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Introduction
Conte nts
Theories of growth Pre-natal development of mandible Post natal growth Age changes in mandible Factors affecting growth Abnormalities Conclusions References
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INTRODUCTION
In all biological sense development is a process of continuous
function.
(Lowrey 1951)
life of an individual from its existence as a single cell to its elaboration as multifunctional unit terminating in death. (Moyer 1981)
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Theories of Growth
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OTHER THEORIES
ENLOWS V PRINCIPLE
The growth and enlargement of bones occur towards wide end of v due to differential deposition and resorption
Growth of any facial or cranial part relates specifically to other structural and geometric counterparts
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cartilage
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4 week embryo
Growth of width of mandible is completed first, then growth in length and finally growth in height
WIDTH OF MANDIBLE
GROWTH IN HEIGHT
Growth increase occurs with concomitant eruption of teeth and continues to increase through out life and decreases in adult life
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1. RAMUS OF MANDIBLE
Ramus moves progressively posterior by a combination of deposition and resorption Resorption occurs on the anterior part and the deposition occurs on the posterior part---drift
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2. BODY OF THE MANDIBLE The increase in width of the mandible occurs primarily due to resorption on the inside and deposition on the outside
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3. ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE On the lingual side, resorption takes place on posteroinferior aspect,while deposition occurs on anterosuperior aspect
the the
On the buccal side ,resorption occurs on anterosuperior part while resorption occurs on posteroinferior
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4. ALVEOLAR PROCESS
Develops in response to presence of tooth buds It increases in height as the teeth erupts
This increases the heigth and thickness of the body of mandible 5.CHIN Prominence of the mental protruberance is accentuated by bone resorption that occurs above the alveolar processcreating a concavity
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6.CONDYLE
It has been recognized as an important growth site There are two schools of thought
I) growth at the condyle pushes it towards the cranial base, this leads to displacement of the mandible forwards and downwards
RAYMOND.C.BERNABEI AND LYSLE.E.JOHNSTON (1978) FOUND THAT CONDYLAR CARTILAGE IS NEEDED FOR NORMAL GROWTH
II) it is now believed that growth of soft tissues surrounding the mandible carries it away from the cranial base and growth occurs at condyle to maintain constant contact
ROSARIO.BERRAQUERO et al (1992) FOUND THAT CONDYLAR CARTILAGE IS A SECONDARY GROWTH CENTER AND NOT A PRIMARY GROWTH CENTER
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RONNING.O OBSERVED THAT THERE WAS NO GROWTH OF THE CONDYLAR CARTILAGE AFTER INTRACEREBRAL IMPLANTATION
JANSEN.H.W AND DUTERLOO.H.S (1986) STATED THAT CONDYLAR CARTILAGE SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY LESS GROWTH THAN OTHERS, SO THE CONDYLE DOES NOT ACT AS A GROWTH CENTER
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7. CORONOID PROCESS
In longitudinal section, deposition occurs on lingual side of both left and right coronoid process
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GROWTH ROTATION
i) ii)
REMODELLING DISPLACEMENT The ramus undergoes remodeling rotation to decrease the gonial angle---this produces displacement rotation of the mandible as a whole
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BJORK AND CO-WORKERS DESCRIBED TWO TYPES Rotation that occurs around the core of the mandible that surrounds the inferior alveolar nerve
1. INTERNAL ROTATION
i)
MATRIX ROTATION ROTATION AROUND THE CONDYLE INTRAMATRIX ROTATION ROTATION AROUND THE BODY
ii)
2. EXTERNAL ROTATION
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Overall changes in orientation of jaw results from the combination of internal and external rotation
The core of mandible during growth rotates in such a way that tends to decrease the mandibular plane angle i.E. Up anteriorly and down posteriorly
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Individuals of short face type have excessive forward growth of mandible. They have decreased mandibular and gonial plane angle square jaw
Long face individuals have excessive backward rotation of mandible and have increased mandibular plane angle
and decreased
Females have slight backward rotation of mandible and increased mandibular plane angle
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Mandible At Birth
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of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly partitioned off from one another.
lower border of the bone; the mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar tooth.
Mandible in Childhood
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symphysis, from below upward, in the first year; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year, near the alveolar margin.
especially behind the mental foramen, to provide space for the three additional teeth developed in this part.
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of the alveolar part, to afford room for the roots of the teeth, and by thickening of the subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of the masticatory muscles; but the alveolar portion is the deeper of the two, and, consequently, the chief part of the body lies above the oblique line.
just above the level of the mylohyoid line; and the mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult. The angle becomes less obtuse, owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth; about the fourth year it is 140.
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Adult Mandible
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the upper and lower borders of the bone, and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid line.
The ramus is almost vertical in direction, the
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The bone becomes greatly reduced in size, for with the loss
of the teeth the alveolar process is absorbed, and, consequently, the chief part of the bone is below the oblique line.
140, and the neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward.
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SYSTEMIC FACTORS
1. 2. 3. 4.
Genetic Hormonal Imbalance Nutrition Systemic Illness Or Chronic Illness Localised Alteration/ Diseases Of Uterus Systemic Illness In Mother Drugs
5.
6. 7.
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B) LOCAL FACTORS
1.
Vascular Abnormality
2. Lymphatic Disturbance 3. Neurologic Disease 4. Local Infection 5. Ear Infection Or Mastoiditis 6. Ankylosis 7. Trauma Or Fracture
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Abnormalities
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Abnormalities
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Abnormalities
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SUMMARY
Mandible develops from first
pharyngeal arch
There are two phases of
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REFERENCES:
Contemporary Orthodontics William R. Proffit. Textbook of Pedodontics Shobha Tandon Textbook of Pedodontics S. G. Damle Textbook of Oral Pathology William Shaffer, 4th Edition Textbook Of Anatomy Gray Growth in situ of isolated mandibular segments.
Raymond.c.Bernabei AJO-1978;73-74;24-35
Role of condylar cartilage in mandibular growth-Rosario.
Berraquero et al AJO-1992;102;220-6
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