K Hussain

Associate Professor
KGRCET
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1) Introduction
2) Types of hydro-thermal co-ordination
3) Methods of hydro-thermal co-ordination
4) Optimal scheduling of hydro-thermal system
5) Mathematical formulation
6) Advantages
7) Examples
8) Scheduling Problems
9) Short-term hydro-thermal scheduling
10) Conclusion
11) References
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INTRODUCTION
o Hydro-plants can be easily started and assigned
load in very short time.
o Slow response of thermal power due to boiler,
super heater, and turbine system.
o Thermal plant base load plants
o Hydro plant peak load plants.

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The optimal scheduling problem in a hydro-thermal system
stated as to minimize the fuel cost of thermal plants under the
constraint of water availability for hydro-generation over a given
period of operation.
During high stream flows period
hydro plant base load
thermal plant peak load.
During lean flow period
thermal plant base load
hydro plant peak load
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Water discharge G
Reservoir
(or)
storage
Water inflow, J
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TYPES OF HYDRO-THERMAL
COORDINATION
1) Long term co-ordination one week to one year
or several years. Unknown such as load ,hydraulic
inflows, and unit availability(i.e. , steam and hydro-
plants).

2) Short term co-ordination one day or one week,
which involves the hour-by-hour scheduling. The
load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities are
assumed to be known.
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METHODS OF HYDRO-THERMAL CO-
ORDINATION
1) Constant hydro-generation method.
2) Constant thermal generation method.
3) Maximum hydro-efficiency method.
4) Kirchmayers method.
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MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION


To mathematically formulate the optimal scheduling, the following
assumptions are to be made for a certain period of operation:


(i)storage of a hydro-reservoir at the beginning and end of
period T are specified.

(ii)After accounting for the irrigation purpose, water inflow to the
reservoir and load demand on the system are known
deterministically as functions of time with certainties.

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The optimization problem here is to determine the
water discharge rate q(t) so as to minimize the cost function of
thermal generation.


Objective function is

Min (1)
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Subject to the following constraints:
(i)The real power balance equation


i.e., for t e(0,T) (2)

where is the real power thermal generation at
time t ,
the real power hydro generation at
time t ,
real power loss at time t, and
the real power demand at time t .

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(ii) water availability equation:

(3)
Where is the water storage at time t ,
the water storage at the beginning of
operation time ,T,
the water storage at the end of
operation time, T,
the water inflow rate, and
the water discharge rate.

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(iii)Real power hydro-generation

The real hydro-generation is a function of
water storage X(t) and water discharge rate q(t)


(4)

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SOLUTION OF PROBLEM-DISCRETIZATION PRINCIPLE

The optimization interval T is sub-divided into N equal sub-
intervals of At time length and over each sub-interval ,it is
assumed that all the variables remain fixed in value.

The same problem can be reformulated as




(5)
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Subject to the following constraints:
(i)Power balance equation
(6)
where is the thermal generation in k
th
interval,
the hydro generation in k
th
interval,
the transmission power loss in k
th
interval
and expressed as


,and
is the load demand in the k
th
interval.

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(iii)Water availability equation:
(7)

where is the water storage at the end of interval k,
the water inflow rate in interval k, and
the water discharge rate in interval k.
Dividing the

equation(7) by At, it becomes
for k=1,2, N (8)

Where is the water storage in discharge units.

and are specified as water storage rates at the beginning
and at the end of the optimization interval, respectively.

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(iii) The real power hydro-generation in any sub-interval can be
written as
(9)

where ;
is the basic water head which is corresponding
to dead storage,
is the water correction factor to account for the variation in
head with storage ,and
is the non-effective discharge (due to the need of which a
hydro generation can run at no-load condition).
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The objective problem is mathematically stated for any sub-
interval K by the objective function given by equations (5),
which is subjected to equation constraints given by equations
(6), (8), (9).

Independent variables are for k=2,3, , N and for k1.
Dependent variables are for k=1,2, ,N.

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Equation (8) can be written for all values of K=1,2,,N:
i.e. ,
K=1
K=2
K= interval
By adding the above set of equations, we get
(10)
Equation (10) is known as the water availability equation.
For K=2, 3, ,N, there are (N-1) number of water discharges (q
s), which can be independent variables and the remaining one,
i.e., ,dependent variable and it can be determined from
equation(10) as

(11)


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SOLUTION TECHNIQUE





(12 )

where are the Lagrangian multipliers that are
dual variables

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(13)

(14)




(15)

(16)


20



The partial derivatives of the Lagrangian function with respect to
independent variables give the gradient vector:



(17)



For optimally, the gradient vector should be zero


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ALGORITHM

Step 1: Assume an initial set of independent variables,
for all sub-intervals expect the first sub-
interval

Step 2: Obtain the values of dependent variables
using equations (8),(9),(6),and (11)
respectively.

Step 3: Obtain the Lagrangian multipliers
using equations (13),(14),(16), and (15), respectively.

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Step 4: Obtain the gradient vector and check

whether all elements are close to zero within a specified
tolerance, if so the optimal value is reached; if not, go to
the next step.
Step 5: Obtain new values of control variables using the first-order
gradient method,

(18)
where is a positive scalar, which defines the step length,
and having a value depends on the problem on hand,
then go to Step 2 and repeat the process.

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KIRCHMAYERS METHOD
be the power generation of thermal plant in MW,

be the power generation of hydro-plant in MW,

be the incremental fuel cost of thermal plant in Rs./MWh,

be the quantity of water used for power generation at hydro-
plant in ,

be the incremental water rate of hydro-plant in

be the incremental transmission loss of thermal plant,

be the incremental transmission loss of hydel plant,
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be the Lagrangian multiplier,

be the constant which converts the incremental water rate of
hydel plant j into an incremental cost,

n be the total number of plants,

be the number of thermal plants,

n- be the number of hydro-plants, and

T be the time interval during which the plant operation is
considered.
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The objective function is to minimize the cost of generation:
i.e.,
(19)

subject to the equality constraints

(20)

and (21)

Now, the objective function becomes
(22)



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(23)


(24)


where is the incremental fuel cost of the thermal plant
and the incremental water rate of the hydro-plant.

Equation (23) and (24) are co-ordinate equations, which are
used to obtain the optimal scheduling of the hydro-thermal
system considering losses.






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ADVANTAGES OF OPERATION OF HYDRO-
THERMAL COORDINATION
Flexibility
Greater economy
Security of supply
Better energy conservation
Reserve capacity maintenance

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EXAMPLE 1:
Q. A two-plant system that has a thermal station near the load
center and a hydro-power station at a remote location is shown
in fig. The characteristics of both stations are



The transmission loss coefficient,




Determine the power generation at each station and the power
received by the load when

Thermal plant Hydro-plant
Load



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Solution: Here, n=2
Transmission loss,

Since the load is near the thermal station, the power flow is from
the hydro-station only;
therefore, :




For the thermal power station, the co-ordination equation is
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For a hydro-power station, the co-ordination equation is




By solving the above equation, we get

Transmission loss,

Therefore, the power received by the load,

=433.33+199.99-99.993=533.327 MW
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EXAMPLE 2:
Q. A two-plant system having a steam plant near the load center
and a hydro plant at a remote location is shown in fig.
The load is 400 MW for 14 hours a day and 200 MW for 10
hours a day. The characteristics of both stations are


Loss coefficient=




Find the generation schedule, daily water used by hydro plant
and daily operating cost of thermal plant for

Thermal plant Hydro-plant
Load



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1 -
22
3 2
2 2 2
2
GT1 GT1 1
MW 001 . 0 B
/ m 000333 . 0 8 . 0
Rs/hr P 1 . 0 P 60 150
=
+ =
+ + =
s P P w
C
GH GH
hr m Rs =
3
2
/ 3 . 77 .
Solution: Here, n=2
Transmission loss,

Since the load is near the thermal station, the power flow is from
the hydro-station only;
therefore,



For both the plants, the co-ordination equations are
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2
2 22 2 1 12
2
1 11
2
GH GH GT GT L
P B P P B P B P + + =
0
11 12
= = B B
GH GH HH
GH
L
GT
L
HH GH GH L
P P B
P
P
P
P
B P P B P
002 . 0 2 and 0
) B (since 001 . 0
2 1
22
2 2
22
= =
c
c
=
c
c

= = =

+
=
c
c

= + =
) 0002 . 0 1 (
) 000666 . 0 8 . 0 ( 3 . 77
)
1
1
(
2 . 0 60
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
GH
GH
GH
L
GH
GT
GT
P
P
P
P
dP
dw
P
dP
dC
The power balance equation is

When P
D
=400 MW, from the above equations:

When P
D
=200 MW, from the above equations:


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2
2 2 1
001 . 0
GH D GH GT
P P P P + = +
MW MW P
GT
178 P and 254
GH2 1
= =
hr = + +
+ =

3
m 2930 10 * 95 * 95) * 0.000333 (0.8
14 * 178 * 178) * 0.000333 (0.8
used r Daily wate
| |
4 . 388678 .
14 * ) 254 * 0.1 254 * 60 150 ( 10 * ) 114 * 0.1 114 * 60 (150
plant thermal of cost operating Daily
2 2
Rs =
+ + + + + =

SHORT TERM HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING PROBLEM

The short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem is
concerned with optimization over a time span of a day or
a week.
The solution to this problem, if the time span is a day,
gives a plan for optimal withdrawal of water over the day
from the hydro reservoirs for power generation, and
The corresponding thermal generation such that fuel cost
of the thermal plants over the day is minimized, subject to
the operating constraints of the hydro and thermal plants
as well as transmission network constraints.

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The time span of one day is subdivided into:

1) 24 equal hourly intervals and the load is assumed to
remain constant over each interval.
2) The reservoir inflows and generating units available for
scheduling in each interval are assumed to be
deterministically known.
3) The head variations are assumed to be zero but for
the sake of generality, the correction factors for head
variations are included in the model.
4) Evaporation and spill over of water in the hydro
reservoirs are neglected.
5) In the case of cascaded reservoirs, the downstream
hydro reservoir is assumed to have no separate
independent water inflow.

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For a system with one hydro and one thermal plant, a
simple dynamic programming algorithm is given below:

The algorithm comprises of two phases.
In the first phase,
An initial feasible water storage level trajectory is chosen
for each of the hydro plants.

The water discharge, the corresponding hydro-generation
for each hydro plant and for each time interval are
determined.

The corresponding thermal generation schedule for each
time interval is obtained by distributing optimally the
balance load using successive Linear Programming
method.

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In the second phase,
The initial trajectories are gradually improved by searching in the
neighborhood using the local variation method taking one plant at a
time.
This method involves the perturbation (either an increment or
decrement) of water storage level of a hydro plant at each time
instant, resulting in a change of water discharge and hydro generation
in the two adjacent time intervals.
Selection of one of these two perturbed trajectories as the improved
trajectory is less than the pre-perturbed cost.
In each of these two time intervals, with the hydro generations fixed,
the static optimization problem reduces to thermal generation
scheduling sub problem which is solved using LP method.
The perturbation is continued for all the other time instants of the day.
This procedure is repeated for all other hydro plants.
The hydrothermal iteration is continued till the optimal solution is
released.

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SCHEDULING PROBLEMS OR DECOMPOSITION
TECHNIQUES FOR HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING:

In the operation of hydroelectric power system, three general
categories of problems arise. These depend on balance between the
hydroelectric generation, thermal generation and the load.

The economic scheduling of these systems is really a problem of
scheduling water releases to satisfy all hydraulic constraints and
meet the demand for electrical energy. Then the schedule is
developed by minimizing the production cost as in a conventional
hydrothermal system.

The operational scheduling of a hydrothermal system is computed by
considering the entire system as two separate sub problems with
(i) Independent aim and (ii) Integrated problem.
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In the sub problem phase,

The hydro-system operation with reference to an appropriate cost
fuel function is first optimized.

The cost function is determined before hand on the basis of the
thermal power and the electrical network.

The optimal operation for the second sub system composed of the
thermal plants and electrical networks is determined later.

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In the second phase, the optimal solution is determined treating both sub
systems as part of an integrated system.

The major steps in the solution are as follows:

A set of feasible values are selected for hydro-schedule satisfying all
hydro plant and hydro-network constraints.

For the selected hydro-schedule i.e., optimal load flows are computed for
k-periods satisfying the equality and inequality constraints for the
electrical systems.

Using these incremental costs an improved hydro schedule is prepared
and again k load flows are computed and an improvement in the cost
function is obtained from the hydro schedule.

The computation is stopped when minimization of the cost function is
achieved.
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CONCLUSION
Hydro-thermal scheduling is done when power demand is
less than the maximum capacity of power generation by the
hydro and thermal plants.
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REFERENCES
1) Power system engineering 2
nd
edition
D P Kothari and I J Nagrath
2) Power system optimization
D P Kothari and J S Dhillon
3) Power system operation and control
-S.Sivanagaraju and G.Sreenivasan









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