AUTOMATION OF VEHICLE

CONTENTS
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) INTRODUCTION. HISTORY. AUTOMATION FOR SAFETY. SAFETY AND PERFOMACE IMPROVEMENT. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION. ROAD TRANSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM. AIR SYSTEM AUTOMATION. TRAIN AUTOMATION. CONCLUSION.

 INTODUCTION
WHAT IS AUTOMATION OF VEHICLES?
Automation of vehicles means to automate ,means to run by it that is vehicle
which can run without a driver.

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT?
According to World Bank, developing countries lose $100 billion every year due to road crashes. Further air crashes due to carelessness and human error

is very common. Derailing of train, train crashes are also a topic of great
concern these days. All the accidents which take place are mainly due to the greater reaction time of the drivers or due to their carelessness most of times .

 HISTORY
1904-STURTEVANT BROTHERS. HORSELESS GEARBOX was used ,which had two forward gear ratio. 1908-HENRY FORD. MODEL T type gearbox was used ,which had two speed plus reverse planetary gear ratio. 1934-REO AND GENERAL MOTORS. Semiautomatic transmission was used ,which had a power shifting planetary gearbox which is hydraulically controlled.

 AUTOMATION FOR SAFET Y

Ways Beneficial For Driving Of Vehicle By
Automation. There are two major ways in which automation can be of benefit in driving motor vehicles. One is by making it easier, to the point of not having to drive

at all. The other is by making it safer, to the point of

virtually eliminating the risk of an accident.

 SAFET Y AND PERFOMANCE IMPROVEMENT

HIGHWAY AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY:Warning Systems That Sense And Then Advise Drivers Of Potential Hazards.

Control Assistance Systems That Augment The Driver's Ability To Control The Vehicle. Control Override Systems That Intervene In Some Aspect Of The Control Of The Vehicle During Unsafe Conditions. Automated Control Systems That Control All Motions Of The Vehicle.

 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION

The way society resolves its needs and deals with its limitations will shape the future of the nation's vehicle highway system. Safety, availability, reliability, environmental considerations, land use, and energy costs, and each of their interacting influences on private,

business, and government activities, will affect vehicle highway

demand, actual use, and operations. The actual future rate of implementation of vehicle highway

automation will primarily reflect market forces such as the services

that suppliers and consumers think people need tempered by their capacity to accept and afford them.

 ROAD TRANSPORT AUTOMATION SYSTEM

A D VA C E V E H I C L E C O N T R O L S Y S Y T E M :Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS or AVEC) is part of the "Smart Highway" initiative (also known as

Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) or Intelligent

Transportation Systems (ITS) now receiving considerable study worldwide.

AVCS ADVANTAGE OVER CURRENT SYSTEM

1) AVCS Space Utilization Advantage. Space used by the cars on the highway is reduced to 70%. 2) AVCS Safety Advantage. Advancement in safety is increasing at the higher rate.

3) AVCS Architecture Considerations.

Highways automation systems have "machine readable" signs, marks, or electronic signals to aid in guidance and supplement any imagery analysis system.

4) AVCS Feasibility Considerations.

A vehicle guidance system capable of delivering on the promises outlined above would necessarily have to be highly sophisticated and

presumably involve substantial electronics, computers, and software.

But, vehicle guidance is a very safety critical function.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
A project funded by the European Commission is developing "road trains"--a potentially inexpensive way to automate vehicles. If cars were automated and networked --communicating with each other to coordinate their speeds, to allow passing and merging, and to warn each other of sudden stops --it might be possible for more cars

to use the same roads while at the same time reducing traffic jams,
saving fuel now wasted while idling on the freeway. Automated vehicles could also save gas by driving steadily --avoiding gas

guzzling bursts of acceleration --or by allowing vehicles to follow so

close that they reduce overall wind drag.

 AIR SYSTEM AUTOMATION

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICAL (UAV).
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV; also known as a remotely operated aircraft) is an aircraft that flies without a human crew. Their largest uses are in military applications. To distinguish UAVs from missiles, a UAV is defined as a reusable vehicle capable of controlled, sustained, level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine.

UAV CLASSIFICATION
Target and decoy - providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile.

 Reconnaissance - providing battlefield intelligence

Combat - providing attack capability for high-risk missions Logistics - UAVs specifically designed for cargo and logistics operation Research and development - used to further develop UAV technologies to be integrated into field deployed UAV aircraft Civil and Commercial UAVs - UAVs specifically designed for civil and commercial applications.

 TRAIN AUTOMATION
TYPES OF TRAIN AUTOMATION.
1. Semi-automation with reduced driver control 2. Fully automated control as the sole operating system for driverless vehicles on autonomous, separate tracks 3. Fully automated driverless trains sharing a mixed

infrastructure with driver-operated vehicles

4. Fully automated control as the sole operating system.
.

BENEFITS
Cost effectiveness:
Personnel costs take a high share in railway operation and can be dramatically reduced by driverless operation .

Safety:
A clear requirement for automated rail systems is equal or improved

safety compared to conventional operation. An increased overall safety of

the system seems achievable as human failure can be minimized . Capacity:

Train automation can help to increase network capacity through increased

punctuality, reduced slot size and moving block systems.

BARRIERS
Acceptance on the part of drivers: Drivers obviously associate the loss of their jobs with train automation. Acceptance on the part of passengers: There is widespread unease associated with travelling in a pilotless vehicle. On the other hand, the spreading of driverless people movers and automated metro systems are likely to reduce this skepticism. In the long run, no major acceptance deficits are to be expected, especially if part of the cost savings is transferred to the customer .

 Technological hurdles:

Whereas automated metro operation does not seem to meet any major technological obstacles, a driverless main line operation still meets many challenges especially as far as safety is concerned. Serious problems arise in mixed operation and due to the fact that there is no physical protection of the tracks (in contrast to underground

metro lines).
Transition costs: Although driverless operation strongly reduces running costs, the initial investment into infrastructure and vehicles is high.

 CONCLUSION
THROUGH THIS PAPER WE CONCLUDE
THAT THE AUTOMATION CAN BE OF GREAT

HELP TO THE GLOBAL CHANGING

SCENARIO. IN THE 21ST CENTURY WE WISH

TO WITNESS THIS CHANGE IN OUR DAY TO

DAY LIVES.

REFERENCES
www.azinet.com/articles/real98.htm www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/terg/ 199 pcwin.com/downloads/Vehicle-Automation.html www.brothersof t.com/downloads/vehicleautomation . html www.technologyreview.com/blog/tags/vehicle www.infrastructuresecurityportal .com/infrastruct uresecurity_news .asp?...Networking%20solution %20for%20vehicle%20automation linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/S136757889 9900718

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