ELASTIC CONSTANTS IN ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

1. Elasticity Modulus (E) 2. Poissons Ratio (n) 3. Shear Modulus (G) 4. Bulk Modulus (K)

1. Modulus of Elasticity, E (Youngs Modulus)

s E e
Linearelastic

F
simple tension test

s=Ee

Units: E: [GPa]

Slope of stress strain plot (which is proportional to the elastic modulus) depends on bond strength of metal

E=

Adapted from Fig. 6.7, Callister 7e.

2. Poisson's ratio, n
eT
n is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching force. Either transverse strain or longitudional strain is negative, is positive

F
simple eL tension test

n eT n=eL eT : Transverse Strain eL : Longitudional Strain

Units: n: dimensionless

Virtually all common materials undergo a transverse contraction when stretched in one direction and a transverse expansion when compressed. In an isotropic material the allowable (theoretical) range of Poisson's ratio is from -1.0 to +0.5, based on the theory of elasticity.
metals: n ~ 0.33 ceramics: n ~ 0.25 polymers: n ~ 0.40

3. Shear Modulus, G
t G t=Gg

M
simple torsion test

Units: G: [GPa]

4. Bulk Modulus, K
Initial Volume = V0 Volume Change = DV
savg = K
DV Vo

P P

P
savg
DV K Vo
Units: K: [GPa]

avg is the average of three stresses applied along three principal directions.

Elastic Constants
s= E t= G e g DV Vo

Normal
Shear Volumetric

savg = K

Stresses

Strains

Example:
Uniaxial Loading of a Prismatic Specimen
P=1000 kgf 10 cm 9.9 cm

10 cm

10.4 cm

Determine E and n

10 cm

9.9 cm

Before

After

P=1000 kgf d/2=0.05cm l/2=0.2cm

1000 = 10kgf/cm2 P=1000kgf = 10*10 E= long= 10 = 250 kgf/cm2 = 0.04 l l0 d d0 =-

10cm

0.4 10

=0.04

10cm 1000 kgf

lat=

-0.1 10

= -0.01 = 0.25

-0.01 0.04

 For an isotropic material the stress-strain

relations are as follows:

RELATION B/W K & E

Consider a cube with a unit volume

D 1

causes an elongation in the direction CD and contraction in the directions AB & BC.

1 A 1 B

The new dimensions of the cube is :

CD direction is 1+ BC direction is 1- AB direction is 1-

 V0 = 1

Final volume Vf of the cube is now:

(1+) (1-) (1-) = (1+) (1-2+22) = 1 - 2 + 22 + -22 + 23 = 1 + - 2 - 22 + 22 + 23

is small, 2 & 3 are smaller and can be neglected.

Vf = 1+ - 2 V = Vf - V0 = (1-2)
If equal tensile stresses are applied to each

of the other two pairs of faces of the cube than the total change in volume will be : V = 3 (1-2)

+
(1-2)

+
+ (1-2)

SV = 3 (1-2) =

(1-2)

K=

savg DV/V0

(++)/3 3 (1-2)

3 (1-2)

E 3 (1-2)

K=

E
3 (1-2)

 The relation between

K and E is :

K=

E 3 (1-2)

Moreover the relation

between G and E is :

G=

E
2 (1+)

The relation between

G, E and K is :

1 E

1 1 + 9K 3G

Therefore, out of the four elastic constants only two of them are independent.

 For very soft materials such as pastes, gels,

putties, K is very large

Note that as K 0.5 & E 3G If K is very large V/V0 0 *No volume

change
For materials like metals, fibers & certain

plastics K must be considered.

 Modulus of Elasticity : High in covalent compounds such as diamond

Lower in metallic and ionic crystals

Lowest in molecular amorphous solids such

as plastics and rubber.

Elastic Constants of Some Materials

E(psi)x106 (GPa) G(psi)x106 (GPa) Cast Iron Steel Aluminum Concrete 16 110 7.4 50 (-) 0.17

30
10 1.5-5.5 Long 1.81 Tang 0.10

205
70

11.8
3.6

80
25 4-15 0.7 0.2

0.26
0.33 0.2

10-40 0.62-2.30 12 0.7 0.11 0.03

Wood