Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
THE BEGINNINGS
SETTLEMENT DESIGN Agricultural Societies Rectilinear Plotting LAYOUT 1. Grid (or Rectilinear) product of the farmer 2. Circular (Fencing)
product of the herdsman defensive role
And when we saw all those cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Tenochtitlan, we were amazedIndeed, some of our soldiers asked if it was not all a dream (Spanish chronicler, Bernal Diaz del Castillo) describing Aztec Chinampa agriculture
Circular Layout
Circular Layout
Radio-centric Layout
Radio-centric Layout
ANCIENT GREECE
LANDSCAPE HIGH PLACES powerfully assertive fortified hilltop sacred precinct TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE Aristotles ideal size of city = 10,000 20,000 people Never attempted to overwhelm nature Buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape THE STREET not a principal element but as a leftover space for circulation PLACE OF ASSEMBLY market (agora)
Acropolis
Acropolis
The agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.
Athens Agora
Ancient Athens
Ancient Athens
Priene
ANCIENT ROME
URBAN DESIGN Greek : sense of the finite Romans : political power and organization USE OF SCALE Greek use of scale is based on human measurements Romans used proportions that would relate parts of building instead of human measure
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ANCIENT ROME
MODULE Greek use of house as module for town planning Roman use of street pattern as module
to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur made for military government
THE STREET Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation Romans: street are built first; buildings came later PLACE OF ASSEMBLY Greeks: market (agora) Romans: market, theater, and arena
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Roman Forum
Trajan Forum
MEDIEVAL ERA
DECLINE OF ROME Dark Ages, but not for urban design URBAN SETTINGS Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns MILITARY STRONGHOLDS Acropolis and Capitoline Hill CASTLES Built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls Radiocentric growth
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MEDIEVAL ERA
MONASTERIES Citadels of learning Laid out in rectilinear pattern MEDIEVAL TOWNS Like Greek towns, small and finite in size Lacks geometry Became parts of larger territorial states Growth and population created the need for marketplaces
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Lucca, Tuscany
Albertis De Architectura
Treats architecture and town design as single theme (just like Vitruvius)
Biaggio Rossetti
Architect and town planner Regarded as one of the worlds earliest modern urban designers
Rossettis plan Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement Enlarge the town Carry on with the plan o build upon
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SOLUTION
Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects
PILGRIMAGE St. Peters Cathedral improved Campidoglio (Romes city hall) improved
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FONTANAS PLAN
Streets were visually accented using OBELISKS
OBELISKS
As stakes, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers
DESIGN PRINCIPLE
Architecture of ancient Rome New design of early Renaissance
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Renaissance Rome
In a classic example of Baroque planning, the encircling arms of the colonnade of Berninis St Peters basilica, crowned with sculptures by the same artist, reach out into the wider vista towards the Tiber river. (Thomas Mawson, Civic Art, 1911, p107)
Renaissance Rome
Renaissance Rome
Renaissance Rome
ENTRANCE RAMPS
widen toward the top perspective effect and stairs appear shorter similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel
Campidoglio
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Les plus excellents bastiments de France (The Most Excellent Buildings in France15769). A major document of Renaissance Europe, Androuet du Cerceaus 2-volume survey of French buildings includes nearly 150 engraved plates of 36 palaces, castles, and other major buildings.
Plan of the enlargements for Catherine de Medici by Jean Bullant. Les plus excellents bastiments de France.
Plan of Bedford House and garden in Covent Garden drawn around 1690.
ITALY
gardens are never too large built as TERRACES because of hilly land
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RICHELIEU
application of rond points idea 1630, landscape design of palace started Jacques Lemercier: architect
ANDRE LENOTRE
landscape architect of Richelieu Western worlds master of landscape architecture
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ENGLISH
Characterized by an attitude of sympathy with nature PHILOSOPHY: practice of taming nature
ITALIAN
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VERSAILLES
Lenotres greatest work, Started in 1670, completed by 1710 Goose Foot/ patte doie -- three roads in a single view
Louis XIVs Palace of Versailles (built 166874), with its famous gardens by Andr le Notre, had bisecting land and water axes that created impressive vistas. It inspired Pierre LEnfant when he designed Washington DC as the new capital of the United States of America in 1791.
Versailles, France
The GREAT PLAGUE (16641666) was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the Kingdom of England (modern day United Kingdom). It happened within the centuries-long time period of the Second Pandemic, an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347, the first year of the "Black Death" and lasted until 1750.
** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London
THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums.[2] It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.
**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London
1707-1709
laws banning use of combustible materials, led to extensive use of bricks
JOHN GWYNN
produced plan for London 1766 London & Westminster Improved heralded the Golden Age of building key figure in the introduction of the Building Act 1774 which improved standards of materials and workmanship
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John Gwynn believed that the Great Fire of the previous century had created a great opportunity to plan and improve London. This volume includes four engraved and hand-colored maps showing the proposed improvements to Westminster and London.
As an early architectural critic, John Gwynn sought to improve London after the Great Fire and vehemently fought for coherent town planning. In a stand against the 'Wrenaissance', he described London as 'inconvenient, inelegant and without the least pretension to magnificence or grandeur.
Gwynn wanted a scenic London, with boulevards pointing to noble buildings. Looking at congested bottlenecks like Charing Cross and Temple Bar, the refuse piling up at street corners, and open sewers like the Fleet, Gwynn asked: 'Where is the taste and elegance?'
One of his achievements came in with the Building Act of 1774, which graded houses both in measurements and materials. The first triumph was Bedford Square, with 'first-rate' materials being used. It thus became desirable quarters for lawyers and other professionals.
Bedford Square is a square in the Bloomsbury district of the Borough of Camden in London, England. Built between 1775 and 1783 as an upper middle class residential area, the square has had many distinguished residents, including Lord Eldon, one of Britain's longest serving and most celebrated Lord Chancellors, who lived in the largest house in the square for many years. The square takes its name from the main title of the Russell family, the Dukes of Bedford, who were the main landlords in Bloomsbury.
BATH
created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr. 1702, discovered by the aristocrats 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square) 1754, great circle (Kings Circus) 1767, Royal Crescent EDINBURGH 1767, Scottish architect James Craig
Adelphi is a district of London, England in the City of Westminster. The small district includes the streets of Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and John Adam Street. Picture shows the main terrace of Aldelphi Terrace raised high above the noise and smell of the river on an arcade of warehouses.
The Adelphi Terrace built alongside the Thames. Mostly demolished in the 1930's, though some parts survive, such as the Royal Academy of Arts.
BATH
created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr. 1702, discovered by the aristocrats 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square) 1754, great circle (Kings Circus) 1767, Royal Crescent EDINBURGH 1767, Scottish architect James Craig
Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England.The City of Bath was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987.
The city was first established as a spa with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the Romans sometime in the AD 60s about 20 years after they had arrived in Britain (AD43), although verbal tradition suggests that Bath was known before then.
Much later, it became popular as a spa town during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone. The Circus is a perfect circle of Georgian houses constructed out of the startlingly white Somerset stone that cloaks the entire city.
The Royal Crescent is a residential road of 30 houses laid out in a crescent in the city of Bath, England. Designed by the architect John Wood the Younger and built between 1767 and 1774, it is among the greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be found in the United Kingdom.
References
LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940. Knox, Paul. Urbanization. Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA . Various online sources.
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