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Prokayotes
Two groups of prokaryotes, Are distinguished by characteristic genetic and
biochemical features
Genomes of prokaryotes
Largest prokaryotic is somewhat similar in size of smallest eukaryotic genomes.
For example, the E. coli K12 genome is just 4639 kb, two-fifths the size of the yeast genome, and has only 4405 genes.
E.coli chromosome, is one of completely sequenced prokaryotic genome, is a circular DNA molecule (endless loop rather than perfect circle) with 4639.221 kbp (4.639 Mb)
The molecule in the left most is relaxed; the degree of supercoiling increasing from left to right.
E. coli nucleoid having 50s of supercoiled DNA loops that radiate from central protein core. This protein core holds the loops thus results in localized unwinding.
Main protein components are DNA gyrase & topoisomerase I that are responsible to maintain the supercoiled state. In addition a set of at least 4 proteins are believed to play role in DNA packaging. Most abundant among these is HU proteins (different from histone) form tetramer around which 60 bp of DNA wounds.
There are about 60,000 HU proteins per E. coli cell but can wound only 1/5 of chromosomal DNA.
Its not known if tetramers are evenly spaced or restricted to nucleoid core . Archaea do not have packaging proteins similar to HU rather similar to histones that wound 80 bp of DNA around forming structure similar to eukaryotic nucleosome.
ssDNA break due to irradiation by light of 360nm Trimethylpsoralen binds to dsDNA at rate directly proportional to the torssional stress on the molecule The amount of trimethylpsoralen bound is to proportional to the radiation dose Thus showed that irradiation causes ssDNA breaks leading to domain restricted loss of supercoiling
Plasmid and extra-chromosomal elements complicate the question of what is the genome
In addition to large, circular DNA chromosome in nucleoid, many bacteria contain one or more small extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules called plasmids. Plasmids can be a few thousand base pairs to more than 10,000 bp long. Plasmids coding genes are not present in the chromosomal DNA & are nonessential to host cells and their sole function appears to be self-propagation. Some exist independently while others as integrated to chromosomal DNA. Some plasmids carry genes that are useful to host bacterium. For example, genes that make a host bacterium resistant to antibacterial agents. Gene for enzyme -lactamase confer resistance to -lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin . Plasmids may pass from an antibiotic-resistant cell to an antibiotic-sensitive cell of same or another bacterial species, making recipient cell antibiotic resistant.
Threonine operon
Genome has lesser intergenic regions thrA & B separated by 1nt, thrB & C start immediately one after other. IS186 &IS1 are insertional sequences present elsewere in genome (transposons).
Genomes of prokaryotes
Operon
A set of adjacent genes in a bacterial
Genomes of prokaryotes
There are no introns in the genes present in this segment of the E. coli genome. The infrequency of repetitive sequences ~~ low repeat DNA.
64bp 52bp
Overlap by 1 bp
Separated by 4 bp
Separated by 12 bp
Overlap by 1 bp
These genes biochemically unrelated. gatC, glutamyl-tRNA aminotrasferase subunit C; recA, recombination protein RecA; pilU, twitching mobility protein; cmk, cytidylate kinase; pgsA, phsphotidylglycerophosphate synthase; recJ, single strand specific endonuclease RecJ
So what is a species?
Blue DNA unique to species Red DNA acquired by lateral gene transfer.