DRUG USE IN GERIATRY

Susanti

Geriatric Age-Related Physiological, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Poor vs. good Changes or adequate nutrition

Smoking vs. quit smoking vs. never a smoker Acute or chronic diseases vs. good health Acute or chronic drug therapy vs. no drug use Couch potato vs. lifelong habit of exercise Institutionalized vs. living independently at home
Absorption : Changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and transdermal Distribution : cardiac output, protein binding. Metabolism : Reduction in Hepatic Reserve and Hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Exretion : changes in renal function

Effects of Aging on Absorption

Rate of absorption may be

delayed
Lower peak concentration Delayed time to peak

concentration
Overall amount absorbed

(bioavailability) is unchanged

Hepatic First-Pass Metabolism

For drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism,

bioavailability may increase because less drug is extracted by the liver

Decreased liver mass Decreased liver blood flow

Effects of Aging on Volume of Distribution (Vd)

Aging Effect
body water lean body mass fat stores

Vd Effect

Examples

Vd for hydrophilic ethanol, lithium drugs Vd for for drugs that bind to muscle Vd for lipophilic drugs digoxin diazepam, trazodone

plasma protein (albumin)

plasma protein (1-acid glycoprotein)

% of unbound or free drug (active)

% of unbound or free drug (active)

diazepam, valproic acid, phenytoin, warfarin

quinidine, propranolol, erythromycin, amitriptyline

Aging Effects on Hepatic Metabolism

Metabolic clearance of drugs by the liver may be

reduced due to:

decreased hepatic blood flow decreased liver size and mass

Examples: morphine, meperidine, metoprolol,

propranolol, verapamil, amitryptyline, nortriptyline

Estimating GFR in the Elderly

Creatinine clearance (CrCl) is used to estimate

glomerular rate Serum creatinine alone not accurate in the elderly

lean body mass lower creatinine production
glomerular filtration rate

Serum creatinine stays in normal range, masking

change in creatinine clearance

Determining Creatinine Clearance

Measure Time consuming Requires 24 hr urine collection
Estimate Cockroft Gault equation

(IBW in kg) x (140-age) ------------------------------ x (0.85 for females) 72 x (Scr in mg/dL)

Pharmacodynamics (PD)
Definition: the time course and intensity of

pharmacologic effect of a drug Age-related changes:

sensitivity to sedation and psychomotor

impairment with benzodiazepines level and duration of pain relief with narcotic agents drowsiness and lateral sway with alcohol HR response to beta-blockers sensitivity to anti-cholinergic agents cardiac sensitivity to digoxin

PK and PD Summary
PK and PD changes generally result in decreased

clearance and increased sensitivity to medications in older adults Use of lower doses, longer intervals, slower titration are helpful in decreasing the risk of drug intolerance and toxicity Careful monitoring is necessary to ensure successful outcomes

Optimal Pharmacotherapy
Balance between overprescribing and

underprescribing

Correct drug Correct dose Targets appropriate condition Is appropriate for the patient

Avoid a pill for every ill Always consider non-pharmacologic therapy

Consequences of Overprescribing
Adverse drug events (ADEs)
Drug interactions Duplication of drug therapy Decreased quality of life Unnecessary cost Medication non-adherence

Adverse Drug Events (ADEs)

Responsible for 5-28% of

acute geriatric hospital admissions Greater than 95% of ADEs in the elderly are considered predictable and approximately 50% are considered preventable Most errors occur at the ordering and monitoring stages

Most Common Medications Associated with ADEs in the Elderly

Opioid analgesics NSAIDs Anticholinergics Benzodiazepines

Also: cardiovascular agents, CNS agents, and

musculoskeletal agents
Adverse Drug Reaction Risk Factors in Older Outpatients. Am J Ger Pharmacotherapy 2003;1(2):82-89.

Patient Risk Factors for ADEs

Polypharmacy Multiple co-morbid conditions Prior adverse drug event Low body weight or body mass index Age > 85 years Estimated CrCl <50 mL/min

Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs)

May lead to adverse drug events

Likelihood as number of medications

Most common DDIs: cardiovascular drugs psychotropic drugs Most common drug interaction effects: confusion cognitive impairment hypotension acute renal failure

Common Drug-Disease Interactions

Combination
NSAIDs + CHF Thiazolidinediones + CHF

Risk
Fluid retention; CHF exacerbation

BPH + anticholinergics CCB + constipation Narcotics + constipation Anticholinergics + constipation

Metformin + CHF NSAIDs + gastropathy NSAIDs + HTN

Urinary retention Exacerbation of constipation

Hypoxia; increased risk of lactic acidosis Increased ulcer and bleeding risk Fluid retention; decreased effectiveness of diuretics

Principles of Prescribing in the Elderly

Avoid prescribing prior to diagnosis
Start with a low dose and titrate slowly Avoid starting 2 agents at the same time Reach therapeutic dose before switching or adding

agents Consider non-pharmacologic agents

Prescribing Appropriately
Determine therapeutic endpoints and plan for

assessment Consider risk vs. benefit Avoid prescribing to treat side effect of another drug Use 1 medication to treat 2 conditions Consider drug-drug and drug-disease interactions Use simplest regimen possible Adjust doses for renal and hepatic impairment Avoid therapeutic duplication Use least expensive alternative

Non-Adherence
Rate may be as high as 50% in the elderly Factors in non-adherence
Financial, cognitive, or functional status Beliefs and understanding about disease and

medications

Nonadherence
Lack of understanding of how to take
High risk times: Hospital discharge, new meds

added, complex regimens

Unable to take Conscious nonadherence
Side effects Lack of understanding of benefits of drug Financial

UCSF Division of Geriatrics Primary Care Lecture Series May 2001

Enhancing Medication Adherence

Avoid newer, more expensive medications that

are not shown to be superior to less expensive generic alternatives Simplify the regimen Utilize pill organizers or drug calendars Educate patient on medication purpose, benefits, safety, and potential ADEs

Summary
Successful pharmacotherapy means using the

correct drug at the correct dose for the correct indication in an individual patient Age alters PK and PD ADEs are common among the elderly Risk of ADEs can be minimized by appropriate prescribing

Case 1
A 73 y/o woman is seen for a routine visit:
Blood pressure is 134/84 mmHg and HgbA1c is 8.1%
Metformin is increased to 500mg bid and other daily

medications are continued: amlodipine 5mg qd, timolol ophthalmic 1 drop ou bid, aspirin 81mg qd, and calcium citrate 500mg qd
At 6 month follow-up, blood pressure is 130/82

mmHg, finger stick BS is 93 mg/dL, and HgbA1c is 9.2%

Case 1
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the increase in HgA1c?
Incorrect choice of antidiabetic medication Inadequate dose of antidiabetic medication

Long-term non-adherence with medication

Altered pharmacokinetics Altered drug absorption