What is a set ?

A collection of well defined objects is called a set. EXAMPLE: All natural numbers. Courses offered by a university. Employees of a company.

Applied to business operations, set theory can assist in planning and operations. Every element of business can be grouped into at least one set such as accounting management operations production sales.

 Venn

diagrams or set diagrams are diagrams that show all possible logical relations between a finite collection of sets.
diagrams were conceived around 1880 John Venn.

Venn

They are used to teach elementary set theory, as well as illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.

followings are the basic set operations

Union Intersection Complement Difference Symmetric Difference

 The

union of two sets A and B is the set of elements, which are in A or in B or in both. It is denoted by A B. EXAMPLE: A={1,2,3} B = {3,4,5,6} Then A U B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

 For

two connecting sets A = {1,2,3,4,5} ; B = {2,3,6,7,8}

A
145 678

B
23

 Union

of two disjoint sets A = {1,3,5} B = {2,4,6 }

B
1 3 5

 Union

of two sets when one is a subset of the

other. A = { 1,2,3,4 5,6,7,8} B = {1,2,3,4}

A
5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4

 Given

two sets A and B, the intersection is the set that contains elements or objects that belong to A and to B at the same time and is denoted by A B. EXAMPLE: A ={1,2,5,6,7} B = {2,3,5,8,9} Then A B ={2,5}

 Intersection

of two connecting sets A = {1,2,3,4,5} B = {4,5,6,7,8}

A
1 2 3

B
4 5 6 7 8

 Intersection

of two disjoint sets is a null set denoted as { }. A = {1,2,3} B = {4,5,6}

B 1 3 2

4 6

 Intersection

of two sets when one set is the subset of the other. A ={1,2,3,4,5,6} B = {4,5,6}

A
1 2 3

B
4 5 6

 The

complement of set A, denoted by A , is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in A. U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 } A = { 2,4,6 } A` = { 1,3,5,7 }

{ a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h } A ={ a, b, c } A` = { d, e, f, g, h }
U A` def g h a b c A

 Given

set A and set B the set difference of set B from set A is the set of all element in A, but not in B. It is denoted by A B . A = {1,2,3,5} B ={2,3,4,6} A B = {1,5} B A = {4,6}

A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} B = {5,6,7,8,9 } A B = { 1, 2. 3. 4 }

A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

B A = { 7, 8, 9 }

A
1234 5 6 7 9 8

 The

symmetric difference of sets A and B is the set of all elements of A or B which are not in both A and B. It is denoted by A B. EXAMPLE: A ={1,2,3,4,5,6} B = {2,4,6,8,10} Then A B = {1,3,5,8,10}

A= {1,2 3,4 5 6} B = {5,6,7,8,9}

1 2 3

5 6

7 8

 If

40% of the people read newspaper Business Standard, 50% read newspaper Economic Times and 10% read both the papers. What percentage of the people read neither newspaper? Let total population = 100 n(Business Standard) = 40 n(Economic Times) = 50 n(Business Standard Economic Times) = 10

Percentage of people read neither news paper = 20

U BS ET

30

10

40

20

 In

a metropolitan city 25% neither watch TV news nor read newspaper, 35% read a newspaper and 20% read a newspaper and watch the news on television also. What percent of people watch Television? Let total population = 100 ? n(TV Viewer) = n(Newspaper Reader) = 35 n(TV Viewer Newspaper Reader) = 20 n( (TV Viewer U Newspaper Reader)` = 25

U TV 100-25-20-15 Number of TV viewer = 60 40 20 NP

15

25

 Out

of the total of 200 musicians in Rehman Music club, 10% can play all the three instruments- guitar, violin and flute. The number of musicians who can play any two and only two of the above instruments is 70. The number of musicians who can play the guitar alone is 80. What is the total number of those who can play violin alone or flute alone?

 n(Guitar

Violin Flute) = 10% of 200 n(any two and only two of the above instruments) = 70 n(only Guitar) = 80 n(play violin alone or flute alone) = ?

20

G x 80 x + y + z = 70 violin alone or flute alone = 200 (80 + 20 + 70) = 30 20 y z

In a survey of100 students, the number of students studying various languages were found to be English only 18, English but not French 23, English and Spanish 8, English 26,Spanish 48, Spanish and French 8, no language 24. a)How many students were studying French b)How many students were studying English and French c)All the three languages

 n(U)

= 100 n(English) = 26 n(Spanish) = 48 n(French) = ? n(English only) = 18 n(English Spanish) = 8 n(Spanish French) = 8 n(English U Spanish U French)` = 24 n(English but not French ) = 23

24 of the students are not studying any of the three languages Spanish 5 3 5 10 French 24 number of students studying only English = 18 Number of students studying English but not French is 23 Number of students studying English and Spanish = 8,total English is 26. Total number of students studying Spanish is 48 and number of students studying Spanish and French is 8

English 18 35

Only French = 100 (24+5+3+35+5+18)

18 students were studying French(10 + 5 + 3)

None of the students were studying English and French. Number of students studying all three subjects 3.

1. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Travelers, Train and Bus ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option C Explanation: Bus and Train are different from each other but some travelers travel by bus and some travel by train.

2. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Profit, Dividend and Bonus ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option B Explanation: Bonus and Dividend are different from each other. But both these are parts of profit.

3. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Factory, Product and Machinery ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option D Explanation: Product and Machinery are different from each other but both are found in Factory.

4. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Judge, Thieves and Criminals ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option B Explanation: All the thieves are criminals while judge is different from these.

5. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Hospital, Nurse and Patient ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option C Explanation: Hospital consists of nurse and patient but nurse and patient are of two different nature.

6.Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Teacher, Writer and Musician ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option A Explanation: A teacher may or may not be a writer and musician. Similarly a musician may or may not be a teacher and writer and so a writer may or may not be a teacher and musician.

7. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Boys, Girls and Students ? A. B. C.D.

Answer: Option D

8. Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Page, Chapter and Book ? A. B. C. D.

Answer: Option D Explanation: Page is in Chapter and Chapter is in book.

(1) A A (2) A B A B A B A B (3) A B B A A B B A

Law of Double Complement Demorgan' s Laws Commutative Laws Associativ Laws e

(4) A ( B C ) ( A B ) C A ( B C ) ( A B) C

(5) A ( B C ) ( A B ) ( A C ) Distributi Laws ve A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )

(6) A A A, A A A Idempotent Laws (7) A A, A U A Identity Laws (8) A A U , A A (9) A U U , A = (10) A ( A B ) A A( A B ) A Inverse Laws DominationLaws Absorption Laws

 Demorgans

Law A U B = A B
A 0 B 0 A 1 1 0 0 B 1 0 1 0 AUB 0 1 1 1 AUB 1 0 0 0 A B 1 0 0 0

0
1 1

1
0 1

 Demorgans

Law A B = A U B
A 0 0 B 0 1 1 1 A B 1 0 AB 0 0 AB 1 1 1 0 A U B

1 1

1
1

0
1

0
0

1
0

0
1

1
0

 Distributive

law A U ( B C) = (A U B) (A U C )
A 0 0 B 0 0 C 0 1 BC 0 0 0 1 A U ( B C) 0 0 0 1 AUB 0 0 1 1 AUC 0 1 0 1 A U B) (A U C ) 0 0 0 1

0
0 1 1 1 1

1
1 0 0 1 1

0
1 0 1 0 1

0
0 0 1

1
1 1 1

1
1 1 1

1
1 1 1

1
1 1 1

 Distributive

law A (B U C) = (A B) U (A C)
A B C BUC A (B U C) AB AC (A B) U (A C)

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0
1 1 1 1

1
0 0 1 1

1
0 1 0 1

1
0 1 1 1

0
0 0 1 1

0
0 1 0 1

0
0 1 1 1