Slide 1

Structure of Plants

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Slide 2

A. Functions of Roots
Anchor & support plant in the ground Absorb water & minerals Hold soil in place

1. 2.

3.

Root Hairs

Fibrous Roots

Slide 3

B. Root Types
Tap Root

1. Fibrous Roots:
branching roots hold soil in place to prevent soil erosion
Ex. Grasses

2. Tap Roots larger central

root reaches deep water sources underground Ex. Trees, Carrots, & Dandelions

Slide 4

C. The Structure of a Root

Root Hairs
Phloem Xylem

1. Root Hairs: increase surface area for water & mineral absorption 2. Meristem: region where new cells are produced 3. Root Cap: protects tip of growing root

Meristem Root Cap

Slide 5

A. Functions of Stems

1.Support system for plant body 2.Transport system carries water & nutrients 3.Holds leaves & branches upright
Looking at the Each light and dark picture to the left: tree ring equals one
year of annual growth. Whatrings for fast years had Light the most rain? for spring growth, dark

slow summer growth. What years tell of Smaller rings experienced that past droughts the have occurred. worst drought?

Slide # 6

A. Functions of Leaves

1. Main photosynthetic organ 2. Broad, flat surface increases surface area for light absorption 3. Have systems to prevent water loss Stomata open in day but close at night or when hot to conserve water waxy cuticle on surface 4. System of gas exchange Allow CO2 in and O2 out of leaf

Elephant Ear Plant

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B. Leaf Structures
Leaf Cross-Section
Cuticle

1.Cuticle: waxy layer; covers upper surface

Protects leaf against water loss

2.Veins: transports water, nutrients and food

Made of xylem and phloem

Mesophyll

Veins

Stoma
(Opening)

3.Mesophyll: contains cells that perform photosynthesis b/c they contain Chloroplasts.

2 Guard Cells
Surround each Stoma

Stoma- singular

Stomata-plural

Slide # 8

More Plant Parts 4. Guard cells: cells that open and close the stoma
5. Stomata: openings in leafs surface; when open:
GAS EXCHANGE: Allows CO2 in & O2 out of leaf TRANSPIRATION: Allows excess H2O out of leaf

Guard Cells

Stoma

Slide # 9

Function of Stomata
What process involves Guard Cells Guard Cells using CO2 and H2O H2O releasing O2 as a waste product? Photosynthesis
CO2 Stoma Open

What goes O2 out? What goes in?

Stoma

What is the plant using this process to make? Stoma Closed Carbohydrates-glucose If the plant needs water for photosynthesis, why is water coming out of the stoma?

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Function of Guard Cells

Guard Cells

These stomata (leaf Guard Cells openings) naturally allow water to evaporate out. Why would the plant close stomata with guard cells? Prevent excess water loss through transpiration. (conserveStoma Open water) So what is the point of having stomata? Allow gas exchange for photosynthesis

Stoma Closed

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C. Plants find a use for Transpiration

1. Transpiration: loss of excess water from plant leaves 2. Significance:

a. Transpiration causes enough pressure to help pull water (& required nutrients) up stem from roots. b. As part of the water cycle, trees transpire water back into the atmosphere. c. Transpiration provides much of the daily rain in rainforest.

A average size maple tree can transpire 200 liters of water per hour during the summer. Transpiration is the #1 driving force for pulling water up stems from roots.

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Structure of a Flower
Stamen
Anther Filament Stigma

1.Pistil:female reproductive structure a.Stigma: sticky tip; traps pollen b.Style: slender tube; transports pollen from stigma to ovary c.Ovary: contains ovules; ovary develops into fruit d.Ovule: contains egg cell which develops into a seed when fertilized

Pistil
Ovary

Style

Ovule

Petal Sepal

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Structure of a Flower
Stamen
Anther Filament Stigma

2.Stamen: male reproductive structure a.Filament: thin stalk; supports anther b.Anther: knob-like structure; produces pollen c.Pollen: contains microscopic cells that become sperm cells

Pistil
Ovary

Style

Ovule

Petal Sepal

Slide # 14

Structure of a Flower
Stamen
Anther Filament Stigma

3.Sepals: encloses & protects flower before it blooms 4.Petals: usually colorful & scented; attracts pollinators

Pistil
Ovary

Style

Ovule

Petal Sepal

Slide # 15

Cross Pollination

How does pollination happen?

Pollen from an anther is caught by the stigma, travels through style to the ovules in the ovary.
What is the result of pollination? A Fruit: An ovary containing seeds.

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Chapter 25

Plant Responses and Adaptations

Slide #17

Hormone Action on Plants

A. Plant cells can produce hormones: which are chemical messengers that travel throughout the plant causing other cells called target cells to respond. B. In plants, hormones control: 1. Plant growth & development 2. Plant responses to environment

Hormoneproducing cells

Movement of hormone

Target cells

Cells in one blooming flower signals other blooms using hormones to open.

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C. Plant cells will send signals to one another to tell them:

1. When trees to drop their leaves. 2. When to start new growth. 3. When to cause fruit to ripen. 4. When to cause flowers to bloom. 5. When to cause seeds to sprout.

Leaf Drop

Tree Budding

Fruit Ripening

Cactus Blooming

Sprouting Corn Seeds

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D. Ethylene causes Fruit to Ripen

1.Fruit tissues release a small amount of ethlyene 2.Causes fruits to ripen. 3.As fruit become ripe, they produce more and more ethlyene, accelerating the ripening process.
Ethylene released by apples and tomatoes causes fruit to age quickly.

Slide # 20

Plant Tropisms

1. Tropism: the way a plant grows in response to stimuli in the environment. a.Phototropism: growth response to light -Plants bend towards light a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity
-plant roots grow down with gravity, shoots (stems) grow up against gravity and out of the soil.

a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch

-vines grow up around trees, venus flytrap closes when leaves are touched

Slide # 21

What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?