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Presented by John S. Levine, P.E. Levine Lectronics and Lectric, Inc. 770 565-1556 John@L-3.com
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GE Consumer & Industrial Multilin
Protection Fundamentals
By John Levine
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Outline
Introductions Tools
Enervista Launchpad On Line Store Demo Relays at Levine
Objective
We are here to help make your job easier. This is very informal and designed around Applications. Please ask question. We are not here to preach to you. The knowledge base in the room varies greatly. If you have a question, there is a good chance there are 3 or 4 other people that have the same question. Please ask it.
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Tools
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Relays at L-3
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ANSI Symbols
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Protection Fundamentals
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Selectivity: Trip the minimal amount to clear the fault or abnormal operating condition Speed: Usually the faster the better in terms of minimizing equipment damage and maintaining system integrity Simplicity: KISS Economics: Dont break the bank
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Types of Protection
Overcurrent Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
Simple May employ definite time or inverse time curves May be slow Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks) Inexpensive May use various polarizing voltages or ground current for directionality Communication aided schemes make more selective
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Relay closest to fault operates first Relays closer to source operate slower Time between operating for same current is called CTI (Clearing Time Interval)
CTI
5 5 +5 5 5 +5
Distribution Substation
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(TOC) Coordination
t
Relay closest to fault operates first Relays closer to source operate slower Time between operating for same current is called CTI
CTI
Distribution Substation
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Multiples of pickup
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Bus Y a 5 E
a E
b c D C
d e B A
b d
c 5 C
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Types of Protection
Differential
current in = current out Simple Very fast Very defined clearing area Expensive Practical distance limitations
Line differential systems overcome this using digital communications
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5pu
IP
CT-X CT-Y
IP
Differential
Note CT polarity dots This is a through-current representation Perfect waveforms, no saturation
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IS
IS
Relay
IR-X IR-Y
+5 5+ (-5 = 5 )
Current, pu
-5 DIFF CURRENT
5pu
IP
5pu
Fault
CT-X CT-Y
IP
Differential
Note CT polarity dots This is an internal fault representation Perfect waveforms, no saturation
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X
IS IS
Relay
IR-X IR-Y
+5 5+ (+5 = 5 )
Current, pu
-5 DIFF CURRENT
Types of Protection
Voltage Uses voltage to infer fault or abnormal condition May employ definite time or inverse time curves May also be used for undervoltage load shedding
Simple May be slow Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks) Inexpensive
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Types of Protection
Frequency Uses frequency of voltage to detect power balance condition May employ definite time or inverse time curves Used for load shedding & machinery under/overspeed protection
Simple May be slow Selectivity at the cost of speed can be expensive
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Types of Protection
Power Uses voltage and current to determine power flow magnitude and direction Typically definite time
Complex May be slow Accuracy important for many applications Can be expensive
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Types of Protection
Distance (Impedance)
Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of fault Set on impedance [R-X] plane Uses definite time Impedance related to distance from relay Complicated Fast Somewhat defined clearing area with reasonable accuracy Expensive Communication aided schemes make more selective
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ZL
Impedance
Relay in Zone 1 operates first Time between Zones is called CTI
R
T2 T1 ZA
ZB
21
21
A
Source
B
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POTT will trip only faulted line section RO elements are 21; 21G or 67N
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r Powe More
SS SS
More
r Powe
-P
+P
-Q
180 Opposites!
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Generation-typically at 420kV
Transmission-typically at 230765kV Receives power from transmission system and transforms into subtransmission level
Subtransmission-typically at 69-161kV Receives power from subtransmission system and transforms into primary feeder voltage Distribution network-typically 2.469kV Low voltage (service)-typically 120-600V
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Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units 2. Transformers 3. Buses 4. Lines (transmission and distribution) 5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.) 6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone Unit Generator-Tx zone Transformer zone Line zone Bus zone Transformer zone Bus zone Motor zone
~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
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Relay Zone A
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Zone B
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Zone B
CTs are located at both sides of CB-fault between CTs is cleared from
both remote sides
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What Info is Required to Apply Protection What Info is Required to Apply Protection
1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved 2. Impedances and connections of power equipment, system frequency, voltage level and phase sequence 3. Existing schemes 4. Operating procedures and practices affecting protection 5. Importance of protection required and maximum allowed clearance times 6. System fault studies 7. Maximum load and system swing limits 8. CTs and VTs locations, connections and ratios 9. Future expansion expectance 10.Any special considerations for application.
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1-Line [1]
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1-Line [2]
3-Line
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Diagram Comparison
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Better practice, do not change the contact style, but rather use marks like these to indicate nonstandard reference position
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5b 5 5 5 TC 5b 5 5a 5
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5 /a 5 or 5 /b 5
Relay
T/C Coil
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Relay
Relay
Breaker
Breaker
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Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to step primary system currents to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc. CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5, 600:5, 300:5 A 2000:5 CT has a CTR of 400
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Excitation Curve
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Relaying
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Current into the Dot, Out of the Dot Current out of the dot, in to the dot
Forward Power
IP
IS
Relay or Meter
IR
Forward Power
IP
IS
Relay or Meter
IR
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Voltage Transformers
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective device or relay VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary; 14400:120, 7200:120 A 4160:120 VT has a VTR of 34.66
VP VS
Relay
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Secondary Circuit
Case ground made at IT location Secondary circuit ground made at first point of use
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Equipment Grounding
Prevents shock exposure of personnel Provides current carrying capability for the ground-fault current Grounding includes design and construction of substation ground mat and CT and VT safety grounding
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System Grounding
Limits overvoltages Limits difference in electric potential through local area conducting objects Several methods
Ungrounded Reactance Coil Grounded High Z Grounded Low Z Grounded Solidly Grounded
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System Grounding
1. Ungrounded: There is no intentional ground applied to the system-however its grounded through natural capacitance. Found in 2.415kV systems. 2. Reactance Grounded: Total system capacitance is cancelled by equal inductance. This decreases the current at the fault and limits voltage across the arc at the fault to decrease damage.
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System Grounding
3. High Resistance Grounded: Limits ground fault current to 10A-20A. Used to limit transient overvoltages due to arcing ground faults. R0 <= X0C/3, X0C is capacitive zero sequence reactance 4. Low Resistance Grounded: To limit current to 25-400A R0 >= 2X0
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System Grounding
5. Solidly Grounded: There is a connection of transformer or generator neutral directly to station ground. Effectively Grounded: R0 <= X1, X0 <= 3X1, where R is the system fault resistance
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Grounding Differences.Why?
Solidly Grounded
Much ground current (damage) No neutral voltage shift
Line-ground insulation
Limits step potential issues Faulted area will clear Inexpensive relaying
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Grounding Differences.Why?
Somewhat Grounded
Manage ground current (manage damage) Some neutral voltage shift Faulted area will clear More expensive than solid, less expensive then ungrounded
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Grounding Differences.Why?
Ungrounded
Very little ground current (less damage) Big neutral voltage shift
Must insulate line-to-line voltage
May run system while trying to find ground fault Relay more difficult/costly to detect and locate ground faults If you get a second ground fault on adjacent phase, watch out!
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Low/No Z
5 5 0 0
5N 5 5N 5
5 5 5 5
5N 5 5N 5
5 5 5 5
5N 5 5N 5
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Med/High Z
5 5 0 0 5G 5 5G 5
5 5 5 5 5G 5 5G 5
5 5 5 5 5G 5 5G 5
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Substation Types
Single Supply Multiple Supply Mobile Substations for emergencies Types are defined by number of transformers, buses, breakers to provide adequate service for application
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Bus 2
Breaker-and-a-half allows reduction of equipment cost by using 3 breakers for each 2 circuits. For load transfer and operation is simple, but relaying is complex as middle breaker is responsible to both circuits
Ring bus advantage that one breaker per circuit. Also each outgoing circuit (Tx) has 2 sources of supply. Any breaker can be taken from service without disrupting others.
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Bus 2
Double Bus: Upper Main and Transfer, bottom Double Main bus
Main-Reserved and Transfer Bus: Allows maintenance of any bus and any breaker
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Switchgear Defined
Assemblies containing electrical switching, protection, metering and management devices Used in three-phase, high-power industrial, commercial and utility applications Covers a variety of actual uses, including motor control, distribution panels and outdoor switchyards The term "switchgear" is plural, even when referring to a single switchgear assembly (never say, "switchgears") May be a described in terms of use:
"the generator switchgear" "the stamping line switchgear"
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Switchgear Examples
Metal-enclosed switchgear
Bus not insulated Breakers or switches not required to be draw-out No compartment barriering required
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Contribution to Faults
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A C G B
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Z X
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Useful Conversions
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Standard practice is to define Base power 3 phase Base voltage line to line Other quantities derived with basic power equations
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base
base
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Zactual
0 Zpu2 =Zpu1 x kV
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Utility Information
kV MVA short circuit Voltage and voltage variation Harmonic and flicker requirements
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Generator Information
Rated kV Rate MVA, MW Xs; synchronous reactance Xd; transient reactance Xd; subtransient reactance
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Motor
kV Rated HP or KW Type
Sync or Induction
Drive
Is it regenerative Harmonic spectrum
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Transformers
Rated primary and secondary kV Rated MVA (OA, FA, FOA) Winding connections (Wye, Delta) Impedance and MVA base of impedance
Reactors
Rated kV Ohms
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ANSI 1-Line
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IEC 1-Line
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A Study of a Fault.
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Current limiting fuses (provides partial protection only for a limited current range)
FlexCurve for improved coordination opportunities Employ 51VC/VR on feeders fed from small generation to improve sensitivity and coordination Employ UV light detectors with current disturbance detectors for selective gear tripping
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Protection Fundamentals
QUESTIONS?
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