DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY II & III (VMED 5127, Fall 2005) - EARLY CHANGES IN THE EMBRYONIC DISK OBJECTIVES: After

completing this unit the student should be able to: Discuss the significance of the embryonic disk. Describe the formation of endoderm. Describe the formation of the notochord. Discuss the structures associated with the establishment of the mesodermal layer and their significance. Discuss the spread of mesoderm. Discuss the establishment of the ectodermal layer. Discuss the general significance of the germ layers in regard to what they will differentiate into in the adult. Describe the formation of the neural tube and discuss its significance. Discuss the formation of paraxial mesoderm (= somites) and their significance. Discuss the location and significance of intermediate and lateral mesoderm. Describe the formation of the coelom and discuss its significance. RESOURCES: 1. Moore, K.L., and Persaud, T.V.N., 1998. The Developing Human, 6th Ed., pp. 47-82. 2. Noden, D.M., and de Lahunta, A., 1985. The Embryology of Domestic Animals, pp. 31-40.

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

A. The embryonic disk 1. Definition 2. Significance B. Establishment of the germ layers (gastrulation) 1. Endoderm a. Migration of hypoblasts (primitive endoderm) b. Early yolk sac (extraembryonic entoderm) 2. Mesoderm a. Primitive node (primitive knot) b. Primitive streak c. Primitive pit d. Primitive groove e. Notochord (notochordal process) f. Migration and spread of mesoderm g. Intraembryonic vs. extraembryonic mesoderm h. Significance and fate of notochord and primitive streak 3. Ectoderm (intra- versus extraembryonic) C. General significance of germ layers 1. Ectoderm - differentiates into covering of body, nervous tissue, etc. 2. Mesoderm - differentiates into connective tissues, muscle, bone, etc. 3. Endoderm - differentiates into lining of tubular digestive system, hepatocytes, etc.

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

D. Formation of the neural tube 1. Neural plate 2. Neural groove 3. Neural folds 4. Neural crest 5. Significance E. Mesodermal structures 1. Paraxial mesoderm, i.e., somites a. Dermatomes b. Myotomes c. Sclerotomes 2. Intermediate mesoderm 3. Lateral mesoderm 4. Formation of the Coelom I. Splitting of the lateral mesoderm a. Somatic mesoderm b. Splanchnic mesoderm II. Somatopleure III. Splanchnopleure IV. Significance of the coelom 5. Significance

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

A. The embryonic disk, i.e., the embryoblast and extraembryonic membranes 1. Definition: Accumulation of blastomers (micro- and macromers, i.e., epi- and hypoblast or ecto- and entoblast) 2. Significance: Stem cells for the formation of the embryo and the yolk sac, the amnion, the chorion as well as the allantois

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

B. Establishment of the germ layers (Gastrulation) a. Primitive streak b. Primitive node (primitive knot) c. Primitive pit d. Primitive groove 1. Endoderm a. Migration of hypoblasts (primitive endoderm) b. Early yolk sac 2. Mesoderm a. Notochord (notochordal process) b. Migration and spread of mesoderm I. paraxial II. intermediate III. lateral c. Intraembryonic vs. extraembryonic (lateral) mesoderm d. Significance and fate of notochord and primitive streak 3. Ectoderm

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Gastrulation (1): Epiblast (= ectoblast) a. Primitive streak b. Primitive node (primitive knot) c. Primitive pit d. Primitive groove

Transverse

Longitudinal

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Gastrulation (2): Migration and spread of mesoderm I. paraxial II. intermediate III. lateral Intraembryonic vs. extraembryonic (lateral) mesoderm

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Gastrulation (3)

Drawing of a pig embryo about 12 days old. The ends of the long blastocyst have been cut off.

C. General significance of germ layers (stem cells of tissues) 1. Ectoderm differentiates into covering of body, nervous tissue, etc. 2. Mesoderm differentiates into connective tissues, muscle, bone, etc. 3. Endoderm differentiates into lining of tubular digestive system, hepatocytes, etc., as well as of the tubular system of the larynx, trachea, and lungs, and others.

Redrawn by Dr. D. J. Hillmann, 2004

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

D. Formation of the neural tube, i.e., neurulation: Organisator/inductor: Notochord! 1. Neural plate (head and trunk) 2. Neural groove 3. Neural folds 4. Neural tube with the rostral and the caudal neuroporus 5. Neural crest (head and trunk) 6. Significance: A: Neural tube: CNS, i.e., brain and spinal cord B: Neural crest: PNS, i.e., spinal ganglia, peripheral nerves with neura and Schwann cells, sympathetic nerves, melanocytes, Merkel cells, sacral part of the parasympathetic nervous system, neural crest cells in various organs and vessels.

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Neurulation: Formation of the neural tube and somite formation

Drawings from transverse sections of pig embryos to show the formation and the early differentiation of somites: (A) Beginning of somite formation; (B) seven-somite embryo.

E. Mesodermal structures 1. Somites a. Dermatomes b. Myotomes c. Sclerotomes d. Somitocoel 2. Intermediate mesoderm a. Kidneys b. Genital ridge 3. Lateral mesoderm a. parietal b. visceral c. Coelom 4. Formation of the celom a. Splitting of the lateral mesoderm b. Somatopleure, i.e., the parietal pleura, the parietal pericardium serosum, and the parietal peritonaeum as well as the internal fascia of the trunc, i.e. the somatic mesoderm c. Splanchnopleure, i.e., visceral serosa and splanchnic mesoderm

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

E. Mesodermal structures 1. Somites a. Dermatomes b. Myotomes c. Sclerotomes 2. Intermediate mesoderm 3. Lateral mesoderm a. parietal b. visceral

F. Significance 1a. Dermis, subcutis, Fascia trunci externa 1b. Skeletal muscles 1c. Cartilages and bones of the trunk and the of the base of the skull, as well as of the limbs 2. Kidneys, gonads, ducts, etc. 3a. Fascia trunci interna, parietal serosa 3b. Visceral serosa, Tunica muscularis, Tela submucosa, Lamina muscularis mucosae, Lamina propria mucosae 4. Intraembryonic coelom: Cavum pleurae, Cavum pericardii, Cavum peritonaei Extraembryonic celom: replaced by the allantois and by the amnion with the growing embryo inside

4. Formation of the coelom Splitting of the lateral mesoderm I. Somatic mesoderm (Somatopleure) II. Splanchnic mesoderm (Splanchnopleure)

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Derivatives of the somites, i.e. the segmental paraxial mesoderm: a) Ventromedial: Sclerotome b) Dorsolateral: Dermatomyotome b 1) Dermatome (superficial): Dermis, Subcutis, external fascia of the trunk b 2) Myotome (deep): Myoblasts, forming myotubes, developing into sceletal muscle cells (striated), postmitotic cells

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Sclerotome: Resegmentation of the caudal and the following cranial part of the sclerotome forming a vertebra

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Derivatives of the somites, i.e., of the sclerotome, of the myotome and of the dermatome, as well as of the somatic mesoderm

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Some questions: 1) The three germ layers in an embryo are: a) epidermis, dermis, and subcutis b) epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium c) ectoderm, mesoderm, and entoderm 2) The development of the stem cells of the nerve tissue (neurulation) is induced by: a) notochord b) entoderm c) primitive streak 3) The three parts of the germ layer in-between the ectoderm and the entoderm are: a) the dorsal, the lateral, and the cranial mesenchyme b) the paraxial, intermediate, and the lateral mesoderm c) the inner, the outer, and the extraembryonic cell mass 4) The space in-between the somatopleure and the splanchnopleure is: a) the primitive gut b) the celom c) the yolk sac 5) The three parts of the segmented paraxial mesoderm (somite) are: a) the sclerotome, the myotome, and the dermatome b) the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the entoderm c) the epiblast, the mesoblast, and the endoblast

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Some more questions: 6) The skeletal muscles are characterized by a) the striation b) the innervation c) the size 7) The splanchnic mesoderm will provide a) the nerve cells of the gut b) the epithelium of the gut c) the connective and muscular tissues as well as the serosa of the gut 8) The sclerotome cells will develop into a) the bones of the trunc b) the bones of the heart and in the penis c) the bones of the jaws 9) The nervous tissue derives from a) entodermal stem cells b) mesoderm stem cells c) ectodermal stem cells 10) The development of the fertilized ovum into an embryo is divided (for descriptive purposes) into a) gastrulation, neurulation, and cleavage b) cleavage, neurulation, and gastrulation c) cleavage, gastrulation, and neurulation

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005

Some answers: 1c 2a 3b 4b 5a

6b 7c 8a 9c 10 c
Redrawn by Dr. D. J. Hillmann, 2004

Dr. H. Bragulla, DVM, Ph. D., 2005