PRE CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS

SUBMITTED BY: PRIYAMVADA FULETRA05 KALINDI KANHERE-06 BIJAL MEWADA-07 NIYAMAT NAGORI-09 SNEHA SHETH-19 F.S.B.ARCH V (200910)

PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION:

The concept of precast (also known as prefabricated) construction includes those buildings where the majority of structural components are standardized and produced in plants in a location away from the building, and then transported to the site for assembly. These components are manufactured by industrial methods based on mass production in order to build a large number of buildings in a short time at low cost. The main features of this construction process are as follows The division and specialization of the human workforce. The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the production of standard, interchangeable parts and products. This type of construction requires a restructuring of the entire conventional construction process to enable interaction between the design phase and production planning in order to improve and speed up the construction. One of the key premises for achieving that objective is to design buildings with a regular configuration in plan and elevation. Designers should from the very commencement of the project consider the possibilities, restrictions & advantages of precast concrete, its detailing, manufacturer, transport, erection & serviceability stages before completing a design in precast concrete. This all combined can affect the cost a lot.

Every construction material & system has its own characteristics which influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. Same holds true for precast concrete , not only in comparison to steel, wood, & masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in-situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way that the completed precast structure has the same monolithic concept as a in-situ one. However, this approach is very labour intensive & costly. If the full advantages of precast concrete are to be realized, the structure should be conceived according to its specific design requisites.

CATEGORIES OF PRECAST BUILDING SYSTEMS

Depending on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be divided into the following categories: Large-panel systems Frame systems Slab-column systems with walls Mixed systems

Pictures indicating buildings which have used precast panels and pre cast blocks as building materials. These were used as the time factor was to be given maximum importance. The

ADVANTAGES OF PRE ENGINEERED BUILDINGS OVER CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS PEB BUILDINGS CONVENTIONAL BUILDING
Aesthetically pleasing appearance Special aesthetic design required Reduced time because of international design Increased design time due to scratch and standards & codes using standard sections and availability of less design aids connections Higher resistance to seismic forces due to low weight flexible frames 30% less PEB steel structures weight through efficient use of steel Factory controlled quality Rigid heavy weight structures not suitable for seismic zones High weight due to excessive safety factor and the usage of heavier steel sections Every project to be fabricated at site

Lower initial cost of per steel buildings(cost per Special design and features developed for each square meter about 30% less than the project at higher costs conventional) and faster delivery Simple Foundation, easy to construct and light Extensive heavy foundation weight of PEB structures Average delivery time 6-8 weeks Average delivery time 22-28 weeks

DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE BUILDING SYSTEMS:

System building is less flexible in its design concept than purpose-made structures. Very large sized members can not be cast monolithically, it creates problems in transporting them and are very heavy. Structural connection between the precast concrete units can present both design & contractual problems.

1. LARGE-PANEL SYSTEMS

The designation large-panel system refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure. Both vertical and horizontal panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these horizontal elements act as diaphragms that transfer the lateral loads to the walls. Depending on the wall layout, there are three basic configurations of large-panel buildings: Cross-wall system. The main walls that resist gravity and lateral loads are placed in the short direction of the building. Longitudinal-wall system. The walls resisting gravity and lateral loads are placed in the longitudinal direction. Two-way system. The walls are placed in both directions. Panel connections represent the key structural components in these systems. Based on their location within a building, these connections can be classified into vertical and horizontal joints. Vertical joints connect the vertical faces of adjoining wall panels and primarily resist vertical seismic shear forces. Horizontal joints connect the horizontal faces of the adjoining wall and floor panels and resist both gravity and seismic loads. Depending on the construction method, these joints can be classified as wet and dry. Wet joints are constructed with castin-place concrete poured between the precast panels. To ensure structural continuity, protruding reinforcing bars from the

A large-panel concrete building under construction

2. FRAME SYSTEMS:

Precast concrete frames involve an entire structure being fabricated off-site. In addition, structural components can be supplied for incorporation into a structure on-site. Frames can simultaneously achieve both structural and decorative design requirements - a wide variety of mixes, colours and finishes can be accommodated. Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column sub assemblages. Precast beam-column sub assemblages have the advantage that the connecting faces between the sub assemblages can be placed away from the critical frame regions; however, linear elements are generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and erecting spatial elements. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beamcolumn connections are used in some cases, when the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beamcolumn joint needs to be ensured. Precast reinforced concrete frame with cruciform and linear beam elements is an example of a frame system with precast beam-column sub assemblages. The load-bearing structure consists of a precast reinforced concrete space frame and precast floor slabs. The space frame is constructed using two main modular elements: a cruciform element and a linear beam element. The cruciform element consists of the transverse frame

3. SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS WITH SHEAR WALLS:

These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this category: Lift-slab system with walls Pre-stressed slab-column system The load-bearing structure consists of precast reinforced concrete columns and slabs. Precast columns are usually two stories high. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, one on top of the other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The slab panels are lifted to the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position. Temporary supports are used to keep the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has been achieved. In the connections, the steel bars (dowels) that project from the edges of the slabs are welded to the dowels of the adjacent components and transverse reinforcement bars are installed in place. The connections are then filled with concrete that is poured at the site. Most buildings of this type have some kind of lateral loadresisting elements, mainly consisting of cast-in-place or precast shear walls, etc. In case lateral load-resisting elements (shear walls, etc.) are not present, the lateral load path depends on the ability of the slab-column connections to transfer bending moments. When the connections have been poorly constructed, this is not possible, and the lateral load path may be incomplete.

PRE - CAST STRUCTURAL FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEM 1) HOLLOW CORE SLABS
Hollow core Slabs are Produced using patented dry Cast or extrusion systems Where very low slum Concrete forced through a Machine. The concrete is Compacted around cores Formed with augers or tubes. The continuous slab voids can be used as Heating/cooling ducts and as raceways for electrical wiring. Hollow core slabs reduce Sound transmission and vibrations between floors and eliminate floor squeaks.

APPLICATION
Hollow core slabs can be used for most applications requiring a solid floor or roof system. Schools, office buildings, condominiums, hotels, senior citizen's apartments, commercial buildings and educational facilities are all ideal applications. For hotels, motels and apartments, the hollow core slabs are oriented to either span between load bearing shear walls or to span from a central corridor to the exterior walls.

MANUFACTURING
For efficiency, slabs are cast on long line beds, normally 100 m to 200 m long (300 ft to 600 ft). Slabs are then cross-cut at 90 to the exact length for each project. Angle cuts are possible. The most economical building layout is achieved when the

USE OF SLAB VOIDS

Hollow core slabs are cast with continuous voids to reduce cost and weight. When properly coordinated for alignment, the voids in the hollow core can be used as electrical or mechanical ducts. Thermal mass - slabs detailed to distribute heated air through the cores can be used as the thermal mass in a passive solar application. Termodeck - the circular voids in precast concrete hollow core flooring and roof slabs are connected to air-handling ducts, that constantly pump clean fresh air into the building, expelling the old air, and radiating warm air in the winter and cool air in the summer. Finished ceiling - hollow core, cast on smooth steel forms, has a finished underside. The underside of slabs can be used as a finished ceiling as installed by applying textured paint or an acoustical spray.

BEARING SUPPORTS FOR HOLLOW CORE

Hollow core slabs can be supported on many types of structural systems designed to carry the required dead and live loads. Precast beams, precast walls, poured concrete beams and walls, masonry walls, insulated concrete forming system walls, wood and steel stud walls and structural steel beams are all suitable for use as load bearing systems with hollow core slabs . The minimum bearing width is 75 mm (3 in). Hollow core in double bearing on a beam or wall will require at least a 150 mm (6 in) wide bearing surface.

CONNECTIONS TO MASONRY/ STEEL/ PRECAST

2) DOUBLE TEE SLABS

Double tee slabs are produced on long line casting beds, normally 100 m to 150m long (300 ft to 450 ft). Bulkheads are placed to form the required double tee length for individual projects. Pre-tensioning strands and carbon steel reinforcement and connection hardware are placed in the form to suit individual slab requirements prior to placing the concrete.

APPLICATIONS Double tee slabs can be used for most applications requiring a long span floor or roof
system (10m to 30+ m) and/or additional load carrying capability. Double tee slabs are resistant to moisture and corrosion. Parking garages, office buildings, commercial buildings, gymnasiums, pool roofs, food processing plants, paper mills, industrial buildings, and sewage and water treatment plants are all ideal applications.

PRE STRESSING
Double tee slabs are pre-stressed. This allows for longer spans, shallow depth and the ability to carry heavy loads. This also permits better space planning and a lower floor/floor height. Lengthening the span may be economical (fewer slabs to make and install). Maximum span/depth ratios of 40 are recommended for floors. The load capacity is a function of the double tee cross-section, the amount of Pre-stressing provided and the location of the pre-stressing.

BEARING SUPPORTS FOR DOUBLE TEE SLABS

Double tee slabs can be supported on many types of supports designed to carry the required dead and live loads. Precast beams, precast walls, poured concrete beams and walls, masonry walls, insulated concrete forming system walls and structural steel beams are all suitable for use with double tee slabs as load bearing systems.

TOP SURFACE PREPARATION

Untopped double tee slabs are generally used for roof applications and some parking garage floors. The top surface of Untopped double tee slabs is screeded off and finished with a wood float. Double tee floor slabs in buildings require a 50 mm to 75 mm cast-in place topping depending on the floor loading and embedded conduit to be installed. The top surface of double tee slabs receiving concrete topping is rough broomed to allow bonding of the topping to the double tees.

FIRE RESISTANCE
Double tee slabs provide excellent fire resistance. Depending on slab thickness and strand cover, fire ratings of 1 to 2 hour endurance can be readily achieved. A fire rating is dependent on equivalent thickness for heat transmission, concrete cover over the pre-stressing strands for strength and end restraint.

 After erecting the slabs and columns of a story, the columns and floor slabs are pre-stressed by means of pre-stressing tendons that pass through ducts in the columns at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slabs. After pre-stressing, the gaps between the slabs are filled with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns at appropriate locations.

ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE BLOCKS WALLS:

Pre cast concrete blocks are also available. These are manufactured by vibrating a stiff concrete mixture into metal molds, immediately turning it out wet onto a rack (so that the mold can be reused immediately) at a rate of 1000 or more units per hour - Racks are cured at an accelerated rate by subjecting them to steam, either at the atmospheric pressure or for faster curing at higher pressure. After the units are steam cured, the units are dried to a specific moisture content, and bundled in wooded crates for shipping to the construction site. As concrete is weak in tension, so, reinforcements are required to strengthen the wall for resistance against shear and earthquake forces. Two types of reinforcement patterns are used ladder reinforcement and truss reinforcement. LAYING OF CONCRETE BLOCKS IN WALLS: Mortar used in stone masonry is identical to the one used in brick masonry construction. Only the face shells of the block are mortared with the webs unsupported. Concrete masonry is often reinforced with horizontal reinforcement steel, introduced as welded grids of small diameter steel rods, that are laid onto the bed joints, at the desired vertical intervals and are often reinforced with steel to increase its load bearing capacity and its resistance to cracking.

Typical Shape

Bond beam

Truss arrangement

Ladder arrangement

PRODUCTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE

Precast concrete is produced on steel pallets. The production is done by a circulating system. Each precast concrete part is produced individually.

1. DRAWING THE LAYING PLAN

The walls and element slabs are designed on a CAD system. These data are read by the host computer and transformed into machine data. The host computer controls the complete system.

The sheeting consists of steel profiles, which bond on the steel pallet by means of strong magnets. The sheeting is set by a sheeting robot.

2. THE REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement is specially welded to size for each wide slab. The reinforcement is placed either manually or by means of machine. Electrical boxes, empty pipes etc, are placed manually.

3. THE CONCRETING
The concrete is very precisely distributed over the whole surface by the concreting machine. The concrete is distributed in the right quantity on the right place.

4. STORAGE IN THE DRYING ROOM

The steel tables are stored in a drying room. It is constantly kept at the correct temperature with the exact relative humidity, taking the required concrete strength into account.

5. FORM REMOVAL
After some hours in the drying room the element becomes sufficiently hardened for form removal transportation.

6. TRANSPORTATION
The formwork is dismantled and the elements are lifted off and transported to the site. TRANSPORTATION IS DONE BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEHICALS Vertical transport with carriage Vertical transport with container Horizontal transport

FROM DELIVERY TO PLACING

UNLOADING
The wide slabs are taken by site crane from the lorry and usually put in position according to the laying plan. To avoid damaging the flat underside the slabs are laid on two squared timbers which are just as long as the slab. The supports must be applied before the wide slabs are placed. Sufficiently long hoisting cables must be used to an angle of at least 60.

PRE- ENGINEERED BUILDING

WHY PEB BUILDINGS Such buildings are detailed and designed in advance and manufactured in a quality controlled environment. Every manufacturing operation is carried out through advanced technologies such as sophisticated welding techniques, standardization of components, etc. Pre engineered construction system also facilitates mass production. The construction is faster than the conventional method. India has tropical climate that provides good insulation effects a suitable one for PEB. CONSTRUCTION OF A PRE-FABRICATED STEEL BUILDING OR PRE It is ideal for construction in remote and hilly areas

ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDING

Pre-engineered or pre-fabricated buildings are constructed by assembling built up sections of the steel building on the sites. A pre-fabricated steel building is used by residential, industrial, or commercial establishments. These steel made buildings are constructed with transportable factory built modules or built-up units and the whole building is completed on site. The pre-fabricated preferred for being less expensive and maintenance free. There are many types associated steel buildings are also called modular homes or manufactured homes. Though these buildings are made in parts. This type of metal construction can be used to build up homes, outhouses, class rooms, storage, garage, museum, etc. Pre-fabricated steel buildings can be built with structural accessories like canopies, interior partitions, fascias, mezzanine floors etc. These buildings are made water tight.

The pre-fabricated steel buildings are made of these components: Main framing or vertical columns for flooring, Purlins, grits, and eave struts for the painting and other finishing works, Sheeting and insulation or prefab panels used for false ceiling, and Brick and cement board walls for miscellaneous services.

The pre-fabricated steel buildings are of two types: Manufactured homes- buildings which are built by transporting and assembling of factory made modules on the construction site. These are also called modular homes. Portable pre-engineered buildings- these steel buildings are made on wheels so that they can move from place to place. These are called mobile homes.

PRE-CAST CONCRETE PARTS

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING SYSTEM The various elements of a construction planned in in situ concrete in order to have them produced as pre-cast concrete parts which, then, only need to be assembled at the construction site. This system is called "Pre-cast parts with in situ concrete finishing". After these parts have been assembled, the building they form is considered to be statically as worthy and stable as constructions built monolithically. They are generally called 'pre-cast concrete parts'.

Can be deconstructed any geometrical element of a building into pre-cast concrete parts and reassemble it at the construction site. Area of application of such technology is in residential and

Office Building in Belgium

ADVANTAGES
Building with pre-cast concrete elements opens up the opportunity to have a separate production because a part of the required products can be stored ahead of time no matter at what stage the construction is. Pre-casting takes place in work sheds and therefore weather conditions are irrelevant. Pre-cast concrete parts have a different rate of production than at the construction site. One could therefore stock supply and only deliver the amount required to the construction site. This production technology is extremely precise when it comes to measuring. As a result, the usually prescribed width of the fixed concrete layer can be reduced. The steel reinforcement can be built exactly to requirement and therefore used optimally. The finished construction is built with a high level of precision.

 Due to a so called "all round calculation" the normally statically required reinforcement can be completely built and set into the concrete parts. As a consequence the time required to process reinforcement material at the construction site is reduced. Transporting the pre-cast concrete parts to the construction site is easy. The measurements of most pre-cast concrete parts often do not require the use of a long vehicle. Floor slab elements normally weigh about 130kg/m, double walls about 270kg/m. This technology could replace building with skeleton frameworks. The advantage lies in having smooth wall and ceiling surfaces. Visible support structures are no longer required as they are incorporated within the concrete part. Pre-cast concrete parts replace formwork at the construction site as they themselves form the layer into which in situ concrete is poured. The surface of the pre-cast concrete elements is smooth due to being produced in pallets (steel formwork). Plastering is not required as very often the concrete surface is good enough for paint work.

PLACING
By bringing in of a new element the elements already in position should not displaced or damaged. The element should be placed in line and up to the adjusting projections. The joints should be perpendicular. Two props on both sides are fixed on each element. The crane hooks may only be removed after the elements have been fixed in place and checked.

Horizontal joints must be propped up and formed if necessary. Vertical joints must be formed if the joint is larger than 1 cm. Corners should be reinforced using angle bars or wooden planks. Props can be used for T-joints. Concreting must take place in accordance with the conditions provided. The infill concrete must be properly vibrated.

REINFORCED CONCRETE DOUBLE WALLS

The double wall consists of two at least 5 to 7 mm thick wall shells made of reinforced concrete, which are combined with each other by means of braced girders. An empty space remains between the shells of at least 7 cm. The shells of the elements get the required main and cross reinforcement according to the statistical requirements.

PREPARATION OF THE FLOOR SLAB:

The joining reinforcement should be placed correctly with the concreting of the floor slab. There should be sufficient inside space. Mesh reinforcement should not be used as starter bars. Use base plates to accommodate unevenness of the floor.

GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM:

The double wall has the effect of a homogeneous in-situ concrete wall. All constructive formations, like, for example, projecting reinforcement, preformed gasket The ring armature is installed in the wall. This also concerns the slab edge assignment.

JOINTS FOR DOUBLE WALL

Ceiling joints

Base joints

Corner joints

For double wall joints

VERTICAL JOINTS Inner sealing outer sealing

METHOD FOR GOOD WATER SEALING

1. Area of contact should be roughened. It limits the creeping of the concrete in relation to the foundations.

2. Suitable cement should be used. Infill concrete must be properly vibrated.

3. The wall must be placed at least 3 cm above the foundations to increase the contact area.

METHOD OF ERECTING A BUILDING USING PRECONSTRUCTED MODULAR UNITS Field of the Invention :
-This application relates in general to the building trades and to a method of erecting a building that employs concrete in its construction. - More specifically, it relates to such a method that makes particular use of modular units pre constructed to serve specific utility.

The prior art :

- Previous method of erecting concrete building with formwork, while satisfactory, is obviously expensive and causes a great deal of effort and time to be expended in constructing the forest of posts and beams that are to be covered with plywood. - For elimination of a complex forest of beams and posts. - Modular units appear to be a reasonable alternative, and precast concrete has been utilized for the flooring rather than poured-in-place concrete. - Modular units lend themselves particularly well to construction of high rise buildings where certain units or rooms of the buildings will be duplicated after the building has been erected and will not be subject to change, such as bathrooms, kitchens and other utilitarian spaces.

- Consequently , it would be economical to manufacture such units in their entirety away from the site of the construction and to order specific materials from which the modular units will be constructed in large quantities and with attendant savings. - The modular units are transported to the construction site and after each floor of the building is completed, the modular units are then seated at their respective position. - Preconstruction of portion of a building, which can reduce forming and shoring costs and time, apply to precast floors for the building. - In such a modular unit, the walls can be painted, cabinets and fixtures installed, and entire plumbing and electrical systems put in place, as well as mechanical duct work and exhaust systems.

Summary : -The modular unit can be located on a floor of a building before the next upper floor has been put in place. - If, the modular unit is constructed with greater load bearing capability, precast concrete flooring can be laid in contact with the top wall of the unit. - In this manner the economies of utilizing pre constructed modular units will be preserved and, in addition, such units will also function as a construction unit to support either cast-in-situ or precast concrete.

MODULAR BUILDING TYPES :

Aluminum buildings are fabricated from low maintenance, lightweight corrosive resistant
aluminum. Their convenience is their durability and flexibility in size and use. Booth manufacturers construct portable enclosed steel structures for applications such as security, revenue and/or access control booths or gate houses. Building systems assemble prefabricated parts to construct permanent buildings. Bullet-proof structures meet standards for resisting impact from bullets and other fast moving/high powered objects. Guardhouses are often placed at entrances to secure areas and serve as stations of clearance and general work activity for security or admissions personnel. Sizes will vary by need. Metal buildings are comprised mainly of select metal material and can be used for anything from storage to protection in various sizes. Portable buildings are buildings that can be easily moved or relocated. They are designed to be moved without significant structural modification; examples include portable hospital facilities, classrooms, offices, etc. Pre-engineered buildings are built of or with prefabricated sections or parts and are similar to prefabricated structures in use and variety. Prefab buildings are a type of modular building built with prefabricated parts. Prefabricated buildings are different from modular buildings in that they are delivered fully assembled to site. Sizes and uses are varying. Prefabricated garages are modular structures often used to add on to a previously existing garage. Steel buildings are fabricated primarily of steel and are often found in industrial settings as well as for outdoor use. Size possibilities are unlimited. Storage buildings can be made from prefabricated parts, usually those composed of steel materials. Walk-in enclosures are enclosed areas, which can be entered and worked in. Guard

PRE CONSTRUCTED REST ROOMS :

Savings of Up To 30% :
- This latest design concept is available in most floor plans, interior finishes, roof finishes, with plumbing and electrical options, all at a savings of up to 30% below site-built restrooms. - Available in natural block finish, or you can choose from a variety of paint colors. All of our block buildings come with an anti-graffiti finish. - Building is Fully relocatable to a New Site.

General specifications : - Foundation/Floor Precast, 8 Moisture-Resistant Concrete Slab.

- Exterior Walls, and Finish Split-Faced or Precision Block Exterior, Natural or Painted, with Anti-Graffiti Finish. - Interior Restroom, Plumbing, Wall, and Finish Welded, Structural, Galvanized Steel Frame. Finish Options are 8x 8, Stone-Based Floor Tile with Epoxy Grout, or Continuous Corner-to-Corner, 3/32, Class A FRP (Creates a Shower Stall Effect). - Ceiling Structural Plank and Beam, or Structural Steel Frame with Wood Grain Fiber/Cement Painted Ceiling. - Roof Finish Standing Seam Metal, California Clay or Steel Roof Tiles, Concrete, or 40-Year Composition Shingles. - Doors 14, 16, or 18 gauge Steel, or Custom Stainless Steel Gates. - Electrical 100 AMP Service, Vandal Resistant, 24,000 Hour Light Fixtures, Concealed Switches and Outlets. - Plumbing Water Service, Custom Valve Combo with Cast Iron or PVC, DWV, and Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures.

- Modular building construction offers great alternatives to building traditional siteconstructed facilities. - Varying in size and cost, these structures are very versatile and are extremely useful in applications where fast construction and low cost are of the utmost importance. - Modular or pre-fabricated buildings help manufacturers, schools, banks and commercial businesses solve their space needs with fast, durable, inexpensive construction.

INSULATION OF PRECAST ELEMENTS : Insulation of the elements from outside :

- In this case the insulation is directly laid on the pallet in the
works. - After this the reinforcement is placed and the complete element is concreted. - By doing this a fix connection between concrete and insulation is created.

Insulation between the shells of the double wall :

- In this case first the reinforcement is placed on the pallet and then the element is concreted. - After the concreting process the insulation is pressed into the still wet concrete. -The free space between the braced girders is filled and the element is stored for hardening. - This element is the first shell of a double wall. In the further production process the second shell is produced and by turning the first shell a double wall is created. - Advantages : Here the insulation lies protected between -the two concrete shells. The insulation is protected against damages and weather conditions. - With a wall, 300 mm thickness, and an insulation thickness of 80 mm.

ELEMENT SLAB :
- The element slab is a precast concrete slab with a statically supporting in situ concrete layer. - The 4 to 6 cm thick, prefabricated concrete element contains a reinforcement in form of a braced girder which is necessary for the assembly rigidity as well as the bending tensile reinforcement lengthwise and crosswise which is necessary for the assembly and the final state. - All later cutouts, slab cutouts, electrical boxes, drip noses, biases, mounting parts etc. are considered. - The prefabricated slab element serves as formwork during the construction phase and is, after depositing and hardening the in-situ concrete, jointly carrying as bulk cross section.

-In the final state, after hardening the in-situ concrete, the prefabricated slab with a statistically supporting in-situ concrete layer is like a monolithically fabricated reinforced concrete slab. - The precast element and the in-situ concrete is guaranteed by the specifically roughened surface during the element production, which guarantees an optimal adhesion between element and concrete layer. - The inserted compound and pushing reinforcement in form of braced girders ensures the interaction. - All different kind of plans and weight loads are economically possible by a specific prefabrication. - By the equality of the precast slab with statistically supporting in-situ concrete layer and

PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMING SYSTEM :

- The structure has the potential to alter the fundamental way in which Type I structures are designed and built in regions of high seismic activity.

Connection Absorbs Energy : - The system consists of a precast concrete moment frame that
absorbs seismic energy in a manner that is independent of the integrity of the structural members. - The systems post-elastic performance is concentrated in the connection rather than in a structural member. - The hybrid frame relies on the connection of its precast columns and beams which use both standard reinforcing steel and highstrength, post-tensioning steel cables to perform two functions. -The inelastic action necessary to absorb energy through movement of the joint and the elastic action required to provide the shear and moment resistance that hold the joint together.

The result is a hybrid precast frame that can be constructed economically while exhibiting
higher performance than conventionally reinforced cast-in place concrete frames.

This system opens new

possibilities to designers because it will make precast concrete construction in high-seismic zones faster and more economical.

PRECAST STAIR AND LANDING :

Fabrication :
1. The steel forms shall be manufactured to produce raised non-slip continuous parallel ridges near the tread nosing. 2. The underside of all precast stairs shall have a smooth trowel finish. 3. Accurately set reinforcing steel and weld at intersections. Vibrate continuously during casting of concrete. 4. Bearing areas shall be reinforced against diagonal tension, splitting, rupture and flexure. Extra ties, stirrups and reinforcing bars shall be placed at support points. 5. Cast in lifting devices required for erection of the precast concrete stair units. Ensure that lifting devices used externally, - or cast into units are capable of supporting the precast units in all positions that the units may be in during course of manufacture, transportation and installation.

Storage, Delivery, Handling and Protection :

1. Proper lifting devices for the stair units shall be incorporated to ensure that they will be safely and efficiently handled and not produce distortion, cracking or deflection nor strain or adversely affect the units. 2. Precast stair units shall be handled and adequately protected during fabrication, curing, storage and transport by methods that will prevent damage, warping, cracking, breakage, chipping, staining or other disfigurement. Units shall not be permitted to contact the earth or other staining influences. 3. Repair chipped, checked, cracked, blemished or defective units. 4. Precast stair units shall be delivered to the site clearly marked in an acceptable manner as indicated on the Shop Drawings. - Markings shall be on part of the unit which will not be exposed. - The sequence of delivery to the site shall conform to an erection schedule. - The timing of the delivery shall be scheduled to suit the storage space available and the handling and erection operations.