BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE

A Boon For Disabled

By:
CH.AKSHITHA(06141A0468)

What is a BMI ?
Brain Machine Interface is a communication system which recognizes users BRAIN COMMANDS only and work accordingly

BMI Interface
BCI operation depends on effective interaction between two adaptive controllers: The user who encodes his or her commands in the electrophysiological input provided to the BCI The computer which recognizes the command contained in the input and expresses them in the device control

Structure of BMI
Signal Acquisition-EEG signals are obtained from brain
Pre Processing- Clean the signals Signal Classification- Classified according to task to be performed Computer Interaction- Development of task

Signal Acquisition
EEG measurement consists of Electrodes with conductive media Amplifiers and filters A/D converter

Pre Processing
Unwanted signals in EEG are called artifacts
Artifacts can generally be due to Impedance fluctuations Cable movements Low battery Broken wires Too much electrode paste or dried electrodes

Signal Classification
Brain waves have been categorized into four basic groups.
Beta (>10 Hz) Alpha (8-13 Hz) Theta (4-8 Hz) Delta (0.5-4 Hz)

Alpha activity is induced by closing the eyes and by relaxation, and abolished by eye opening or alerting by any mechanism

Approaches for BMI

Invasive
Non- invasive

Invasive
In these the electrodes are place inside the skull during the neurosurgery

Non invasive
In these the electrodes are placed on outer skull These are easy to were These produce poor signal resolution because the skull dampens signals, dispersing and blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the neurons

Advantages
Safe Effective Unobtrusive universal operating system

Disadvantages
Two actions cannot be controlled at a time maximum information transfer rates of 5-25 bits/min.

Achievement of greater speed and accuracy depends on improvements in:

Signal acquisition: methods for increasing signal-to-noise ratio, signal-to interference ratio (S/I)) as well as optimally combining spatial and temporal Information. Single trial analysis: overcoming noise and interference in order to avoid Applying of feedback: It improves the accuracy of BMI

Applications
Monitoring: sleep disorders, neurological diseases, attention monitoring Bioengineering applications: assist devices for disabled people Human subject, and/or overall "mental state". Neuroscience research: real-time methods for correlating observable behavior with recorded neural signals. Man Machine Interaction: Interface devices between human and computers, Machines,

Application on animals
Monkeys have navigated computer cursors on screen.

Artificial limb connected to a monkey

Companies and Researches

Cyber kinetics is a biotech company of America which is laid down by Nicholas Halsopulas a neuroscientist in Chicago University. Tim Surgenor is the CEO of Cyber kinetics . The scientists who made the Brain gate possible are John Donoghue, Mijail Serruya and General Friehs of Brown University .

Future of BMI
The coming future may all depend on BMI It may become a part of our daily life Perhaps newly purchased computers will one day arrive with biological signal sensors and thoughtrecognition software built in, just as keyboard and mouse are commonly found on today's units.

Conclusion
It can be very helpful for people with moving disabilities as human machine interface. But it can be also used for control of human body muscles
The idea of moving robots or prosthetic devices not by manual control, but by mere thinking (i.e., the brain activity of human subjects) has been a fascinated approach. This idea helps many patients to control the prosthetic devices of their own by simply thinking about the task.