wood, metal or polystyrene and have flush, panel or louver designs.
2.14.5 HOLLOW STEEL DOORS AND STEEL DOOR FRAMES

1.Steel Door Designs Flush door Glass door Flush door Vision door Narrow light door Full-louvered door Vision/louvered door
2. Steel Door Finishes

Primed or galvanized for painting Baked enamel paint Vinyl clad Stainless steel or aluminum skinned are available in polished or textured finish Steel Door Construction Hollow metal doors have face sheets of 16 to 22 gauge steel bonded to a steel channel frame and reinforced with channels, a kraft honeycomb structure, or a rigid plastic-foam core.
3.
4. Steel Fire Doors Fire door assemblies, consisting of a fire-resistant door, doorframe, and hardware, re required to protect openings in fire-rated walls. Maximum door size 4 x 10 (1220 mm x 3050 mm) Door frame and hardware must have a fire-resistance rating similar to that of the door. Door must be self-latching and be equipped with closers.
Kraft Paper A heavy, high-strength paper, sized with resin, usually brown in color; used as a building paper.
UL Label A
Rating 3 hours
Glazing Permitted 6mm (1/4) wired glass No glass permitted
B
C
1-1/2 hour
hour
100 sq. in. (0.06 sqm.) per leaf

1,296 sq. in. (0.84 sqm.) per leaf: 54 (1,370 mm) max. dimension
D
E
1-1/2 hour
hour
No glass permitted
720 sq. in. (0.46 sqm.) per light: 54 (1,370 mm) max. dimension
4. Steel Louver Door Details
5. Steel Door Frames KINDS OF STEEL FRAMES Standard Double Rabbet Frame
Single Rabbet Frame
TYPES OF STEEL FRAME INSTALLATION Wrap-Around Installation
Butt-Frame Installation
2.14.6 ALUMINUM GLASS DOORS Glass Entrance Doors
2. Storefronts are coordinated systems of extruded aluminum frames, glass panels, glass entrance doors, and hardware fittings. The size and spacing of the mullions are determined by the glass strength and thickness and the wind load on the wall plane. The deflection normal to the wall plane should be limited to 1/200 of each components clear span; the deflection of glass supports should be limited to 1/300of the support distance.
Mullion A vertical member separating (and often supporting) windows, doors, or panels set in series. A door mullion is the center vertical member of a double-door opening set between two single active leaves; usually forms the strike side of each leaf; may be removable.
Revolving Doors consist of three or four leaves that rotate about a central, vertical pivot within a cylindrically shaped vestibule. Used typically as entrance doors in large commercial and institutional buildings, revolving doors provide a continuous weather seal, eliminate drafts, and hold cooling losses to a minimum while accommodating traffic up to 2,000 persons per hour.
2.14.7 OVERHEAD AND COILING DOORS 1. Overhead Doors are constructed of one or several leaves of wood, steel, aluminum, or fiberglass and open by swinging or rolling up to a position above the door opening. The door may be operated manually, or by a chain hoist or electric motor.
2. Coiling Doors Coiling or rolling doors consist of horizontal, interlocking metal slats guided by a track on either side and open by coiling about an overhead drum at the head of the door opening. The door may be operated by a chain hoist or electric motor. Both overhead and coiling doors are available with vision panels, thermal insulation, and other options.
ALUMINUM ROLL-UP DOOR
3. Overhead and Coiling Door Designs

Wood or aluminum panel doors Wood or steel flush doors Steel or fiberglass ribbed doors Steel of aluminum slatted sections
2.14.8 DOOR HARDWARE Finish Door Hardware include the following items: Locksets incorporating locks, latches, and bolts, a cylinder and stop works, and operating trim Hinges Closers Panic hardware Push and pull bars, and plates Kick plates Door stops, holders and bumpers Thresholds Weather stripping Door tracks and guides
Hardware is selected according to the following factors: Function and ease of operation Recessed or surface-mounted installation Material, finish, texture and color Durability in terms of anticipated frequency of use and possible exposure to weather or corrosive conditions.
Door Hardware Locations
Hardware Finishes
BHMA Code 600 603 US No. USP US2G Steel primed for painting Zinc plated steel Finish
605
606 611 Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories 2.14 Windows & Accessories Skylights 612 613 618 619 622 623 624 625 626 628
US3
US4 US9 US10 US10B US14 US15 US19 US20 US20A US26 US26D US28
Bright brass, steel coated

Satin brass, clear coated Bright bronze, clear coated Satin bronze, clear coated Oxidized satin bronze, oil rubbed Bright nickel plated, clear coated brass Satin nickel plated, clear coated brass Flat black coated brass or bronze Light oxidized bright bronze Dark oxidized statuary bronze Bright chromium plated brass or bronze Satin chromium plated brass or bronze Satin aluminum, clear anodized
629
630 684 685
US32
US32D -----
Bright stainless steel

Satin stainless steel Black chrome, bright brass or bronze Black chrome, satin brass or bronze
Door Hand Conventions are used in specifying door hardware such as locksets and closers. The terms right and left assume a view from the exterior of the building or room to which the doorway leads. Left hand (LH) Door opens inwards to the left; hinges on left. Right hand (RH) Door opens inwards to the right; hinges on right.
Left hand reverse (LHR) Door opens outward to the left; hinges on left.
Right hand reverse (RHR) Door opens outward to the right; hinges on right.
2.15
WINDOWS AND ACCESSORIES
2.15.1 WINDOW ELEMENTS

Window Frame
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories 2.15 Skylights
Window Frame the fixed, non-operable border of a window designed to receive and hold the sash or casement and all necessary hardware.
Head the uppermost horizontal member of a window frame.
Jamb is either of the two side members of a window frame.

Sill is the horizontal member beneath a door or window opening, having an upper surface sloped to shed rainwater.
Sub sill is an additional sill fitted to a window frame to cause rainwater to drip farther away from a wall surface.
Sash Any framework of a window; may be movable or fixed; may slide in a vertical plane (as in a double-hung window) or may be pivoted (as in a casement window); a pivoted sash also is called a ventilator.
WINDOW FRAME
ROUGH OPENING
CASING TRIM
HEAD
JAMB
SILL SUBSILL
SASH AND GLAZING
HEAD AND JAMB CASING
Casing Trim refers to the finishing trim work around a window opening, consisting of head and jamb casings, window sills and aprons.
WINDOWSILL
APRON
Head and Jamb Casing conceals and finishes the joint or gap between door and window frames and the surrounding wall surface. Windowsill refers to the horizontal ledge formed by the stool at the base of the window opening. The sill may be cut to fit between the jambs of a window or door opening or extend beyond the jamb casings. Apron is a flat piece of trim immediately beneath the stool of a window sill.
Stool 1. The flat piece upon which a window shuts down, corresponding to the sill of a door. 2. A narrow shelf fitted across the lower part of the inside of a window opening; butts against the sill.
Architrave refers to the casing that surrounds a window or doorway, especially when it is continuous with the same profile.
Plinth Block is used to terminate a jamb casing above the floor.
PLINTH BLOCK
2. Sash and Glazing

Sash refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set. Pane is one of the divisions of a window, consisting of a single unit of glass set in a frame.
Glazing refers to the panes or sheets of glass set in the sashes of a window. Rails are the horizontal members framing a window sash. Muntins are the vertical members holding the edges of windowpanes within a sash. Stiles are the upright members framing a window sash or paneled door. Mullion is a vertical member separating a series of windows or doorways.
TOP RAILS MUNTINS
STILES
BOTTOM RAIL MULLIONS
2.15.2 WINDOW OPERATION 1. Fixed Window - 0% ventilating; consists of a frame and stationary sash. 2. Casement Window - 100% ventilating; has operating sashes that are hinged, swinging outward. 3. Awning and Hopper Window - 100% ventilating; has operating sashes that swing outward on hinges attached to the top of the frame. 4. Sliding Windows - 50% ventilating; Has 2 or more sashes, of which at least 1 slides along a track. 5. Double-Hung Window - 50% ventilating; has 2 vertically sliding sashes, each in separate tracks, closing different parts of the window.
6. Jalousie Windows - 100% ventilating; has horizontal glass or wood louvers that pivot simultaneously in a common frame.
7. Pivoting Windows - 100% ventilating; has sashes that rotate 90 or 180 about a vertical or horizontal axis at or near the centers
2.15.3 STEEL WINDOWS Steel window frame and sash sections (Zee bars) are manufactured from hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel. Because steel is stronger than aluminum, steel sections are more rigid and thinner in profile than aluminum sections, offer narrower sightlines, and allow larger lights to be installed in a given rough or masonry opening.
Steel Casement Window
2.15.4 ALUMINUM WINDOWS Aluminum window frames are relatively low in cost, lightweight, and corrosion resistant. Aluminum frames may have anodized, baked enamel, or fluoropolymer resin finishes.
Aluminum Framed Window
2.15.5 WOOD WINDOWS

Wood frames are thicker than aluminum or steel frames; kiln-dried, straightgrain wood, factory-treated with a water-repellant preservative. The wood may be stained, painted, or primed for painting on site.
2.15.6 GLAZING SYSTEMS 1. Face Glazing the setting of small glass panes set in a rabetted frame, held in place with glaziers points, and sealed with a beveled bead of putty or glazing compound.
Glaziers point are metal points that hold a glass pane in a sash until the face putty has hardened. Putty is a compound of whiting and linseed oil, of dough like consistency when fresh, used in securing windowpanes or patching woodwork defects. Face putty is the putty or glazing compound formed on the exterior side of a glass pane. Glazing compound is an adhesive compound used as putty, formulated so as not to become brittle with age.
FACE PUTTY
METAL GLAZIERS POINT
BEDDING OF PUTTY or GLAZING COMPOUND
Glazing 1. Setting glass in an opening. 2. The glass surface of a glazed opening.
2. Wet Glazing is the setting of glass in a window frame with glazing tape or a liquid sealant. Lights more than 6 sqft. (0.56 sq.m.) in area, must be wet- or dry-glazed.
Glazing tape is a preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber, such as butyl or polyisobutylene, having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a watertight seal between glass and frame.
Cap bead or sealant is an adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected into the joint between a glass pane or unit and a window frame, curing to form a watertight seal. Glazing bead or stop is the wood molding or metal section secured against the edge of a glass pane or unit to hold it in place. CAP BEAD or SEALANT Heel bead is an adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected between a glass pane or unit and a glazing bead, curing to form an airtight seal.
GLAZING TAPE
GLAZING BEAD
HEEL BEAD SETTING BLOCK
WEEP HOLE
3.Dry Glazing is the setting of glass in a window frame with a compression gasket instead of glazing tape or a liquid sealant. Compression gasket a preformed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic compressed between a glass pane or unit and a window frame to form a watertight seal and cushion for the glass.
COMPRESSION GASKETS
WEEP HOLE
4. Structural Gasket Glazing Structural gaskets are preformed of synthetic rubber or other elastomeric material to secure a glass pane or unit in a window frame or opening. The gaskets are held in compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the gasket. They require smooth contact surfaces and a frame or opening with exacting dimensional tolerances and true plane alignment. The glass must be supported on at least two sides by the frame or a supported gasket.
5. Glass Setting Tolerances Glazing systems should allow glass units to float in its opening and be cushioned with a resilient glazing material. The perimeter frame, however, must support the glass against wind pressure or suction, and be strong enough that structural movements and thermal stresses are not transferred to the glass.
Glass size is the size of a glass pane or unit required for glazing an opening, allowing for adequate edge clearances. United inches is the sum of one length and one width of a rectangular glass pane or unit measured in inches. Edge blocks of synthetic rubber; they are placed between the side edges of a glass pane or unit and a frame to center it, maintain a uniform width of sealant, and limit lateral movement caused by building vibrations or thermal expansion or contraction: 4 (100 mm) minimum length.
Setting blocks of lead or synthetic rubber; they are placed under the lower edge of a glass pane or unit to support it within a frame; two per panel at quarter points. Setting blocks should be as wide as glass thickness and 0.1 per square foot (25 mm per 0.09 sqm) of glass area in length; 4 (100 mm) minimum.
EDGE BLOCKS
GLASS SIZE SETTING BLOCKS
Face clearance (A) is the distance between the face of a glass pane or unit and the nearest face of its frame or stop, measured normal to the plane of the glass. Bite (B) is the amount of overlap between the edge of a glass pane or unit and a window frame, stop, or lockstrip gasket.
FACE CLEARANCE
BITE
EDGE CLEARANCE
Edge clearance (C) is the distance between the edge of a glass pane or unit and a window frame, measured in the plane of the
Glass Type Sheet Glass SS DS Plate Glass (6) 3/8 (10) (13) Insulating Glass (13) 5/8 (16) (20) 1 (25) A 1/16 (2) 1/8 (3) 1/8 (3) 3/16 (5) (6) 1/8 (3) 1/8 (3) 3/16 (5) 3/16 (5) B (6) (6) 3/8 (10) 7/16 (11) 7/16 (11) (13) (13) (13) (13) C 1/8 (3) 1/8 (3) (6) 5/16 (8) 3/8 (10) 1/8 (3) 1/8 (3) (6) (6)
2.16 SKYLIGHTS
Skylights are horizontal glazed openings in a roof to allow daylight to enter an interior space from above. Glazing may be of acrylic or polycarbonate plastic or of wired, laminated, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered glass.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction Types of Wood Framing Systems Joints & Splicing Timber Connectors Masonry Walls CHB Wall Construction On Grade Construction Concrete Piers on Isolated Footing Posts Wood Floor Framing System & Floor Finishes Wall Framing System & Wall Finishes Ceiling Framing System & Ceiling Finishes Wood Roof Framing System & Roofing Wood Stairs Doors & Accessories Windows & Accessories Skylights 2.16
Skylight Requirements: Maximum area is limited by Building Code requirements. The minimum slope for flat or corrugated plastic skylights is 4:12. Plastic domes should rise at least 10% of the span or at least 5 (125 mm). When glass is used, wire screening is required to be installed below the glazing to prevent the glass, if broken, from falling and injuring building occupants below. The frames for skylights and sloped glazing systems should incorporate an internal guttering system to collect and drain infiltrating water and condensation through weep holes to the exterior.
2.16.1 SKYLIGHT FORMS
2.16.2 SKYLIGHT DETAIL
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
END

Building Construction Part-2

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Building Construction Part-2

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II

WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION

2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION

Wood Frame & Light RC 2.0 Construction

2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING

Easement Eased Edge

4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)

Stub Tenon BLIND MORTISE

Articulate KEYED JOINT DRAWBORE BRIDLE JOINT

MITER JOINT SHOULDER MITER

TONGUE AND GROOVE

COMMON WOOD JOINTS FOR FURNITURE

VARIATIONS OF LAP JOINTS

VARIATIONS OF MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

A. Splices for Compression

Scabs or Fish Plates

2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS

GLASS BLOCK STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE BRICK

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL CONSTITUENCY

CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION

2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB

2.5.3 WALL FOOTING

To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used:

2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS

2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE

2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS

2.6.3 GRADE BEAMS

CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS

WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS

2.8.1 TYPES OF WOOD POSTS/COLUMNS

WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS

2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FLOOR FINISHES

2.9.2 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS

2.9.3 FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS/GIRDERS

B. Cement Flooring and Cement Tile Flooring

C. Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile Flooring

2.10 PARTITION WALL FRAMING SYSTEM & PARTITION WALL FINISHES

Exterior Walls Constructed in the Shape of a Bay Window

2.10.1 WOOD WALL FINISHES

BOARD AND BOARD

2.11 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM

2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING

2.12.1 ROOF TERMINOLOGY and TYPES OF ROOF

2.12.2 RAFTER FRAMING

B. Rafter Framing for Gable Roofs

The main components of a gable rafter framing system are:

RIDGE BOARD COMMON RAFTERS COLLAR TIES

C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs

The main components of a hip rafter framing system are:

Panel Length Peak

Truss Plate Top Chord Heel Web

Continuous Lateral Brace

Bottom Chord Bearing Point

Splice Panel Point

Span (Out to Out of Bearings) Overhang Bottom Chord Length

2.12.4 TYPES OF TRUSSES

B. METAL SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I. sheets)

C. BATTEN SEAM ROOFING (using plain G.I. sheets)

D.CLAY / CEMENT TILE ROOFING

KINDS OF ROOF CLAY TILES

ROOF CLAY TILE CONSTRUCTION

2.13 WOOD STAIRS