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Memory
Bus I/O - RAID Controller Disk Drives
Computer System
CPU
Data
Memory
Bus I/O - RAID Controller Disk Drives
CPU
Memory
Bus I/O - RAID Controller Disk Drives
CPU Disk Enclosure Memory Bus I/O - RAID Controller Disk Drives Disk Drives Disk Drives
Storage
Disk Drives
RAID Controller
Internal Storage
Storage
Disk Drives
Disk Enclosure
Disk Drives Disk Drives Disk Drives
RAID Controller
HBA is internal
Fibre Channel protocol between HBAs and external RAID controller Disk drives and RAID controller are external
I/O Transfer
RAID Controller
Contains the smarts Determines how the data will be written (striping, mirroring, RAID 10, RAID 5, etc.)
Storage types
Single Disk Drive JBOD Volume Storage Array SCSI device DAS NAS SAN iSCSI
Uses file sharing protocols like Unix NFS and Windows CIFS
Storage Appliances utilize a stripped-down OS that optimizes file protocol performance
Server
RAID Controller
iSCSI Storage
Public or Private Ethernet network
NIC or iSCSI HBA Server
RAID Controller
switch switch
Servers
Host Bus Adapters
Cables
Fiber optic or copper
Disk Drives
RAID Controller RAID Controller
FC Storage Array
Fibre Channel
Whats with the funny name?
Some background history required Originally developed to only support fiber optic cabling When copper cabling support was added, ISO decided not to rename the technology ISO changed to the French spelling to reduce association with fiber optics only medium
Fibre Channel
How does it work?
Serial interface Data is transferred across a single piece of medium at the fastest speed supported No complex signaling required
Device Driver
SCSI Protocol
Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel
Fibre Channel runs on top of SCSI No re-inventing the wheel
Immediate OS support
Disk Drive
RAID Controller
Disk Drive
SCSI
Fibre
Used with SAN Lots of built-in redundancy with connections Redundant network HBA is fibre channel hardware Standards: FC1: 100 MB/sec FC2: 200 MB/sec Provides a data link layer above the physical interconnect Analogous to Ethernet FC is a network of devices It can be media independent- copper or fibre optic Fibre Channel limitations: Cable length: Up to 10 kilometers (more a limitation of cable than FC itself) Up to 127 devices # of disk drives
iSCSI
Relatively new, but usage is increasing rapidly Performance can approach Fibre Channel speeds A better fit for databases than NAS A good fit for Small to Medium Size Businesses Relatively inexpensive, compared to Fibre Channel Relatively easy to implement and manage
Microsoft Simple SAN Initiative system aware of SAN and SAN Make operating
capabilities Shift integration burden from IT staff or services back to VENDORS products:
Microsoft Storage hardware and software Application developers
NAS
Network-Attached Storage File-level data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to heterogeneous network client
Client/server
Computing architecture implemented over a computer network, allows devices to share files and resources
Share, export
A CIFS server makes data available via shares, a Unix server makes data available via exports
SAN
Storage Area Network Device from storage manufacturer that provides centralized storage for server systems
LUN
Logical Unit Number A disk, presented by a SAN, to a host OS (Windows, Unix, ...) that looks like a locally attached disk to the host OS
Target
The machine that offers a disk (LUN) to another machine, in other words, the SAN
Initiator
The machine that expects to see a disk (LUN), in other words, the host OS Typically, the host will only see LUNs after the appropriate initiator software has been installed, eg. FC/iSCSI drivers
Fabric
One or more fibre channel switches with target(s) and initiator(s) connected to them are referred to as a fabric Well-known verndors of fibre channel switches: Brocade, Cisco (Example on next slide)
HBA
Host Bus Adapter
Fibre channel card to connect a server or SAN to a fabric There are also iSCSI HBAs
Multipathing (MPIO)
The use of redundant storage network components responsible for transfer of data between the server and storage. These components include cabling, adapters and switches and the software that enables this
fabric
fabric
Zoning
The partitioning of a fabric (or storage area network) into smaller subsets to restrict interference, add security, and to simplify management. If a SAN hosts several hundred disk drives, each system connected to the SAN doesn't need to see all of them Compare this to VLANs in networking
LUNs
Look like big files on WAFL filesystem Are formatted and handled by host OS Mapped via FCP or iSCSI See SnapDrive & SAN course for more info
Review
What is the difference between a RAID Controller and an HBA? How many protocols may be used for DAS? Name two types of storage that rely on ethernet cables Name two benefits of SANs Describe the four interface layers of the Fibre Channel protocol Describe a scenario where an iSCSI SAN may be preferred over a Fibre Channel SAN
Summary
How data is routed through a server to I/O Types of storage
DAS NAS iSCSI SAN