Statistical Quality Control (SQC)

DEFINITION:
Statistical Quality Control is the term used to
describe the set of statistical tools to evaluate
organizational quality.

CLASSIFICATION OF SQC:
1.Descriptive statistics
2.Statistical process control
3.Acceptance sampling

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Statistics used to describe quality characteristics
and relationships.
Eg:
Mean, Standard deviation, Range
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
A statistical tool that involve inspecting a
random sample of the output from a process and
deciding whether the process is producing
products with characteristics that fall within a
predetermined range.

It answers the question whether the process
is functioning properly or not.
ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING

The process of randomly inspecting
a sample of goods and deciding whether to accept
the entire lot based on the results.
It determines whether a batch of
goods should be accepted or rejeted
VARIATION

It is the change in some quality
characteristic of the product or process.

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIATION:
1. In-control variation
2.Out-of-cotrol variation
IN-CONTROL VARIATION:
Due to common causes(random causes)
that cant be identified.

OUT-OF-CONTROL VARIATION
Due to assignable causes(outside influences)
that can be identified and eliminated.
CONTROL CHART
(PROCESS CHART / QUALITY CONTROL CHART)

A graph that shows whether a sample of
data falls within the normal range of
variation.
It has two horizontal lines, called the
upper and lower control limits

It has a central line that represents the
average value of the quality characteristic when
the process is in control.
Control Chart
Nominal
UCL
LCL
Sample number
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s

Types of the control charts


VARIABLES CONTROL CHARTS

Variable data are measured on a continuous scale. For

example:
time, weight, distance, temperature, volume, length,
width can be measured in fractions or decimals.

Applied to data with continuous distribution



ATTRIBUTES CONTROL CHARTS

Attribute data are counted and cannot have fractions or
decimals. Attribute data arise when you are determining only
the presence or absence of something.

success or failure, accept or reject, correct or not correct.

Example:
a report can have four errors or five errors, but it cannot have
four and a half errors.

Applied to data following discrete distribution




WHY CONTROL CHARTS ?
Predicting the expected range of outcomes from
a process.

Determining whether a process is stable (in
statistical control).

Analyzing patterns of process variation from
assignable causes or common causes .
PROCEDURE TO DRAW CONTROL
CHART
Choose the appropriate control chart for
the data.
Determine the appropriate time period
for collecting and plotting data.
Collect data, construct the chart and
analyze the data.
Look for out-of-control signals on the
control chart. When one is identified,
mark it on the chart and investigate the
cause.

General model for a control chart
UCL = + k
CL =
LCL = k

where is the mean of the variable,and
is the standard deviation of the variable.
UCL=upper control limit;
LCL = lower control limit;
CL = center line.


where k is the distance of the control
limits from the center line, expressed in
terms of standard deviation units

When k is set to 3, we speak of 3-sigma
control charts.


NORMAL DISTRIBUTION:
A variable control chart follows normal
distribution(since,variable is a continuous random variable)
A continuous random variable X having a
probability density function given by the formula


< < =
|
.
|

\
|

x e x f
x
,
2
1
) (
2
2
1
o

t o
is said to have a Normal Distribution with parameters
and o
2
. It is a theoretical distribution.
Symbolically, X ~ N(, o
2
). The distribution with = 0
and
2
= 1 is called the standard normal
Graph of generic normal
distribution

where parameter is the mean or expectation (location of
the peak) and
2
is the variance. is known as the standard
deviation. where x is an observation from a normally
distributed random variable

It is a continuous distribution of a random variable with
its mean, median, and mode equal.

The normal distribution is considered the most prominent
probability distribution in statistics.

PROPERTIES OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1. The curve extends infinitely to the left and to the
right, approaching the x-axis as x increases in
magnitude, i.e. as x , f(x) 0.
2. The mode occurs at x=.
3. The curve is symmetric about a vertical axis through
the mean
4. The total area under the curve and above the
horizontal axis is equal to 1.
i.e.








1
2
1
2
2
1
=
|
.
|

\
|

}
dx e
x
o

t o

The mean identifies the position of the center and the
standard deviation determines the height and width of the
bell

All normal density curves satisfy the following property
which is often referred to as the Empirical Rule or 68-95-
99.7 rule



EMPERICAL RULE:
68% of the observations fall within 1 standard deviation
of the mean (i.e between - and + )

95% of the observations fall within 2 standard deviations
of the mean (i.e between -2 and + 2)

99.7% of the observations fall within 3 standard
deviations of the mean(i.e between -3 and +3)

A NORMAL CURVE


Eg:
A good example of a bell curve or normal distribution
is the roll of two dice. The distribution is centered
around the number 7 and the probability decreases as
you move away from the center
STANDARDIZING PROCESS
o

=
x
z
This can be done by means of the transformation.

The mean of Z is zero and the variance is respectively,








( )
0
] ) ( [
1
1
) (
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

=

o
o

X E
X E
X
E Z E
1
1
) (
1
) (
1
) (
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|

=
o
o
o

o
o

X Var
X Var
X
Var Z Var
Standard Normal Distribution and
Standard Normal Curve

TYPES OF VARIABLE CONTROL CHART
Control of the process average or mean quality
level is usually done with the control chart for mean called
xbar chart.

Process variability can be monitor with either
a control chart for the standard deviation, called the s chart,
or a control chart for the range, called an R chart.

We can use X-bar and R charts for any process with a
subgroup size greater than one. Typically, it is used when
the subgroup size falls between two and ten,

Determining an alternative value
for the standard deviation
m
m
i
i
=
=
1
R
R
R A X UCL
2
+ =
R A X LCL
2
=
x-bar Chart Example: o Unknown
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3-38
OBSERVATIONS (SLIP- RING DIAMETER, CM)
SAMPLE k 1 2 3 4 5 x R
1 5.02 5.01 4.94 4.99 4.96 4.98 0.08
2 5.01 5.03 5.07 4.95 4.96 5.00 0.12
3 4.99 5.00 4.93 4.92 4.99 4.97 0.08
4 5.03 4.91 5.01 4.98 4.89 4.96 0.14
5 4.95 4.92 5.03 5.05 5.01 4.99 0.13
6 4.97 5.06 5.06 4.96 5.03 5.01 0.10
7 5.05 5.01 5.10 4.96 4.99 5.02 0.14
8 5.09 5.10 5.00 4.99 5.08 5.05 0.11
9 5.14 5.10 4.99 5.08 5.09 5.08 0.15
10 5.01 4.98 5.08 5.07 4.99 5.03 0.10
50.09 1.15 Totals
x- bar
Chart
Example
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3-39
UCL = 5.08
LCL = 4.94
M
e
a
n

Sample number
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
5.10
5.08
5.06
5.04
5.02
5.00
4.98
4.96
4.94
4.92
x = 5.01
=
R-Chart Example
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3-40
OBSERVATIONS (SLIP- RING DIAMETER, CM)
SAMPLE k 1 2 3 4 5 x R
1 5.02 5.01 4.94 4.99 4.96 4.98 0.08
2 5.01 5.03 5.07 4.95 4.96 5.00 0.12
3 4.99 5.00 4.93 4.92 4.99 4.97 0.08
4 5.03 4.91 5.01 4.98 4.89 4.96 0.14
5 4.95 4.92 5.03 5.05 5.01 4.99 0.13
6 4.97 5.06 5.06 4.96 5.03 5.01 0.10
7 5.05 5.01 5.10 4.96 4.99 5.02 0.14
8 5.09 5.10 5.00 4.99 5.08 5.05 0.11
9 5.14 5.10 4.99 5.08 5.09 5.08 0.15
10 5.01 4.98 5.08 5.07 4.99 5.03 0.10
50.09 1.15 Totals
R- Chart
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3-41
UCL = D
4
R LCL = D
3
R
R =
R
k
Where
R = range of each sample
k = number of samples (sub groups)
R-Chart Example
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3-42
Retrieve chart factors D
3
and D
4
UCL = D
4
R = 2.11(0.115) = 0.243
LCL = D
3
R = 0(0.115) = 0
_
_
R-Chart Example
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3-43
UCL = 0.243
LCL = 0
R
a
n
g
e

Sample number
R = 0.115
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
0.28
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0
THANK YOU..