4.

2
4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H 4.2 I 4.2 J

Contemporary Housing in Delhi

Introduction Colonial development Refugee Rehabilitation Housing Post Independence Plotted Husing Urban Villages Govt. Housing

DDA housing
Cooperative housing Builder Apartments Future of housing in Delhi

1 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 A

Introduction
Until 1911, most of the city population was concentrated within the confines of THE WALLED CITY. The area consisted of narrow streets and bazaars and the chowks as major COMMUNITY SPACES. Therefore the character developed in the city promoted people to live in CLOSE ASSOCIATION. HAVELIS were the major residential units and had the COURTYARD in the middle. A total contrast to Shajanabaad, the city was laid on WESTERN PRINCIPLES with wide avenues marked by trees and BUNGALOW TYPOLOGY of construction with local climatic adaptations. Delhi is a city with different urban layers of planning, each having its own architectural character. There is a certain transition of urban forms and street scape as one walks by the congested organic developments of the walled city to the lavishly green modern imperial planning of New Delhi

Lutyyens Delhi

1911

Independence The term URBAN VILLAGE was coined in 1962 and involved development of the peripheral villages by interventions of private developers and their INCLUSION INTO THE MAIN CITY infrastructure.

1947

The huge influx from Pakistan after independence forced the MINISTRY OF REHABILITATION to initiate huge REHABILITATION COLONIES.

3 42 4 54 4 6 98 7 5 5 6 71 6 0 8 2 82

11

3 1 3 6 18 7 1 0 1 1 2 1 1

1 0

9 1 7

25 83 4

1 7 11 2 9 1 3 2

Urban village

1962

2 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Govt. employee housing

1965

DDA came into power and developed various housing units to promote the development in accordance with the land use patterns of the various MASTER PLANS.

The city due e to over pressure of the increasing population and pressure on its resources has expanded and includes the suburbs and urban villages

` REFUGEE ` URBAN VILLAGE ` GOVERNMENT ` DDA ` COOPORATIVE

Self financing scheme Co-op housing

1977

DDA gave land to cooperative societies which promoted various types of CO-OP SOCIETIES , generally 2-3 STOREY.

1980

Private builers

1992

The PRIVATE DEVELOPERS were majorly active in the NCR region outside the Delhi boundaries and developed high rise structures with MULTIPLE RESIDENTIAL UNITS. The se structures were interspersed by well PLANNED green spaces.

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 A

Introduction
NEW DELHI Based upon bungalow typology, buildings were set amidst open land and gardens The avenues are lined up by wide pavements and rows of trees Was based on the garden city concept Depended upon motor transport Low density Low rise housing typology Medium density colonies & multi-storied tenements 1911 (built by DDA) Planned development Subsidized rental housing 1947 for government employees Dedicated land use SHAHJAHANABAAD Housing Trends Post Independence FIRST MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE Bye laws enforced Sadar Bazaar, Subzi Mandi and suburbs NEW Delhi was built. Shifting of capital from Calcutta and Delhi Delhi IMPROVEMENT TRUST (1937) Rehabilitation shift from slums and sub standard areas Post independence ministry of rehabilitation came into the housing scene, launched multi-storied house construction programs on a massive scale. 200% population increase- unplanned growth. TOWN PLANING ORGANIZATION Setup by Ministry Of Health, GOI 1957; DDA came into existence which assumed the responsibility for planned city development. MCD, NDMC , local bodies emerged to maintain the developed area During the 1950s and 1960s private developers and housing companies became active.. Social and physical infrastructure of a reasonably high level was provided in these privately developed colonies. Plotted development has been a special feature of housing activities in Delhi during post independence period. Prior to 1961; private developers built two dwelling units in a plot, ground floor and first floor. After 1962; private developers eliminated mostly, DDA became sole authority for development. 1st MASTER PLAN Published for 1961- 1981 DDA launched group housing program in 1966. 1960s to 70s; Multi-family housing units or flats in multi storied buildings became dominant 2ND MASTER PLAN Published for 1981-2001 Acquisition of 20,000 Ha and urban area increased During 1980s; cooperative sector gained importance.

1962

Primarily composed of courtyard house typology Even the widest of avenues in the old city were defined by building facades

2 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965

1977

1980

1992

City was based on trade prospects where people lived in close association Basically a pedestrianized city with narrow streets Densely populated Row and medium rise building Narrow and congested streets Organic development Mixed income groups Mixed land and building used

4.2 B

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 D 4.2 F 4.2 G

Lutyens Delhi
ThE New Capital
An abundance of open spaces, designated spaces for commercial, business, social and religious use. Gazetteer officers Bungalow Zone

Open spaces Well landscaped and maintained Unused and vacant following a regular geometric pattern hierarchy primary
Service spaces Dwellings

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

New Delhi was built as the capital of British India. It was designed to reflect the grandeur of British empire over the Indian subcontinent. The new city was planned with reference to major old monuments. Axiality, symmetry, focus, true shapes, rhythm etc. were employed at city and building level. The site on the east bank of Yamuna was chosen for the new city. Population in walled city : 250-400 pph Population in Lutyens Delhi : <80 pph Key Features of Lutyens plan Government complex at the centre. Around it the road networks and city structure was developed.

Areas subdivided into triangular sectors together forming a hexagon Axial planning which led to hexagonal grids. Buildings were placed in symmetry along the main vista. The roads were broad and tree lined. The roads, nodes and residential spaces followed a strict hierarchy.
Vista road with unique landscape treatment Janpath (formerly queensway)

Each sector has 15-18 bungalows Each bungalow is 2-4 acres with a density of 10-15 persons per acre 3-4 bedrooms and 4-5 verandahs

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

Ashoka road

Roads in indian clerk area

- the bungalow: an object in a defined compound - a historical revolution in plan, form and structure of the dwelling unit - gradually more sophisticated and opulent, coming closer to the European villa - variations in size, style, variety and ornamentation - Segmental layout, following a regular grid - Staggered but symmetric form - Layout: Living room in the center Rooms around it Surrounded by verandahs - single-storeyed or two-storied structure with a symmetrical layout, having a wide, multi- functional and extensive verandah around - the kitchen and servants quarters located at the rear of the house - symmetrical layout - central hall and front verandah as the male domain - the inclusion of a designated womens room within the house clear gender segregation in social interaction.

13 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G

4.2 C

Refugee Rehabilitation Colonies

REFUGEE REHJABILITATION COLONIES

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

1. JANGPURA 2. LAJPAT NAGAR 3. KALKAJI 4. MALVIYA NAGAR 5. OLD RAJINDER NAGAR 6. NEW RAJINDER NAGAR 7. PATEL NAGAR 8. MOTI NAGAR 9. RAMESH NAGAR 10. TILAK NAGAR 11. NIZAMUDDIN

` REFUGEE
10

8 9 7 5 6

1 2

11

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

5 Km 5 Km

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

DIT (1937)
Failure

OLD RAJINDER NAGAR Housing for refugees of the partition Lies in Karol Bagh zone, south of Pusa road Original construction type- masonry walls and asbestos cement sheet roofing

OPEN SPACES

Within the unitsfront yard and backyard

rooftop Access lanes and back lanes Plots left unbuilt(136ft x 66ft) Market spine Sindhi park largest green CHANGES IN BUILT FORM Expansion of residential accomodation Change in land use Change in typology

MINISTRY OF REHABILITATION To accommodate huge influx from Pakistan Delhi the capital city Commercial centre

REHABILITATION COLONIES
Nizamuddin, Lajpat Nagar,Kalkaji and Malviya Nagar in the south, and two Rajendra Nagars, threePatel Nagars, Moti Nagar, Ramesh Nagar and Tilak Nagar on the west of the city Plotted development

Date Agency typology Density

1947 ministry of rehabilitation Plotted high density 60 du/acre

TRNASFORMATION REQUIREMENTS Housing and economic need Definition of territory

FAR
height Plot sizes Construction Maintenance

225
G+3 44 sqm. To 64 sqm. Brick masonry, RCC Individual residents AMENITIES 3 schools Womens college (Janaki Devi Mahavidyalya) Hospitall Market on the Bazaar Marg

Aspirational expression of the residents

1965
4| Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1977

1980
1992 2011

A typical government agency plan(1947-55) consisted of units built on a site of 60 to 70 square meters. The layout of the newer housing schemes were much tighter than the Lodi colony but the rooms were the same size. The backyard was smaller and the units became part of a row or of larger blocks.

Land Use
BUILT UP

20%
Common gardens replaced personal front yards

45%

35%

OPEN AREAS ROADS

LAYOUT

4.2 A 4.2 B LAYOUT grid iron pattern Variation in plot sizes 5000 plots 1500 are 56 sq yards and rest are 86 sq yards Small open central spaces where a part of the block is left un built Change in construction height recently TYPES OF CLUSTERS 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E Unit covered area 4.2 F House with shop Living area Service area Open area 4.2 G 30sqm 11sqm 24sqm 4.2 H

35 sq m Semi public areas

20 sq m Public area 38 sq m

CIRCULATION Shankar road and Poorvi Marg at the periphery

Unit covered area 35 sq m

Promoter flat Living area Service area Open area

38sqm 10sqm 12sqm

Bazaar Marg and Hemu Kalani Marg as primary streets

20 sq m Public area 13 sq m House with court Living area Service area Open area

Secondary access streets and back lanes

30sqm 54sqm 29sqm

5 |Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Semi public areas

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G

4.2 D

Plotted Housing
PLOTTED HOUSING

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

1. 2.

(1952-53) SUNDER NAGAR (1953-54) LAJPAT NAGAR, JANGPURA, AND HAUZ KHAS 3. (1955-56) SOUTH EXTN 4. (1957-58) DEFENCE COLONY 5. (1959-60) MAHARANI BAGH 6. (1960-61) EAST NIZAMUDDIN 7. (1962-63) SAFDARJUNG ENCLAVE 8. (1963-64) GK-1 9. (1965-65) VASANT VIHAR 10. (1970-71) SHANTI NIKETAN 11. (1972-73) GK-2 12. (1973-74) GULMOHAR PARK 13. (1974-75) SARVODAYA ENCLAVE 14. (1977-78) NEW FRIENDS COLONY 15. (1980-85) UDAY PARK

MALVIYA NAGAR

1 6 10 2 3 13 12 4 2 8 11 5

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

9 2

14

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

13

5 Km 5 Km

4.2 E

Urban Villages
URBAN VILLAGES

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

1. MUNDKA 2. DABRI 3. WAZIRPUR 4. NIMRI 5. SEELAMPUR 6. KARKARDOOMA 7. MUNIRKA 8. PITAMPURA 9. MASJID MOTH 8 1 8 4 5 6 5 6

` `

REFUGEE URBAN VILLAGE

9 10

1 2 7

11

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

5 Km 5 Km

9 4 3

5 Km 5 Km

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 D

Urban Villages
The term urban village was first brought up in the Master Plan of Delhi (MPD) 1962. LAL DORA Transformations in Urban Villages Loss of cultivated land and adoption of urban occupations. different

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

What is it ? Urban villages are the old traditional settlements within the urbanisable limit of the city. These are originally rural villages which are later after the notification are termed as urban villages wherein regulation and norms are applicable as per the jurisdiction of the authority. There are two parts of a village Agricultural land Abadi area

It is the limit of inhabited area of the village abadi which is delineated at the time of settlement or at the time of land consolidation.
With growth in population , there is an over spill of the population on available suitable land as an extension to the existing village Abadi. This extended Abadi limit is (PHIRNI) is not recognised as Lal Dora but the provisions of the Land Revenue Act apply to this extended Abadi Area. The area within the Lal Dora in a rural situation is exempt from Municipal building bye-laws or zoning regulation.

Migration results in residential pockets of high density, poor infrastructure and public amenities. Change in land use i.e. residential to industrial and commercial also takes place. Division and sub-division of property leading to more built up area and lesser open spaces Literacy rate improves due to urban influence Traditional ties of human association weaken, system also weakens. caste

AGRICULTURAL LAND Classification based on Transformation PHIRNI Village showing industrial growth eg; Wazirpur, Mundka, Dabri etc.

ABADI AREA As urban limit expands it engulfs rural villages

Village showing commercial growth eg; Munirka, Pitampura, Masjid Moth etc.
Village residential growth eg; Seelampur, Karkarduma, etc.

6 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

The abadi area consists of a collection of number of houses at one place occupied by persons living under common constitution and sharing land attached to the village.

URBAN VILLAGE

Components of urban village

Urban development on acquired agricultural land As urban limit expands it engulfs rural villages

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

URBAN VILLAGES HAVE BECOME A NEED FOR PLANNED AREAS.

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

Releasing population when land is acquired and there is no land for earning so people tend to migrate.

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

Attracts people who migrate in and settle down because of cheap rentals, affordability and employment opportunities in terms of Business.

7 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

Industrialized Urban Village Land use in the urban villages located near industrial areas turn into a mix of small scale manufacturing and slum type residence for the labour population. None of the factories are registered. Most employ typically 5 to 15 workers and manufacture low cost products furniture, door window grills, electrical spare parts, automobile repair shops, plastic cases and bags. Effluent treatment or drainage is practically non existent. Water supply is often sourced by illegally tapping into municipal service mains or boring for ground water. These industrialized areas are found in Shalimar village, Mundka, Nawada, Dabri etc.

Commercialized Urban Village Areas located in close proximity to middle or upper income residential areas had turned into commercial areas with large shops for clothes, furniture and building materials, big show room for electronic goods, beauty parlours or computer training institutes or medical clinics. Reason The planned commercial complexes in new sub-cities like Dwarka or Rohini, are exorbitantly priced. The shop sizes are very small and nappropriate in design. The formal markets do not have space for unorganized sectors like fruits and vegetable sellers. Hence, weekly markets had come up to meet the demand. Exploitation of the Lal Dora status.

Munirka Village Case Study Munirka is an urban village, located on Aravali range of mountain. Now a commercial market and a middleclass residential Village located in South West Delhi, India earlier it was a village of farmers domesticating Buffalos, Cows and farming for their livelihood. Village Area : 74 Hec People & Population Within the few square kilometres that is its area, at least a 100 thousand or 1 lakh people, reside. Primarily it was home to the Jats and the Brahmans particularly of the Tokas clan. Inside the village are home to a vibrant multi-cultural cosmos people from all over India have found a home here, or cheap accomodation at the very least. History Elder people of the Delhi region testify to Munirka being one of the most beautiful villages in the region till well into the 1970s, being surrounded by forest with wolf, jackal and nilgai on at least two sides, and a bani (woods), a jangal (forest) beyond that and a jhoad (pond) on the west.

8 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Industrialized urban village in Dabri has turned into a slum Villages showing Residential Growth Kotla Mubarakpur, Tikhand, Seelampur, KarkarDuma and Nimri are some of the villages which have shown abrupt residential growth. Extensive industrial or commercial establishments are conspicuous by their absence. Population density is very high in these villages resulting in congestion and inadequacy of infrastructure.

Munirka (Google Earth Image)

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C Land Use Analysis Residential component is as low as 45% & rapid commercialization. Prevalence of basement and mezzanine for commercial activity.
G+1 G+2 G+3

Land Acquisition & Transformation Cultivation was the main occupation of the villagers of Munirka prior to the acquisition of land. Land acquisition happened in two stages: First acquired for the construction of outervring road in 1953-1954. Land in bulk was acquired in 1957-1958 for the housing scheme of the DDA (R.K. Puram, Vasant Vihar, JNU)
To R.K.PURAM R.K.PURAM

BUILDING HEIGHTS (2007)

4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

LAND USE DISTRIBUTION OF MUNIRKA VILLAGE ( 1961)

G+4

To PALAM AIRPORT

RESIDENTIAL
Vasant Vihar Depot

NON RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY FACILITIES PARKS & OPEN SPACES CIRCULATION

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD

<3 3 TO 5 5<

Vacant Land & Hilly Area

DDA Flats

DDA Flats

RESIDENTIAL NON RESIDENTIAL

DDA FLATS SFS To KATWARIA SARAI To VASANT KUNJ GODAVERI HOSTEL (J.N.U. Campus)

SIZE OF COMMERCIAL UNITS in sqft (2007 survey)

COMMUNITY FACILITIES PARKS & OPEN SPACES CIRCULATION

< 90 90-225 225-450 450 <

Munirka Figure Ground

9 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

LAND USE DISTRIBUTION OF MUNIRKA VILLAGE ( 2006)

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H No. of floors per building are as high as 5 floors.

OCCUPATION PATTERN (2007)

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

Shops are on all floor in some of the buildings. Indication of nuclear family system. Residential tenants are up to 78 %. Commercial tenants are as high as 22 %. A majority of commercial establishment are as old as 30 years. Size of the commercial establishment goes up to more than 50 sqyrd. Tenants are attracted to this village mainly because of work proximity. ISSUES Munirka village act as service provider to nearby planned area such as R.K.Puram by acting as a commercial hub creating problems of parking, infrastructure and proper access road to shops. Traditional street pattern high residential density.
SERVICE

SELF EMPLOYED

DISTANCE OF WORKPLACE (2007 survey)

<0.5 km 1-5 km 5 km <

10 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977

Illegal commercial activity in the extended abadi area. Lack of percentage of community facilities.

YEAR OF SHOP ESTABLISHMENT (2007 survey)

< 10 years

1980 1992 2011

10 to 20 20 to 30 30 years <

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

Building Use - Ground Floor (2006)

Building Use - First Floor (2006)

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

11 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 F

Govt. Housing
GOVT. HOUSING

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

R.K PURAM SAROJINI NAGAR KIDWAI NAGAR MOTI BAGH LAXMI BAI NAGAR RAVINDAR NAGAR SEWA NAGAR NAUROJI NAGAR SHANTI NIKETAN 1 REFUGEE COLONIES

3 6 8 4 5 8 9 10 7 5 6 4 6

` URBAN VILLAGE ` GOVERNMENT HOUSING `

9 1 7

25 8 3

1 2

11

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

9 4 3

5 Km 5 Km

4.2 G

DDA Housing
DDA HOUSING

1533 1857 1911

1947
1962

1. ROHINI 2. MUKHERJEE NAGAR 3. LOKNAYAK PURAM 4. KALYAN VIHAR 5. MOTIA KHAN 6. SHIVAJI ENCLAVE 7. KUNDLI 8. TRIILOKPURI 9. NASIRPUR DWARKA 10. VASANT KUNJ 11. MOLARBAND 12. JASOLA 13. DILSHAD GARDEN

1 3 6 1 3 6 10 9 8 7 5 6 7 5 8 4 5 4 6 4 2 13

` ` ` `

REFUGEE URBAN VILLAGE GOVERNMENT DDA 9

9 1 7

25 8 3

1 2

11

1965
1977 1980 1992 2011
10

9 4 3

12

11

5 Km
5 Km

5 Km
5 Km

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F

DDA HOUSING

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

The DDA launched programme in 1966.

its

group

housing

Density norms, with corresponding category of dwelling unit (DU)sizes as permissible FAR, are proposed Slum/EWS housing (upto 25sq.m) 240DUs/Acre Category I (25- 40 sqm) 200DUs/ Acre Category II (50- 70 sqm) 100 DUs/ Acre Category III (85sqm and above) 70 DUs/Acre

SELF FINANCING SCHEME & ITS OBJECTIVES It was DDA Launched in 1977. Scheme was a way to obtain financial participation during the period of construction by person who wished to own flats provided by

Till 1990, it had floated 17 separate registration schemes and allotted a total of over 2 lakh houses under these schemes. Flats constructed till 1990

4.2 G
4.2 H

35% 65%
DDA provided

EWS Other

Janta / EWS Flats annual income less than 6000/- p.a. LIG Flats annual income b/w 6000/- to 8,000 /- p.a. MIG Flats annual income b/w 12,000/- to 24,000/- p.a. Some of the schemes provided by DDA HUDCO Pattern Group Housing Scheme Low specification, low cost housing

Reducing financial burden on DDA which previously was constructing dwellings with its own finances. OBJECTIVES Govt. employees residing in govt. quarters after retirement can have an opportunity to readily own a house Before SFS, DDA only catered to low or middle income groups. But, now high class could pay for their dwellings in stages, and thus, hampering them from displacing middle income groups. It provides houses to households to whom soft loans are avilable NRIs whop wish to come back, can own a readily built house in the near future. TYPE OF FLATS LIG EWS Total Indicative distribution in332 91, 656 76, Housing types3, 18, 765 41, 825 59, 776 1, 94, 095 Category I(one Bedroom) 55-75 sq.m. Ctegory II (two Bedroom) 75-110 sq.m. Category III ( three bedroom) 95-136 sq.m.

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

Self-Financing Schemes In addition to initial deposit, allottees periodically finance the construction Scheme for Retired persons scheme to provide dwelling units to retired employees of central govt., Delhi Admn. Etc. Group Housing Total Registration Allotments Made SFS 74, 045 44, 714 MIG 75, 732 47, 780

Group Housing constructed by DDA (1962-1990). Source : DDA Admn. Report 1991-1992

17 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Dilshad Garden is a large housing colony situated in East Delhi that was primarily developed by DDA. The area is divided into several Blocks and Pockets named from A through R and is well. The most Well known housing Blocks are J&k - Pocket, B - Pocket, SG Pocket, A - Block, B - Block, C - Block, E - Block and R Block. The area caters to middle class and upper middle class, mostly traders and professionals.

Date Agency typology

1980 DDA Plotted high density

Facilities Markets at a walking distance from every block Medical facilities like Teg Bahadur Hospital Schools

Density
height Plot sizes Construction Maintenance

73 du/acre
G+3 55 to 136 sqm Brick masonry, RCC RWA

J & K BLOCK The block follows a linear structure Staggered built mass Well defined housing clustered separated by 9m wide roads Service roads lead into the inner areas CIRCULATION Grand Trunk Road at the periphery Main road

Secondary access streets and serivce lanes

Open spaces The clusters are designed such that there are individual open spaces for every 12 plots. This also allows for ample parking space for every unit. The open spaces are divided bringing them down to the human scale. Interconnected open spaces They form the center of activity and interaction following a regular geometric pattern hierarchy Along the main road Between clusters

Dwelling units Each unit is repeated 4 times to form a block Blocks are joined in a staggered form to allow light and ventilation. 2-3 bedroom flats Present It become cluttered over years due to rampant unauthorized construction by its residents. Streets across blocks P , O , I & L have become totally commercial with almost all road facing ground floor flats being turned into shops.

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G

4.2 H

Cooperative Housing
COOPERATIVE HOUSING

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

1. ROHINI 2. PITAMPURA 3. SHAHADRA 4. PASHCHIM VIHAR 5. ROTHAK ROAD 6. VIKASPURI 7. NAJAFGARH ROAD 8. SOUTH WEST DELHI 9. GEETA COLONY 10. MAYUR VIHAR 11. CHILLA DALLUPURA 12. SOUTH DELHI ALAKNANDA & YAMUNA APARTMENTS

1 3 2 3 5 4 7 5 6 9 5 6 13

6 1 3 6 5 4

4 4

8 9

` ` ` ` `

REFUGEE URBAN VILLAGE GOVERNMENT DDA COOPORATIVE 9

7 10

8 2

8 10 11

7
11

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1 7

25 8 3

1 2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

9 10 4 3 12

12

11

5 Km 5 Km 5 Km 5 Km

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

Planned Housing Production, Delhi (196181) Source : 1961 Master Plan

Interim General plan (development of the city)

1951
5% 4% 5%

1961
8% 7%

1533 1857 1911 1947

27% 35%

17% 1961-66 (1,25,000) 1966-71 (1,50,000) 21% 1971-76 (1,90,000) 1976-81 (2,50,000)

DDA (1961) housing

86% 68%

9% 7%

1%

Green buffer

1962

STATUTORY MASTER PLAN Private developers eliminated Co-operative societies 66,000 flats from 1961 to 1980 SLUMS Poppulation 1.8m (1961) Relocating the residents 8.4m (1991) (200,000 units alloted)
55%

1971
11% 8% 1% 0%

1981
17% 13% 6% 0%

17% 7% 1% 32% 6% 25%

1%
1991 14%
Plotted development DDA Flats

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

During 1950s and 1960s, private developers and housing companies also became active. Occupied land Created housing (upper class)

47,000 acres of residential land

SLUM CLEARANCE AND REHABILITATION

Unwilling residents (away from workplaces) Failure of the scheme Improvement of slums
19%

16%

Cooperative Group Housing

11% 8%

Resettlement or Squatter units Slum Rehousing Govt. Housing Traditional housing Unauthorized and regularized housing

ULCRA (dwelling units for the poor)

7%

2%

23%

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C YEAR 1978 1980 1982 1984 Pucca Semi - pucca Servicable kutcha Unservicable kutcha 1986 1988 1990 NO. OF SOCIETIES COMPLETED 2 5 26 45 120 250 518 400 D.U. 1000 2600 4500 16500 35250 73000 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F

COOPERATIVE HOUSING The concept of cooperative group housing societies was introduced in Delhi with the decision of the govt. of India, Ministry of works and Housing in February 1970.

Housing Stock in 1981. Source : Census of India, 1981 2% 2% 7%

4.2 G
4.2 H

Growth in the year wise completion of the number of societies and dwelling units provided Source : Registrar of Cooperative Societies

89%

Dwarka sub-city
Group Housing required less land but would accommodate more number of families. To achieve maximum use of land within a time period, concept of group housing societies envisaged the construction of two-storeyed and multistoried buildings. The new cooperatives societies were permitted to register only as group housing societies.

Planned Housing Production, Delhi (1961-81) Source : 1961 Master Plan

17% 35% 1961-66 (1,25,000) 1966-71 (1,50,000) 21% 1971-76 (1,90,000) 1976-81 (2,50,000) 27%

5%

3%2% Pucca Semi - pucca Servicable kutcha Unservicable kutcha

By 1983, as many as 1400 new societies were registered. ALLOCATION OF LAND TO GROUP HOUSING SOCIETIES

YEAR 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983

NO. OF SOCIETIES ALLOTED 3 37 72 79 330 530

Growth in the year wise allotment of land to the societies

90%

13 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Housing Stock in 2001. Source : Census of India, 2001

By 1973, 161 societies were registered as group housing societies and by 1979, 416 new societies were registered.

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

YAMUNA APARTMENTS
About 65,000 dwelling units were built in 20 colonies for the displaced people. Besides, the government took up a large scale housing program for its growing number of employees. Between 1947 and 1962, 12,000 units were constructed for government servants.

Date Clients

1981 (1962-80) The Yamuna Co-operative Group Housing Society Ltd. Ranjit Sabikhi And Ajoy Choudhary , The Design Group Low rise medium density 4.3 acres (195 units)

Architects

Group Housing Constructed By DDA 19621990

GROUP HOUSING SFS TOTAL REGISTRATION ALLOTMENTS MADE 74,045 44,714 MIG 75,732 47,780 LIG 91,656 41,825 EWS 76,332 59,776

Typology Area

Density
FAR height Construction

45 dwelling units per acre

175 G+3 RCC Columns, Beams and Brickwork in cement mortar. By society

Cooperative Housing Societies

Cooperative housing societies concept was introduced by the Ministry of Works and Housing in 1970 to achieve maximum land use. Types of cooperative housing societies: Tenant ownership cooperative housing society: land is held by the society and houses are owned by members.

Maintenance

Land Use
25% 40% 35%
BUILT UP OPEN AREAS ROADS

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Plot holders housing cooperative society: society develops residential area and sells plots to members Tenant co- partnership housing cooperative: society holds both land and buildings. Housing finance cooperative society: raises funds and provides finance to its members for construction. Authorities concerned with cooperative housing: Delhi Development Authority The cooperative department and the Land and Building Department of Delhi Administration Municipal Corporation of Delhi

The units are oriented north-south with openings in north and balconies in the south. The west faade is blank with external wall finished with stone aggregate applied insitu.

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Living Dining Kitchen Bedroom Balcony Patio Shaft

4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F

4.2 G
4.2 H

A grassy common and hard-surfaced public area with a stage for outdoor performances, integrated into the scheme Network of short and narrow pedestrian streets Road network is peripheral TYPE A B C AREA (SQ. FT.) 1250 1090 875 CONST. COST / SQ. FT. 80 80 80 TOTAL COST 1,00,000 87,000 70,000

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Living Dining Kitchen Bedroom Balcony Patio Shaft

Compact clustering Each unit has a courtyard or terrace, partly open to the sky. Limited types of units, leading to inevitable repetition of standard volumes It was designed keeping in mind the people who were going to reside here, i.e. people of south indian origin. A puja Room was established right next to the kitchen To reduce the heating effect each unit is sheltered on the outside by either a balcony or terrace and also a shaft is provided in the internal area for the ventilation of internal spaces. The access staircase

15 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C Date Agency typology Plot sizes Density FAR height Construction 1985-91 DDA/Co-op Society High rise High density 1.5 to 6.25 acres 56 dwelling units per acre 175 G+7 RCC Columns, Beams and Brickwork in cement mortar. Circulation 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F

I.P. EXTENSION HIGH RISE HIGH DENSITY

4.2 G
4.2 H

Maintenance

Land Use

By society
Open Spaces Central green around the blocks Vehicular access street and car parking Roof tops

Main Highway Roads

BUILT UP 26% 37% OPEN AREAS ROADS

Locality Feeder (runs by the plot)

37%

Vehicular Access Road (connects the block to the gate) (pedestrian activity zone)

Living Bedroom Dining Drawing

40 sq. m. 9 sq. m. 22.6 sq. m.

HIGH RISE BLOCK Unit covered area Semi-public area Public area 114.4 sq. m. 13.25 sq. m. 22.4 sq. m.

WALKUP BLOCK 87.0 sq. m. 6.66 sq. m. 9.80 sq. m.

Services Toilets 18.8 sq. m. Kitchen 8.1 sq. m. Circulation 46.3 sq. m.

SITE PLAN

17 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

Circulation Network In The Blocks

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 I

Builder Apartments
Over the past decade or so we can see a shift towards apartment buildings. What stemmed out as a result of scarcity of land is now being opted by many through choice. Apartment blocks are better equipped and provide greater facilities and services to their tenants as opposed to villa homes. A sense of security which one gets in a well guarded society is the driving force for many individuals, so much so, that they are selling off their independent bungalows to buy space in such housings. Moreover the developers have a lot to offer from in built gyms and swimming pools to community centres and 100% power back up for their clients. In addition to such developer done up apartment blocks we have a rise in the cooperative group societies in the city. The positive impact is that there is optimum utilization of space. The societies built by the private developers are well planned in terms of interspersing huge blocks of dwelling units with green spaces in the form of landscape gardens and recreational spaces.

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

18 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 I

Builder Apartments
DLF PARK PLACE, GURGAON

1533 1857 1911 1947 1962

Date Agency typology FAR

2012 DLF High rise low density 350

height
Flats

G + 29
3 to 4 bedroom apartments. Brick masonry, RCC frame structures Society association 1975 2704 sq. ft. OPEN-LAYOUT WITH BUILDINGS BEING PLACED IN A MANNER THAT THERE IS NO OVERLOOKING AND MOST OF THE APARTMENTS (50% AT LEAST) ENJOY THE VIEWS OF STRUCTURED LANDSCAPING. DLF Park Place is located in DLF City, Phase V, in close proximity to DLF Golf Links. An area in the midst of one of the finest developments by DLF.

Construction

Maintenance Flat sizes

Entry to Towers IV Entry to Towers I, II, III SUBSECTORI AL ROAD

24 M WIDE

TOWERS
BASEMENT ENTRY

18 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

Green buffer spaces with a planned central open space and commercial sectors alongside at the periphery An easy access from a 60 meter wide Sector Road connecting Delhi and Faridabad on the one side and Sohna and Jaipur on the other, through a 24 meter wide boulevard to avoid any congestion in the future Located at a close proximity to DLF Golf and Country Club, it is only at a 14.7 km drive from the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi

TOWERS

TOWERS TOWERS IN CAMPUS ROADS BASEMENT ENTRY 11 M WIDE TOWERS

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C COSTING & SIZES 3 BR + 3 BR + 3 BR + 4 BR + 4 BR + UTILITY UTILITY UTILITY UTILITY UTILITY ROOM + ROOM + ROOM + ROOM + ROOM + 4T 4T 4T 5T 5T 2282 6,750 2329 6,750 2677 6,750 2704 6,750 4.2 D 4.2 D 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

BEDROOMS

SIZES - SQ FT 1975 RATE PSF * PARKING IBMS @ 100 6,750

600,000 600,000 600,000 900,000 900,000 197,500 228,200 232,900 267,700 270,400

GROSS COST 1.41 CR 1.62 CR 1.66 CR 1.92 CR 1.94 CR BKNG AMT 15 LACS 15 LACS 15 LACS 15 LACS 15 LACS

AREA 2329 SFT.

DESIGN ANALYSIS
Since the building is planned to be fully air conditioned, therefore, natural ventialtion has not been incorporated in the design No buffer space between the main entrance and the guest sitting are. A more user sensitive planning could have reduced circulation inside the livable units.

AREA 2677 SFT.

AREA 2677 SFT.

19 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

All bedrooms with attached bath Balconies with most of the living spaces and a utility balcony with kitchen Air Conditioned Apartments Controlled Environment Two Passenger and one Service Elevator per core Fitted Modular Kitchen Great Aesthetics Gated Community Secure & Safe Sprawling Greens serenity all around Adequate Parking Structure designed for the highest seismic considerations for Zone V, against Zone IV.

AREA 1975 SFT.

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 J

Future of Housing in Delhi (Master Plan 2021) 1533 1857 1911 1947 1962
UNLOCKING LAND Five new sub cities proposed in Delhi under MPD 2021 LAND BONANZA 60, 000 hectares of land to be released for development PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP the new Plan seeks to focus on public-private partnerships and has a provision that provides for entry of private developers in the acquisition and development of New Delhi. REVERSE EXODUS

The 60,000 hectares to be unlocked in Delhi under the new Master Plan could help lakhs realize their dreams of owning homes in the Capital by 2021

The Gurgaon-Noida story was based on the premise of lack of availability of land in Delhi. It was the absolute dearth of land in Delhi that forced people to look for options in the periphery. The new Master Plan is likely to change all that.

PVT.

NEW ZONES 90s saw NCR catering to spillover from Delhi, which is likelly to change GREAT OPPORTUNITIES Population to be expected around 230 lakh by 2021. need 15 lakh* housing units for additional population PRIVATE BUILDERS Entry of private builders, encouraging acquiring and developing the land

Delhi will compete with areas such as Gurgaon and Noida. The largest demand lies in the mid- and affordable housing segment. This is because of favorable land pricing. The surrounding markets are creating low-cost/affordable housing projects almost 60-80 kms away from, with low infrastructure and transportation connect. The Delhi opportunity would bring back quality of life, affordability through the MPD vision of integrated sub cities. WHERE WILL THE LAND COME FROM . . ? But, is it justifiable to eleminate green cover for the sake of housiing. When there are already numerous housing projects going on around NCR. JUST TO AGAIN CONGEST THE CITY MORE.

20 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

1965 1977 1980 1992 2011

Quoted by DDA planning commissioner, AK Jain

Main vision of MPD 2021 : develop a world class city with multistory buildings, But not much increase in the GC or FAR. Whereas, considering the demand of housing and increase in population, HIGHRISE HOUSING is the need of the times.

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

4.2 H

Comparisons
CASE STUDY
RAJINDER NAGAR

ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Demographic & economic conditions : earlier, allotted to refugees from govt. servants, now it caters to middle class and upper middle class tenants. Dwellings : dense built form due to small plot sizes and layout. Original structures of masonry walls and asbestos sheet roofing which upgraded gradually. Density : 60 du/acre F.A.R : 225 Site coverage : 45% Roads : 20% Open areas: 35%

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Open and Built spaces : there is a little public open space occurring as cluster level open space, where a block or a part of it left unbuilt. Layout and street pattern : strongly grid iron, minor variation in plot size, everyday amenities in close proximity Human scale : due to no encroachment on front yard these lanes give a better perception of openness and is pleasing, back lanes seem narrower due to encroachment. Micro climate : cool due top narrow streets, pollution rising due to arterial roads connecting shankar road to karol bagh. Urban structure : well planned, but starting to be chaotic due to insufficient width of roads and rampant encroachment.

SOCIAL ASPECTS
Evolution : encroachment was limited to shops for some time, but now has lead to omission of front and back yards. Public circulation and street pattern : vehicular movement mainly on hemu kalani marg and bazaar marg. Streets connect all plots but slow. Well served by public transport system running through bazaar marg. Visual Character : presents as sense of high density housing with small pockets of green areas dispersed randomly. With an increasing vehicular density and parking problems.

20 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

I.P. EXTENSION (KALLOL APARTMENTS)

Demographic & economic conditions : middle class & upper middle class, mostly traders and professionals Dwellings : DDA / Co-op societies, high rise high density apartments Density : 56 du/acre Plot sizes : 1.5 to 6.25 acres F.A.R : 175 Site coverage : 35%

Open and built spaces : open area is central & public and common to all residents, and abundant but under-utilised Layout and street pattern :plots laid out dont show any logical basis or system Human scale : due to high rise apartments human scale is dwarfed Micro-climate : shaded voids occurring b/w buildings facilitates airflow Urban structure : large circulation areas due to high rise housing lead to inadequate monitoring which makes them uneconomical in terms of use nor they have any public character.

Evolution : part of DDA / co-op society. Changes limited to individual housing projects Public Circulation and traffic pattern : Connection to city by wide primary roads, preet vihar being the main commercial area. Monitoring of large circulation stretches is absent. Visual character : open spaces have very imposing built mass around them

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E

CASE STUDY

ECONOMIC ASPECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

SOCIAL ASPECTS

YAMUNA APARTMENTS

Demographic & economic conditions : allotted to Govt. servants of South Indian origin. Dwellings : compact clustering. Limited types of units leading to inevitable repetition. Area : 4.3 acres Density : 45 dwelling units per acre

Open and Built spaces : each unit having a courtyard or terrace. Grassy common and hard surfaced public area. Layout and street pattern : road network peripheral. Network of short and narrow streets. Micro climate : series of courtyard and terraces allow for movement of air leading to good ventilation and comfortable living.

Visual Character : Brutalism is

visible in the expression of material and structure, but subdued due to chalky veneer of aggregate plaster.

4.2 F 4.2 G 4.2 H

21| Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 D 4.2 F 4.2 G

13 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

4.2 A 4.2 B 4.2 C 4.2 D 4.2 E 4.2 F 4.2 G

12 | Contemporary Delhi 4.2

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