Sampling Process

g(t) The information signal to be sampled

G(f) Fourier transform of g(t)
S

(t) Periodic train of delta functions

S

(f) Fourier transform of s(t)

g

(t) - Sampled function

G

(f) - Fourier transform of sampled function

Multiplier
g(t)
S

(t)
g

(t) = S

(t) . g(t)
( ) ( )
s
n
s t t nT
o
o
o
o
+
=
=

1
( ) ( )
s
n
s
s f f nf
T
o
o
o
o
+
=
=

( )
( ) ( ). ( )
( ) ( ). ( ).................. 1
s
n
s s
n
g t g t t nT
g t g nT t nT
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
+
=
+
=
=
=

Sampling Process
( ) ( ). ( ) g t g t s t
o o
=
( ) ( ). ( ) g t g t s t
o o
=
Sampling Process
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
s
n
s
G f G f s f
G f G f f nf
T
o o
o
o
o
o
+
=
= -
= -

Convolution with delta function is

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
( )....................... 2
s s
s
n
s
G f f nf G f nf
G f G f nf
T
o
o
o
o
o
+
=
- =
=

1
( ) ( )
s
n
s
s f f nf
T
o
o
o
o
+
=
=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
exp 2
.. 1
( ) exp( 2 )
1
........
2
( ) exp( )................... 3
2
2
s s
s s
n
s
m
n
m m
n
s s s
n
Fouriertransform t nT j nfT
fromequation
G f g nT j nfT
substitute T
f
n j nf
G f g
f f
fromequation
G f f G f f G f nf
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o t
t
t
+
=
+
=
+
=
=
= (

=
=
=
= +

Sampling Process
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
,
1
1
................... 4
2
.. 3 4
1
exp ,.......
2 2
n
s s s
n
m m
s
s
m
m m
n
m m m
G f f G f f G f nf
within f f f
G f f G f
G f G f
f
G f G f
f
substituting equation in
n j nf
G f g for f f f
f f f
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
t
+
=
=
=
= +
s s
=
=
=
| | | |

= s s
| |
\ . \ .

Sampling Process
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
exp 2
1
exp exp 2
2 2
1
exp 2
2 2 2
sin 2
.............
2 2
m
m
m
m
f
n
m m m f
f
n
m m m f
m
n
m m
IFT G f g t
g t G f j ft
n j nf
g t g j ft df
f f f
n n
g t g j f t df
f f f
f t n
n
g t g
f f t n
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
t
t
t
t
t t
t t

+
=

+
=

=
= (

=
| | | |

=
| |
\ . \ .
| |
| | | |
=
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
| |
=
|

\ .
}

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
.................. 5
sin 2 ............................... 6
2
m
n
m
n
g t g c f t n
f
o
o =
| |
=
|
\ .

Sampling Process
Sinc function is important to reproduce a signal . Sinc
function is a perfect interpolation function . Each sample is
multiplied by a delayed version of the interpolation function
and all the resulting waveforms are added to reproduce signal
g(t)
( ) ( )
sin 2
2
m
n
m
n
g t g c f t n
f
o
o =
| |
=
|
\ .

Sampling Process
( )
sin
sin
x
cx
x
t
t
=
g(t)
x
0
Reproduction of signal using sinc function
Low pass filter
h(t)
g

(t)
g(t)
Reproduction of signal using LPF
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
sin ,
, sin
, sin 2
, sin 2
sin 2
2
s s
n
s s
n
s s
s s
n
s
s m
s m
n
m
n
m
g t g t h t
substitute g t g nT t nT
g t g nT t nT h t
ce h t t nT h t nT
g t g nT h t nT
if h t c f t
then h t nT c f t n
then g t g nT c f t n
n
g t g c f t n
f
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
= -
=
= -
- =
=
=
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
................. 7
o

t
t
t
t
t
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Base band signal f(t)
Carrier pulse train f
c
(t)
Pulse amplitude
modulated signal
Pulse width modulated signal
Pulse position modulated signal
Pulse modulation
t
t
t
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

Base band signal f(t)
Carrier pulse train f
c
(t)
Flat top sampled
signal
Naturally sampled signal
Natural sampling and Flat top sampling
Natural sampling
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
sin exp 2
sin exp 2
sin
s s s
n
s s s
n
s s s
n
basebandsignal g t
carrier c t
sampledsignal s t
c t f TA c nf T j nf t
s t c t g t
s t f TA c nf T j nf t g t
s f f TA c nf T G f nf
o
o
o
o
o
o
t
t
=
=
=

=
=
=
=

Rectangular pulse h(t)=

1 0<t<T
0 t<0 and t>T
Flat top sampling
0
t
h(t)
1
Flat top sampled signal (obtained using rectangular pulse) = S(t)
Instantaneously sampled signal (obtained using dirac delta function) = g

(t)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
..................... 1
* ( )
*
*
* ...............
s s
n
s s
n
s s
n
s s
n
s s
n
s t g nT h t nT
g t g nT t nT
g t h t g h t d
g t h t g nT nT h t d
g t h t g nT nT h t d
g t h t g nT h t nT d
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
t t t
o t t t
o t t t
t
=
=
+

+
=

+
=

+
=

=
=
=
=
=
=

}
( )
.. 2
Flat top sampling
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 , *
.
1
, ( )
1
, ( ).
( ).
s
n
s
s
n
s
s s
n
fromequation and s t g t h t
s f G f H f
substitute G f G f nf
T
So s f G f nf H f
T
s f f G f nf H f
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
+
=
+
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 , *
.
1
, ( )
1
, ( ).
( ).
s
n
s
s
n
s
s s
n
fromequation and s t g t h t
s f G f H f
substitute G f G f nf
T
So s f G f nf H f
T
s f f G f nf H f
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
+
=
+
=
+
=
=
=
=
=
=

Ideal
LPF
Equalizer
1/H(f)
Flat top sampled
signal S(t)
Recovered
signal g(t)
G(f).
H(f)
Low pass filter has passband between frequencies f
m
and +f
m

Spectrum of low pass filter output is= G(f).H(f)

Spectrum of Equalizer output is = G(f).H(f). 1/H(f)
=G(f)
G(f) in frequency domain becomes g(t) in time domain
Thus message signal g(t) is recovered.
Signal recovery using Equalizer
( ) ( )
( ).
s s
n
s f f G f nf H f
o
o
+
=
=

Signal recovery using Sample & Hold Circuit

Sample &
Hold circuit
LPF
Flat top sampled
signal S(t)
Recovered
signal g(t)
G(f).
H(f)
Block diagram of PAM demodulator
Amplifier Output
Input
S(t)
S
C
Sample & Hold Circuit (or) Zero order Holding circuit


Signal recovery using Sample & Hold Circuit
Sample &
Hold circuit
LPF
Flat top sampled
signal S(t)
Recovered
signal g(t)
G(f).
H(f)
Block diagram of PAM demodulator
Holding circuit output
Message signal g(t)
LPF output
Indirect method of generation of PTM signals
Direct method of generation of PTM signals
PPM Modulator
Demodulation of PWM signals
Demodulation of PPM signals
PWM Demodulator
PPM Demodulator