INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

Ones which are detected only through investigations Eg. congenital heart diseases, sickle cell disease

Can be diagnosed with naked eye. Eg. Flat foot syndrome, keratoconus

is a condition which is present at the time of birth which varies from the standard presentation. Etiology:Unknown,multifactorial inheritance, genetic factors implicated, high incidence in first degree relatives.

 Congenital heart disease

Congenital hernia Congenital cataract

Pre auricular sinus

Hypospadias Flat foot syndrome

keratoconus

VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Rapid breathing Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails) Fatigue (tiredness) Poor blood circulation Congenital heart defects don't cause chest pain or other painful symptoms.

A Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a hole in the ventricular septum. most common forms of congenital heart disease, accounting for 21% of all cases. Treatment: Endocarditis prophylaxis,digoxin,diur etics. Surgical closure before pulmonary vascular changes become irreversible

An Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a hole in the atrial septum Accounts for 1/3rd of CHD in adults Two to three times more common in women Surgical closure before age 20 associated with long-term survival same as general population Closure between ages 25-41 followed slightly shorter survival After age 41 closure associated with increase in late morbidity and mortality

Ventricular septal defect (hole between the right and left ventricles) Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract (the valve and artery that connect the heart with the lungs) Overriding aorta that is shifted over the right ventricle and ventricular septal defect, instead of coming out only from the left ventricle Thickened wall of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy)

In severe episodes, IV propranolol (Inderal) may be administered. Primary correction is the ideal operation for treatment of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and is usually performed under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a condition in which the ductus arteriosus does not close ETIOLOGYidiopathic,congenital rubella syndrome,down syndrome results in irregular transmission of blood between two of the most important arteries close to the heart, the aorta and the pulmonary artery

medications such as indomethacin or a special form of ibuprofen are often the first choice percutaneous interventional method. Via the femoral vein or femoral artery, a platinum coil can be deployed via a catheter, which induces thrombosis (coil embolization) PDA occluder device

the inner area of the side of the feet do not form any arches giving the appearance of a flat foot instead of a curved appearance. ETIOLOGY-genetic, congenital bone malformation, chronic foot strain,injury Management-orthotic devices, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,surgery.

An abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a defect in its surrounding walls Occur at sites where aponeurosis and fascia are not covered by striated muscle

Inguinal hernia: Makes up 75% of all abdominal wall hernias and occurring up to 25 times more often in men than women. Two types of inguinal hernias: indirect inguinal hernia and direct inguinal hernia.

Indirect inguinal hernia follows pathway that testicles made during prebirth development. This pathway normally closes before birth but remains a possible place for a hernia.

Umbilical hernia
These common hernias (10-30%) are often noted at

birth as a protrusion at the bellybutton (the umbilicus). This is caused when an opening in the abdominal wall, which normally closes before birth, doesnt close completely. Even if the area is closed at birth, these hernias can appear later in life because this spot remains a weaker place in the abdominal wall. They most often appear later in elderly people and middle-aged women who have had children.

Treatment of a hernia depends on whether it is reducible or irreducible and possibly strangulated.

Reducible
Can be treated with surgery but does not have to be.

Irreducible
All acutely irreducible hernias need emergency treatment because of the risk of strangulation. An attempt to push the hernia back can be made

 Strangulation Operation

Prevention
You can do little to prevent areas of the

abdominal wall from being or becoming weak, which can potentially become a site for a hernia.

 Strangulation Operation

Prevention
You can do little to prevent areas of the

abdominal wall from being or becoming weak, which can potentially become a site for a hernia.

Any condition in which the meatus occurs on the undersurface of the penis SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS-downward curve (ventral curvature or chordee) of the penis during an erection Abnormal spraying of urine Having to sit down to urinate Malformed foreskin that makes the penis look "hooded

MANAGEMENT- most urologists recommend repair before the child is 18 months old, tissue grafts are used to close the opening

Keratoconus is degeneration of the structure of the cornea. The cornea is the clear tissue covering the front of the eye. The shape of the cornea slowly changes from the normal round shape to a cone shape. Cause- The cause is unknown, but the tendency to develop keratoconus is probably present from birth. Keratoconus is thought to involve a defect in collagen, the tissue that makes up most of the cornea. SYMPTOMS- The earliest symptom is subtle blurring of vision that cannot be corrected with glasses

CONTACT LENSES CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATIO N INTRACORNEAL RING- the shape of the cornea can be changed so that vision with contact lenses is improved.

A congenital cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye that is present at birth. ETIOLOGY- Intrauterine infections

SYMPTOMSGray or white cloudiness of the pupil (which is normally black), Infant doesn't seem to be able to see (if cataracts are in both eyes) "Red eye" glow of the pupil is missing in photos MANAGEMENT MILD FORM-no treatment required Severe form-surgical removal of cataract

Rubella Toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus Varicella

Metabolic disorders

Galactosaemia Hypoglycaemia Hypocalcaemia

Types of congenital cataract

Anterior polar Posterior polar Coronary Cortical spoke-like

Cryptorchidism/Empty scrotum/Monorchism/Vanished testes\Retractile testes Most of the time, children's testicles descend by the time they are 9 months old common in infants who are born early (premature infants). Management- Usually the testicle will descend into the scrotum without treatment during the child's first year of life. If this does not occur, the child may get hormone injections (B-HCG or testosterone) to try to bring the testicle into the scrotum. Surgery (orchiopexy) to bring the testicle into the scrotum

small dells adjacent to the external ear, usually at the anterior margin of the ascending limb of the inherited in an incomplete autosomal dominant pattern helix PRESENTATION--Most people with preauricular sinuses are asymptomatic.

May present with chronic intermittent drainage of purulent material. facial cellulitis or ulcerations located anterior to the ear. Management-Once a patient acquires infection of the sinus, he or she must receive systemic antibiotics. If an abscess is present, it must be incised and drained, and the exudate should be sent for Gram staining and culturing to ensure proper antibiotic coverage.

developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tub SIGNS- Leg weakness and paralysis Orthopedic abnormalities (i.e., club foot, hip dislocation, scoliosis) Bladder and bowel control problems, including incontinence, urinary tract infections, and poor renal function

ETIOLOGY- results from the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors(Medications such as some anticonvulsants, diabetes, having a relative with spina bifida, obesity, and an increased body temperature from fever or external sources such as hot tubs and electric blankets may increase the chances of conception of a baby with a spina bifida

There is no known cure for nerve damage caused by spina bifida To prevent further damage of the nervous tissue and to prevent infection, pediatric neurosurgeons operate to close the opening on the back.

Cleft palate is a condition in which the two plates of the skull that form the hard palate (roof of the mouth) are not completely joined If the cleft does not affect the palate structure of the mouth it is referred to as cleft lip

Cleft lip and palate is very treatable; however, the kind of treatment depends on the type and severity of the cleft. Often a cleft palate is temporarily covered by a palatal obturator Cleft palate can also be corrected by surgery, usually performed between 6 and 12 months

Thallasemia major Sickle cell disease Congenital hip dislocation Hypoplasia of tibia/femur Shortening of bones Anal atresia

Internal and external congenital diseases not covered in AMHI retail/corporate except few corporates

Internal congenital covered in PSU corporate EXTERNAL CONGENITAL NOT COVERED ANYWHERE