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BOULEVARD
city is enlarged, old walls torn, creating broad, long streets term derived from Dutch word bulwark
1748
proposals for new plazas Place de la Concorde 1757, finished by 1770
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The Louvre Palace, on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, is a former royal palace situated between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois. The Cour Carre (square courtyard) of the "Old Louvre" looking west.
From Chteau to Museum. The Louvre, in its successive architectural metamorphoses, has dominated central Paris since the late 12th century. Built on the city's western edge, the original structure was gradually engulfed as the city grew. The dark fortress of the early days was transformed into the modernized dwelling of Franois I and, later, the sumptuous palace of the Sun King, Louis XIV.
The Louvre Palace looking west across the Cour Napoleon and the Louvre Pyramid.
The Louvre Palace looking west across the Cour Napoleon and the Louvre Pyramid.
BOULEVARD
city is enlarged, old walls torn, creating broad, long streets term derived from Dutch word bulwark
1748
proposals for new plazas Place de la Concorde 1757, finished by 1770
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A boulevard is a type of road, usually a wide, multi-lane arterial thoroughfare, divided with a median down the centre, and roadways along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage, often with an above-average quality of landscaping and scenery. The division into peripheral roads for local use and a central main thoroughfare for regional traffic is a principal feature of the boulevard. Larger and busier boulevards usually feature a median. It was first introduced in the French language in 1435 as boloard and has since been altered into boulevard. A boulevard is , basically, a wide, tree-lined street.
Champs Elysees, Paris. Five lanes in each direction, but that doesn't keep the pedestrians away.
The French word boulevard originally referred to the flat summit of a rampart (the etymology of the word distantly parallels that of bulwark which is a Dutch loanword [bolwerk]). Several Parisian boulevards replaced old city walls; more generally, boulevards encircle a city center, in contrast to avenues that radiate from the center. (Photo: Paris Plan, 1740)
The French word boulevard originally referred to the flat summit of a rampart (the etymology of the word distantly parallels that of bulwark which is a Dutch loanword [bolwerk]). Several Parisian boulevards replaced old city walls; more generally, boulevards encircle a city center, in contrast to avenues that radiate from the center. (Photo: Paris Plan, 1740)
Boulevards on the Turgot map (1736) some years after their creation in place of the Louis XIII wall.
The Grands Boulevards are essentially 'the best' of the Parisian boulevards. They include the Boulevard Beaumarchais, Filles-du-Calvaire, Temple, Saint-Martin, Saint-Denis, Bonne-Nouvelle, Poissonnire, Montmartre, Italiens, Capucines and the Madeleine boulevards.
Boulevard des Capucines. The name comes from a beautiful convent of Capuchine nuns whose garden was on the south side of the boulevard prior to the French Revolution.
Boulevard des Capucines, sometime after its creation. Note the unflattened soil and a double line of tress for carriage circulation.
Boulevard Montmartre.
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
Camille Pissarro The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning 1897. Oil on canvas.
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
IMPRESSIONISM
Camille Pissarro : Major Works
BOULEVARD
city is enlarged, old walls torn, creating broad, long streets term derived from Dutch word bulwark
1748
proposals for new plazas Place de la Concorde 1757, finished by 1770
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The Place de la Concorde is one of the major public squares in Paris, France. Measuring 8.64 hectares (21.3 acres) in area, it is the largest square in the French capital. It is located in the city's eighth arrondissement, at the eastern end of the Champs-lyses.
The Place was designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel in 1755 as a moat-skirted octagon between the Champs-lyses to the west and the Tuileries Gardens to the east. Decorated with statues and fountains, the area was named Place Louis XV to honor the king at that time.
Originally called Place Louis XV, the square was renamed in 1792 as Place de la Rvolution when it became the stage for the horrendous public executions by the guillotine. During the Reign of Terror, the King, the Queen MarieAntoinette, and more than 1,100 victims were beheaded in less than two and a half years. On 21st January 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined at the very position of the statue of Brest, at the North-West angle. From the 13th May 1793, the National Razor was moved across the square near the railings of the Tuileries Gardens and beheaded many more victims: Marie-Antoinette (16th October), Madame du Barry, Danton, Madame Roland and Robespierre. Following those dreadful events of the Reign of Terror, the Directorate changed the name of the square to one of reconciliation and hope: Place de la Concorde.
Place de la Concorde
Place de la Concorde
(Left) Place de la Concorde. The Obelisk of Luxor stands on top of a pedestal that recounts the special machinery and manuvres that were used to transport it. (Right) The Fountain of River Commerce and Navigation, one of the two Fontaines de la Concorde (1840) on the Place de la Concorde.
NAPOLEON III
Assigned Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann Jean Charles Adolphe Alphand, landscape architect
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The French Revolution (17891799), was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a major impact on France and throughout the rest of Europe.
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. Napoleon I commissioned the Arc de Triomphe to commemorate the victory over Austria and Russia at Austerlitz. The astylar design is by Jean Chalgrin (17391811), in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture (see, for example, the triumphal Arch of Titus). Erected in 1836.
Haussmann's Renovation of Paris, or the Haussmann Plan, was a modernization program of Paris commissioned by Napolon III and led by the Seine prefect, Baron Georges-Eugne Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870.
Though work continued until the end of the 19th century, well after the Second Empire's demise in 1870, it is often referred to as the "Second Empire reforms".
Louis-Napolon Bonaparte (1808-1873) was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the emperor of the Second French Empire. Georges-Eugne Haussmann aka Baron Haussman
When Baron Haussmann reordered Paris between 1853 and 1869, he also looked back to Versailles for inspiration. By 1870, Paris was the wonder of the world. Haussmann drove a network of boulevards through the city, straightened other roads, created public squares, vistas and sites for important public buildings, and also made the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes into public parks.
The le de la Cit and its medieval surroundings before the Haussmann works (Vaugondy map of 1771)
The le de la Cit by Haussmann: new transverse streets (red), public spaces (l blue) and buildings (d blue).
When Baron Haussmann reordered Paris between 1853 and 1869, he also looked back to Versailles for inspiration. By 1870, Paris was the wonder of the world. Haussmann drove a network of boulevards through the city, straightened other roads, created public squares, vistas and sites for important public buildings, and also made the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes into public parks.
In 1870, after significant redevelopment, Paris was the wonder of the world. Here, its radial planning is evident, with the boulevards radiating from the Arc de Triomphe. (Roslyn Russell Collection)
Example of boulevard created by Baron Haussmann who began rebuilding Paris in 1853. The new streets were also wider than most of their predecessors, for reasons of public health and traffic engineering.
Haussmann's Paris.
Haussmann's Paris. He coated the city with a unifying style, and constructed new public buildings, such as LOpra.
Green spaces in Paris were rare. Having visited and enjoyed the beautiful and plentiful London parks, Napolon III hired engineer Jean-Charles Alphand, Haussmann's future successor, to create expansive parks and green spaces. On the east and west borders of the city, you could find the bois de Vincennes and the bois de Boulogne, respectively.
Parc des Buttes-Chaumont. Public garden located in the north-east of Paris designed by Jean-Charles Alphand.
Bois de Vincennes
Bois de Vincennes
Bois de Vincennes
Bois de Boulogne
Bois de Boulogne
Bois de Boulogne
LEDOUXS DESIGN
an ideal plan where everything is motivated by necessity Architecture Ledouxs book published in 1804
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Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (17361806) was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to design not only in domestic architecture but town planning; as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of Chaux, he became known as a utopian.
Ledoux's second design plan for Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans, an idealistic and visionary town showing many examples of architecture parlante speaking architecture, buildings that explain their own function or identity).
Aerial view of the proposed city at the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans by Claude Nicolas Ledoux, published in 1804.
Aerial view of the proposed city at the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans by Claude Nicolas Ledoux, published in 1804.
Saline Royale.
Saline Royale.
Saline Royale.
Saline Royale.
Project for the ideal city of Chaux: House of supervisors of the source of the Loue. Published in 1804.
Chaux Cemetary
the first Infant School in the world a creche for working mothers free medical care, a comprehensive education system for children, including evening classes for adults (Children under 10 were not allowed to work in the Mill.) leisure and recreation (concerts, dancing, music-making and pleasant landscaped areas for the benefit of the community) High standard of goods produced
Robert Owen's school in New Lanark, Scotland, a utopian community for cotton-mill workers, engraving by G. Hunt, 1825. The Art Archive / Eileen Tweedy
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"What ideas individuals may attach to the term Millennium I know not; but I know that society may be formed so as to exist without crime, without poverty, with health greatly improved, with little, if any misery, and with intelligence and happiness increased a hundredfold; and no obstacle whatsoever intervenes at this moment except ignorance to prevent such a state of society from becoming universal.
Extract from Robert Owens "Address to the Inhabitants of New Lanark, New Years Day, 1816
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ROBERT PEMBERTON Happy Colony in New Zealand DR. BENJAMIN RICHARDSON Hygeia in United States THOMAS JEFFERSON Jeffersonville
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Charles Fourier conceived the phalanstre as an organized building designed to integrate urban and rural features.
The structure of the phalanstre was composed by three parts: a central part and two lateral wings.
The central part was designed for quiet activities. It included dining rooms, meeting rooms, libraries and studies. A lateral wing was designed for labour and noisy activities, such as carpentry, hammering and forging. It also hosted children because they were considered noisy while playing. The other wing contained a caravansary, with ballrooms and halls for meetings with outsiders. The outsiders had to pay a fee in order to visit and meet the people of the Phalanx community. This income was thought to sustain the autonomous economy of the phalanstre. The phalanstre also included private apartments and many social halls
In the 20th century, the architect Le Corbusier adapted the concept of the phalanstre when he designed the Unit d'Habitation, a self-contained commune, at Marseilles.
OLIVE
OTHER INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
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Essen, Germany (1863), Krupp factories called Siedlungen (worker colonies) Pullman, Illinois (1879) Port Sunlight near Liverpool (1887) W.H. Lever Soap Company Bournville near Birmingham (1889) Cadbury Chocolate Company Gary, Indiana (1906), laid out by a steel corporation, a made to order city
Tony Garnier's Une Cite Industrialle is one of the most comprehensive ideal plans of all time.Published in 1917, it is not only an outstanding contribution to architectural and planning theories but also a sensitive expression of thought and cultural conditions of its day.
Tony Garnier, Une Cit industrielle, Paris 1917, Architekturmuseum der TU Mnchen.
Of all his predecessors, Tony Garnier presents a considerable technical innovation to adopt reinforced concrete for all its buildings, and an equally great aesthetic innovation which is to go for a clean pen (clean lines).
Twenty years in advance, it has defined the so called " international style ". The forms he gives to his buildings are amazing because of a premonition imagine both in terms of the glass windows across the roof terrace, piling, door overhang and technical innovations as the pack water, district heating power, thermal control, etc.
The Ciudad Lineal in Madrid, designed by the Spanish architect Don Arturo Soria y Mata (1844 1920) at the end of the 19th century (1882) was a great inspiration, with detached dwellings along a modern transportation corridor (COLLINS, 1959).
OTHER VISIONARIES
EDGAR CHAMBLESS
o Roadtown (1910) : a linear city built on top of a railway line
MOTOPIA
o proposed in England
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"The idea occurred to me to lay the modern skyscraper on its side and run the elevators and the pipes and wires horizontally instead of vertically. Such a house would not be limited by the stresses and strains of steel; it could be built not only a hundred stories, but a thousand stories or a thousand miles....I would take the apartment house and all its conveniences and comforts out among the farms by the aid of wires, pipes and of rapid and noiseless transportation. - Edgar Chambless
Roadtown is an early "linear city" proposal that mixes all the fascinating imagination and obsession that one could want from any political "utopia" with the sort of clear thinking and basic doing-ofthe-homework that sometimes lifts these things into the realm of the possible. - Shawn P. Wilbur
"The Roadtown is a scheme to organize production, transportation and consumption into one systematic plan.
METABOLISM GROUP
Japanese architects underwater cities, biological cities, cities changing their own forms, cities built as pyramids
OTHER VISIONARIES
EDWARD BELLAMY published in 1887 Looking Backward, 2000-1887 H.G. Wells (1902-1911)
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Central Railway Station and Airport. La Citt Nuova (1914) by Antonio Sant'Elia.
The Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park in Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh.
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In later years worked on Bostons park system, the Emerald Necklace and the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago PUBLIC PARKS AND THE ENLARGEMENT OF TOWNS published in 1870 CITIES plan for two generations ahead
maintain sufficient breathing space design embraces the whole city
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If we analyze the operations of scenes of beauty upon the mind, and consider the intimate relation of the mind upon the nervous system and the whole physical economy, the action and reaction which constantly occur between bodily and mental conditions, the reinvigoration which results from such scenes is readily comprehended The enjoyment of scenery employs the mind without fatigue and yet exercises it; tranquilizes it and yet enlivens it; and thus, through the influence of the mind over the body gives the effect of refreshing rest and reinvigoration to the whole system.
- Frederick Law Olmsted
2. SUITABILITY
3. STYLE
5. SEPARATION
6. SANITATION
7. SERVICE
**National Association of Olmsted Parks: http://www.olmsted.org/pages/philosophy.htm
Olmsteds parks were not natural but they were naturalistic or organic in form.
Central Park, New York City. The park initially opened in 1857, on 843 acres (3.41 km2) of city-owned land.
This form was seen as uplifting urban dwellers and addressing the social and psychological impacts of crowding.
Today, Central Park is a symbol of New Yorks cultural, economic, and social diversity, hosting events ranging from scientific exhibits to cultural celebrations.
Today, Central Park is a symbol of New Yorks cultural, economic, and social diversity, hosting events ranging from scientific exhibits to cultural celebrations.
Today, Central Park is a symbol of New Yorks cultural, economic, and social diversity, hosting events ranging from scientific exhibits to cultural celebrations.
Today, Central Park is a symbol of New Yorks cultural, economic, and social diversity, hosting events ranging from scientific exhibits to cultural celebrations.
Today, Central Park is a symbol of New Yorks cultural, economic, and social diversity, hosting events ranging from scientific exhibits to cultural celebrations.
designed by Olmsted with Calvert Vaux, 1869 key concept: system of curvilinear streets that followed the contours of the land, which reduced grades and saved money on "cut and fill" for road construction a prototype suburb 9 mi. from Chicago fashionable location for the wealthy to live often copied
A Settlement is above all a place for enthusiasms, a spot to which those who have a passion for the equalization of human joys and opportunities are early attracted.
Jane Addams
would combine the best elements of city and country would avoid the worst elements of city and country
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Town and country must be married, and out of this joyous union will spring a new hope, a new life, a new civilization.
Ebenezer Howard
THREE MAGNETS diagram addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'.
Howard proposed the creation of new SUBURBAN TOWNS of LIMITED SIZE, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent BELT OF AGRICULTURAL LAND. Howard believed that such GARDEN CITIES were the PERFECT BLEND OF CITY AND NATURE. The towns would be largely independent, managed by the citizens who had an economic interest in them, and financed by ground rents on the GEORGIST model (people own what they create). The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the citizens.
The original Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard, 1902
GARDEN CITY CHARACTERISTICS: Roughly 5-8 units/acre (often a limit of 10) "Inward looking" cul-de-sacs and cottages shared and public garden/ park space Organization by building use: agriculture, residential, commercial, etc. Super-blocks, grand avenues and boulevards Peripheral ring of "country"
WELWYN
the second garden city (1920), more successful than Letchworth by architect Louis de Soissons
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Letchworth Garden City *the first "Garden City, planned by *Sir+ Raymond Unwin and Richard Barry Parker (1904).
Letchworth Garden City *the first "Garden City, planned by *Sir+ Raymond Unwin and Richard Barry Parker (1904).
The open layout of garden cities also had a great influence on the development of modern city planning Most satellite towns fail to attain Howard's ideal
residential suburbs of individually owned homes local industries are unable to provide enough employment for the inhabitants, many of whom commute to work in larger centers
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Radburn, Virginia
City so large & operations so complex Proper understanding can only be gained by full application of precise analysis
References
LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940. Knox, Paul. Urbanization. Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA . Various online sources.
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