Transmission System Protection

Created:

REYROLLE

Overall Power System Network

GENERATORS

TRANSMISSION NETWORK

Busbars Auto-Transformers Interconnected Feeders

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

Busbars Interconnectors Double Wound Transformers Radial Feeders Ring Mains Embedded Generation Motors

Created:

REYROLLE

Power System Design Criteria

Power system should be planned, constructed & operated such that there is sufficient generation to meet predicted demand as economically as possible.

Must withstand most faults without repercussions to customers .

Designed to avoid loss of synchronism, voltage collapse, load shedding or unacceptable frequency/voltage variations when faults occur and/or plant is switched out of service.

All under varying conditions of production and consumption of power. Provision must also be made for necessary maintenance to be carried out

Created:

REYROLLE

General Protection Requirements

Fast, Accurate Fault Detection

Discrimination (Isolation of Minimum amount of plant)

Back-up (Redundancy)

Cost Effective

Created:

REYROLLE

Protection Requirements at Transmission Voltages

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS High energy levels High capital cost of plant Impact of loss of equipment Danger of loss of synchronism on Network

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Very Fast Fully Discriminative Extremely Reliable Cost Effective

For Transmission Systems: Technical Considerations are more Important than Cost!

Created:

REYROLLE

Transmission Protection Philosophy (UK Practice)

MAIN PROTECTION 400/275kV Two Independent Protection Systems Individual Trip Circuits (Separate DC Supply) 132kV - Single Protection System If possible, different operating principles If not, different Relay or Manufacturers

Back-Up Protection
Different Operating Principle Slower (Often time delayed)

Circuit Breaker Fail Protection

Usually 400/275kV only Trip Upstream Breakers Last Resort (Loss of Discrimination)
Created:

REYROLLE

General Considerations when Specifying Protection Systems

Nature of protected plant Fault conditions Normal operating conditions Integration with other protection systems

Signalling channels available

Instrument transformer position

Created:

REYROLLE

Instrument Transformer Placement

CTs on busbar side of line Circuit Breakers & near side of Bus Section Breaker

CTs on Line side of Line Circuit Breakers & far side of Bus Section Breaker

Overlapped Zones of Protection provide cover for Circuit Breakers and connections.
Created:

REYROLLE

Feeder Protection
Main Protection 2 Independent Feeder Protection systems using separate CTs Preferably utilising different principles of operation Different relay or hardware platform to avoid common mode failure Any signalling or communications channels should be diversely routed

Back-up Protection Inherent back-up Protection Zones 2 & 3 of distance protection Back-up IDMTL Overcurrent device at each feeder end Where distance protection is not used and additional 2-phase IDMTL IDMTL device is also applied

Created:

REYROLLE

Feeder Protection-1
1ST Main (Current Diff) 2ND Main (Distance)* Back-up O/C (IDMTL)* Circuit Breaker Fail

* Additional back-up protection is provided by Zones 2 & 3 of the distance protection

Channel 1

OHL

Channel 2

Circuit Breaker Fail Back-up O/C (IDMTL) 2ND Main (Distance) 1ST Main (Current Diff)

Created:

REYROLLE

Feeder Protection-2
1ST Main (Current Diff) 2ND Main (Current Diff) IDMTL Overcurrent 2-phase Overcurrent Circuit Breaker Fail

* 2 back-up overcurrent protection systems are provided as back-up

OHL

Intertrip Channel 2

Intertrip Channel 1

Circuit Breaker Fail 2-phase Overcurrent IDMTL Overcurrent 2ND Main (Current Diff) 1ST Main (Current Diff)

Created:

REYROLLE

Auto Transformer Protection

Main Protection

2 Independent Systems of overall differential protection Both systems will use common set of CTs These Systems will operate 2 separately energised trip circuits

Back-up Protection

2-Stage HV O/C Protection Stage 1 - Faults beyond LV circuit breaker Stage 2 - Time Delayed - Trips all circuit breaker capable of supplying fault current HV Three phase overcurrent from the same CTS LV 3-phase overcurrent protection LV E/F from residually connected IDML relay

Created:

REYROLLE

Auto Transformer Protection

2-Stage HV OC Guard HV Connections 2-Stage HV OC

Main Buchholtz Surge VT Buchholtz Gas/Surge

To Trip Circuit 1

Transformer Overall 1

SGT1
Winding Temperature

HV Overcurrent

Transformer Overall 2

To Trip Circuit 2

LV Earth Fault LV Connections LV OC

Created:

REYROLLE

2-Winding Transformer Protection

Main Protection

2 Independent Systems of overall protection (common set of CTs) Restricted Earth Fault for HV and LV winding respectively (Earth Faults only) 1 Overall biased differential Protection (Slower, but reacts for all faults ) Back-up Protection
2-Stage HV O/C Protection Stage 1 - Faults beyond LV circuit breaker Stage 2 - Time Delayed HV Three phase overcurrent from the same CTS LV 2-stage LV unrestricted earth fault Stage 1 - Faults beyond LV circuit breaker Stage 2-Time Delayed - All circuit breakers supplying fault current

Created:

REYROLLE

Transformer Protection

2-Stage HV OC Guard

2-Stage HV OC
Biased Differential Tapchanger Selector Buchholtz Tapchanger Diverter Oil Surge Main Buchholtz Surge SGT1 Aux Buchholtz Surge LV Unrestricted EF St 1 CT/VT Gas Detection

To Trip Circuit 1

* HV & LV connections protection may also be included (using CTs mounted on Transformer HV & LV Bushings)

Winding Temperature
HV Overcurrent HV REF LV Unrestricted EF St 2 LV REF

To Trip Circuit 2

Created:

REYROLLE

Protection for Double Busbar Stations

Main Protection 2 Independent Fault Detection Systems (from separate CTs) Each Fault Detection System consists of 2 relays and a CT supervision relay 1 Zone of protection for each section of Busbar 1 Check zone for entire substation To Trip all breakers connected to a busbar section, BOTH an individual zone and the check zone MUST operate (2 out of 2 Logic)

Back-up Protection Afforded by IDMT Overcurrent protection on Bus Sections & Bus Couplers where appropriate Further back-up protection provided by Zones 2 & 3 of any remote Feeder distance protection

Created:

REYROLLE

Double Busbar Protection

RESERVE 1
186 106 166 169

RESERVE 2
206 286

MAIN 1
184 104 204 284

MAIN 2

180

105

205

280

Main 1

Main 2
186 184 106 104 206 204 286 284

Res. 1

Res. 2

166

169

Check

Any one of the Discriminating Zones AND the check zone must operate to trip the breakers
Created:

REYROLLE

Mesh Corner Protection

Mesh Corner 1

Mesh Corner 4

Mesh Corner 2

Mesh Corner 3

Created:

REYROLLE

Detailed Mesh Corner

Feeder End

Mesh Corner Overall 1 Mesh Corner Overall 2 CT Supervision

Transformer End

Created:

REYROLLE

Circuit Breaker Fail

CBTC

TD 0.15s

CB 'C' CB 'A' CB 'B'

CB 'E'

+
CB 'D' CB 'F' BTRTR

I m BTD r T BF C CK Back trip discriminating bus wires

Prot. BF C CK +
m

Backtrip
r

Intertrip

BTRTR - Back trip receive trip relay BTD - Back trip discriminating relay TD - Time delay relay T - Trip relay CBTC - Circuit breaker trip coil

Created:

REYROLLE

Remote CBs via intertrip

System Fault

PO S VH r p ri e tri ar C ck ba ed ed a at at vi ed er i ti at in op Bs er p y lC tri la op k ca y re la ac T Lo re IC -b p & tri ed ys e et la iv pl re m ce e re co iv p n d ce t ri io pe re at ck p er op t ri Ba st op ck er er Ba ti m ti m BF BF C C fof ed at op er dr op y la ts ed re ac et k nt pl ec co m ch y co la nt n re io rre k at ed cu ec er at i ti ch op BF in C p nt p tri re t ri ur B B C -c n -C d io te ed at ar at er st er op er op n y ti m ti o la ec re ot pr

40ms CB trip op. 60ms discrim. margin

Time (ms)

CB Fail Timing Diagram

Timer setting 105ms

Total clearance times for 40ms CBs

BF C

Tr

ip

i rc C

t ui

Created:

REYROLLE

80

60

40

28 0 14 0 20 26 0 22 0 20 0 18 0 16 0 12 0 10 0 24 0

Circuit Breaker Fail Protection

Required in the event that the circuit breaker fails to trip following receipt of a trip command Designed to trip all Circuit breakers capable of supplying fault infeed if Fault current is still present after a given time delay AND Trip signal is still present after a given time delay

Created:

REYROLLE

Protection Requirements at Transmission Voltages

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS High energy levels High capital cost of plant Impact of loss of equipment Danger of loss of synchronism on Network

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Very Fast Fully Discriminative Extremely Reliable Cost Effective

For Transmission Systems: Technical Considerations are more Important than Cost!

Created:

REYROLLE

Transmission Protection Philosophy (UK Practice)

MAIN PROTECTION 400/275kV Two Independent Protection Systems Individual Trip Circuits (Separate DC Supply) 132kV - Single Protection System If possible, different operating principles If not, different Relay or Manufacturers

Back-Up Protection
Different Operating Principle Slower (Often time delayed)

Circuit Breaker Fail Protection

Usually 400/275kV only Trip Upstream Breakers Last Resort (Loss of Discrimination)
Created:

REYROLLE