As a titular figurehead whose role is only symbolic.

As a leader who takes responsibility of getting things done by inspiring and motivating his people. As a liaison agent who interacts with social networks for business development and other related activities. As a control monitor who controls the organizational activities. As an information disseminator who relays information from top down and bottom up.

As a communicator/ spokesperson who communicates with the environment. As an entrepreneur who hunts for opportunities and initiates changes. As a troubleshooter who solves organizational problems and does midcourse corrections. As an allocator of resource. As a negotiator who manages deals for the organization

Scheduled Reports: These are reports generated regularly. They contain latest information and help the manager to understand and analyze the information in the context of the recent past. On-Demand Reports: These types of reports are unscheduled in nature and are created when the managers need such reports. They help in analyzing a particular issue in a greater degree of granularity.

Exception Reports: are special reports which indicate to the manager that some control needs to be exercised to bring an issue under control. Predictive Reports: These are special reports , which gave the manager a sneak preview of the future. These reports give a scenario of the future and are very useful for the purpose of planning.

Summary reports: These are general reports, which aggregate data and provide a summarized information to the manager so that he may get a macro view of an issue. Regulatory and statutory reports: These reports are created under the obligations to follow rules and statues. These are for external consumption or information needs of regulatory bodies.

The decision making process includes the following stages: Identification and structuring of problem: One needs information to identify a problem and put it in a structured manner. Putting the problem in a context: Without information about the context in which the problem has occurred, one cannot take any decision on it. In a way , the context defines the problem.

Generation of alternatives:
Information is a key ingredient in the generation of alternatives for decision-making.

Choice of the best alternative: Based on

the information about he suitability of the alternatives, a choice is made to select the best alternative.

Data Repository: This is a subsystem which is at the core of any information system. These structures are arranged in a way that helps in faster storage and retrieval of data with adequate security. User Interface: This subsystem handles the interaction of the system with the user and hence it has to manage issues related to the display of data on an output medium.

Network: This subsystem ensures communication between the different entities of an information system. Computer Hardware: An IT infrastructure is needed in an effective manner. System Software : Some basic software is required for the efficient functioning of information system. Input/Output: I/O must be user independent.

Business rule(process) : This is a set rules which governs how a system should function to imitate the real business process. Algorithm/program/ application software: This is the actual invisible component, which integrates all the components. The logic is defined in the program.

Timeliness Presentation Accuracy Context Expectation

An efficient information system is the most important tool that helps the firms to increase its revenue or decrease costs by providing valuable information to the firm. Every business has its Business Information Value Chain from which valuable information is obtained.

Supply Chain Mngmt

Enterprise Mngmt

Customer Mngmt

Knowledge Mngmt

Data Collection and storage

Transformation into business systems

Dissemination

Firms profitability and decision making

Modelling and decision making

Planning

Coordinating

Controlling

There are 2 approaches: TECHNICAL &

BEHAVIOURAL
Management Science

Computer Science

Operations Research

MIS
Sociology Psychology Economics

Disciplines like computer science, management science and operations research lead to technical approach. Computer science helps in establishing theories and methods of computations. It also provides methods for efficient storage and access of data in the information system. The field of management science is related to operations research as it provides models and common analytical methods for decisionmaking and management practices.

It concentrates on behavioural issues such as changes in organizational policies, management and behaviour, that occur while developing and maintaining the information systems. Psychologists study information systems from the perspective of how decision makers comprehend and make use of the available information. Sociologists study information systems from the viewpoint of how groups and organizations , and how the systems affect people, groups and organizations. Economists study information systems from the viewpoint of how they impact the cost and control structures within an organization and within global markets.

From the socio-technical view the information system is a combination of both the technical and the social systems used in the production. The optimal performance of an organization is obtained by optimizing the technical and social systems together. As the technology advances , the technology used must be changed and the redesigned in order to fit as per the needs of the organizations and individuals.

I950-60 : 1960-70 : 1970-80 : 1980-90 : 1990-2000:

Data Processing Management Reporting Decision Support Strategic and End User Support Electronic Business and commerce

Organizational designing is the process of structuring an organization, department or division to optimize its performance and improve the growth prospects. New options for organizational Design are Flattening Organizations: It provide optimal hierarchies that help in balancing the load of decision making. It provides more decisionmaking authority to the lower level employees, and the number of levels as well as the employees in the organizational hierarchies is reduced

Separating work from location: The new organizational design has changed the way of doing different types of work in different situation. The factor of distance has been completely eliminated with the help of communication technology. Increasing Flexibility: By flexibility we mean organization is adaptable to diverse situations. An organization faces threats and new changes constantly

Reorganizing Workflow: Reorganized workflows help organizations to improve their efficiency by automating the manual tasks. Redefining organizational Boundaries: The emerging digital firm has made it possible to operate the businesses beyond the organizational boundaries.

The information systems investment challenge The strategic Business Challenge The Globalization Challenge IT infrastructure Challenge The ethics and security Challenge

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